Drug Database
SP

spironolactone

✓ Approved

Pfizer, Inc. · NR3C2 · Small Molecule

What is spironolactone?

spironolactone is a small molecule developed by Pfizer, Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

CompanyPfizer, Inc.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetNR3C2, SCNN1A
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Pfizer, Inc.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

spironolactone acts on 2 molecular targets:

NR3C2nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 2 (NR3C2VIT, MR)
SCNN1Asodium channel epithelial 1 subunit alpha (SCNEA, BESC2)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

spironolactone is developed for 3 unique indications across 3 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Cardiac disordersCardiac failure✓ Approved
Vascular disordersHypertension✓ Approved
General disorders and administration site conditionsOedema due to cardiac disease✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedAnnals of African medicine2026-06-09

Vertigo-unsolved Mystery (Meniere's Disease) Care Redefined: Insights from a Tertiary Care Center.

Rajpoot Arti A, Jain Rajat R, Kumar Sunil S, Singh Abhishek Bahadur AB et al.

Meniere's disease remains a poorly understood inner ear disorder since its first description by Prosper Meniere in the early 1800s. Characterized by episodic vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus, it continues to challenge clinicians due to its unpredictable course and variable treatment response. Lifestyle modification alone often fails to adequately control vertigo episodes. To assess the effectiveness of oral pharmacotherapy in controlling vertigo and stabilizing hearing in patients with Meniere's disease, and to develop a practical, non-invasive treatment protocol suitable for routine clinical use. Patients diagnosed with Meniere's disease as per 1995 AAO-HNS criteria were managed with standard lifestyle advice followed by oral pharmacotherapy, including an antihistaminic agent (betahistine) and a combination of diuretics (furosemide and spironolactone). Treatment response was evaluated based on vertigo control, reduction in episode frequency, and stabilization of audiometric thresholds. Surgical options were considered only for patients with persistent, disabling vertigo despite maximal medical therapy. Lifestyle measures alone did not provide adequate vertigo control. In contrast, combined oral pharmacotherapy resulted in marked improvement, with significant reduction in vertigo frequency and satisfactory stabilization of hearing levels. Only a small proportion of patients required evaluation for surgical intervention. A regimen combining betahistine with diuretics offers a reliable, non-invasive, and effective approach to managing Meniere's disease. This protocol provides substantial vertigo control and hearing stabilization, and may be adopted as a first-line strategy before considering surgical options.

PMID 42260944
Read full article →
PubMedJournal of the American Heart Association2026-06-09

Finerenone Prescriptions in the United States (2021-2024) by Physician Specialty: Analysis of Use and Potential in the Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Space.

Jelwan Yara Y, Cao Tianyu T, Yao Zhiqi Z, Burka Semenawit S et al.

Finerenone, a nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, has demonstrated greater receptor selectivity and fewer adverse effects compared with older mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Clinical trials support its efficacy in reducing kidney disease progression, cardiovascular events, and heart failure outcomes across various patient populations; however, anecdotally, the drug appears infrequently used in clinical practice. A serial, cross-sectional analysis of IQVIA's National Prescription Audit, which covers >70% of US outpatient prescription activity, was conducted from July 2021 to December 2024 to examine finerenone prescribing trends, focusing on cardiologists and nephrologists. For added context, prescription rates of finerenone were compared with those of 2 other medications with related mechanisms or indications commonly used in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome, spironolactone and empagliflozin. Prescribing trends were correlated with total search activity using Google Trends. We found that finerenone was prescribed at a rate of 30 180 prescriptions/month in December 2022, increasing to 45 420 prescriptions/month in December 2023, and to 60 756 prescriptions/month in December 2024. This modest increase correlated with changes in Google search activity, with mild inflections after the release of major clinical trial data. The ratio of total prescriptions from nephrologists (15.81 prescriptions per nephrologist)/cardiologists (0.70 prescriptions per cardiologist) in 2024 was ≈23:1. The proportion of finerenone prescriptions to other cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic therapies remained low, with finerenone prescriptions numerically representing 3.0% of empagliflozin prescriptions and 2.6% of spironolactone prescriptions in 2024. The adoption of finerenone has been modest, especially among cardiologists compared with nephrologists, and lags behind other cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic therapies. However, recent trends show an upward shift in its use that correlates with public interest related to clinical trial results.

PMID 42261987
Read full article →
PubMedEuropean archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry2026-06-09

Parental oral health literacy and oral health service utilisation amongst Myanmar migrant children in Thailand: a qualitative study.

