Drug Database
ZO

zolpidem tartrate (Stilnox CR / FK199B / Stilnoxium)

✓ Approved

Astellas Pharma · GABRA1 · Small Molecule

What is zolpidem tartrate?

zolpidem tartrate is a small molecule developed by Astellas Pharma. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesStilnox CR, FK199B, Stilnoxium
CompanyAstellas Pharma
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetGABRA1
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Astellas Pharma

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

zolpidem tartrate acts on 1 molecular target:

GABRA1gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor alpha1 subunit (DEE19, ECA4)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

zolpidem tartrate is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Psychiatric disordersInsomnia✓ Approved

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PubMedBrain and behavior2026-06-09

Elucidating Immune Cell Mediated Causal Pathways Linking Blood