Detsomboonrat P P, Duangthip D D, Phyo W M WM

This study aims to explore parental oral health literacy and oral health service utilisation amongst Myanmar migrant children in Thailand. A qualitative descriptive study was conducted with 23 Myanmar migrant parents residing in the central region of Thailand, each with at least one child aged 5-6 years. Data were collected through in-person, in-depth interviews conducted in the Myanmar language. Data analysis was performed via manual line-by-line inductive coding and content analysis. Three major categories were identified: (i) oral health knowledge and home practices: parents recognised the immediate consequences of oral disease; however, misconceptions about the importance of primary teeth and a variable understanding of the roles of diet and fluoride remained widespread; (ii) oral health-related information-seeking and utilisation: social media served as the primary source of information, with parents actively seeking information in response to particular concerns. Their ability to assess the reliability of online information varied considerably; and (iii) oral health service utilisation: many parents sought oral health care in a reactive manner rather than a preventive one. Financial constraints, work schedules, language barriers, immigration issues, and negative past experiences constituted significant barriers. Despite these barriers, parents expressed a strong willingness to seek care when their child's need was evident. This study provides insights into how migrant parents understand and manage their children's oral health, highlighting limited knowledge of primary teeth, reliance on social media for oral health information, and structural barriers to oral health service utilisation.

PMID 42260214
Read full article →
PubMedIndian dermatology online journal2026-06-09

Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety of Oral Cyclosporine and that of Oral Prednisolone in the Management of Refractory Oral Lichen Planus: A Comparative Study.

Prakash Adithya A, Jena Ajaya Kumar AK, Panda Anil Kumar AK, Panda Maitreyee M

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the oral mucosa that often requires long-term treatment due to its relapsing nature. While corticosteroids remain the first-line therapy, refractory cases necessitate alternative treatments. Cyclosporine, an immunosuppressant, has shown potential efficacy in OLP management, but lacks comparative studies with oral prednisolone, a commonly used systemic corticosteroid. To compare the efficacy and safety of oral cyclosporine versus oral prednisolone in managing refractory oral lichen planus. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in eastern India, enrolling patients with refractory OLP. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either oral cyclosporine or oral prednisolone. Efficacy was evaluated using improvement in the oral disease severity score (ODSS), dermatology life quality index (DLQI), and visual analogue scale (VAS), while safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events, laboratory markers, and patient tolerance. Both treatment groups showed significant improvement in ODSS and DLQI scores ( P < 0.05). The cyclosporine group had a 92.7% reduction in ODSS compared to 88.8% in prednisolone group( P =0.03), while DLQI improved by 84.8% versus 78.08% ( P =0.04). Prednisolone was associated with higher rates of hyperglycemia and hypertension, whereas cyclosporine posed a risk of nephrotoxicity and relapses. A short follow-up period and a small sample size were limitations. To conclude, cyclosporine appears to be an effective and safe alternative to prednisolone, warranting further studies with a larger sample size and extended follow-up.

PMID 42262783
Read full article →
PubMedCommunity dentistry and oral epidemiology2026-06-09

Advancing Global Oral Health Research Through Community and Academic Partnerships: An Overview of the CORE Programme.

Guarnizo-Herreño Carol C CC, Stennett Michelle M, Mutave Regina R, Goes Paulo Sávio Angeiras de PSA et al.

The increasing burden of oral diseases in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and limited access to and affordability of oral care disproportionately impact disadvantaged groups. Oral health research has been dominated by professional academic perspectives with limited contribution from the communities involved. The aim of this commentary is to provide a broad overview of the aims and objectives, principles, values, and study design of the CORE programme. The CORE (Community focused Oral health Research for Equity) programme is a multinational research initiative which aims to reduce oral health inequalities and improve access to dental services through collaborations between disadvantaged communities and academic and community partners in Brazil, Colombia, India and Kenya. Public health research interventions will be co-created and tested with local communities through a participatory action research approach and active community engagement and involvement. In addition, the programme aims to strengthen local oral health research capacity and advocacy. The CORE programme is comprised of three elements: (1) Programme management and governance; (2) Research components focused on oral health inequalities, commercial determinants and oral health system reform; (3) Overarching components including (i) community engagement and involvement, (ii) training and capacity building, (iii) monitoring, evaluation and learning. Through a collaborative community-based approach, the CORE programme will undertake high-quality research in LMICs to inform future pro-equity and health system reform policies.

PMID 42261076
Read full article →
PubMedScientific reports2026-06-09

Insights into demographic and cultural influences on the oral microbiome from historical Japanese dental calculus.

Kuriyama Yuki Y, Mizuno Fuzuki F, Yamada Takashi T, Kumagai Masahiko M et al.

Recent advances in genomic technologies have enabled detailed analyses of ancient microbiomes using dental calculus. While most studies have focused on European and North American populations, ancient Japanese oral microbiomes remain largely unexplored. Here, we analyzed dental calculus primarily from Edo period individuals (17th-19th centuries) to investigate the compositional, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of ancient oral microbiomes. Our results revealed clear differences between ancient and modern Japanese microbiomes, as well as phylogenetic divergence between the Final Jomon (ca. 1000 BCE) and Edo periods. We also identified regional variation in ancient oral microbiomes and clade-level diversity within the periodontitis-associated archaeon Methanobrevibacter oralis. Interestingly, individuals with traces of tooth blackening (ohaguro), a custom practiced by Edo period women, were all assigned to the same clade, suggesting cultural influences on the oral microbiome. These findings highlight the important role of human culture and demography in shaping the evolutionary dynamics of microbiomes.

PMID 42260293
Read full article →

+9996 more articles available with a free account

Sign up free to view all articles →

Ask about spironolactone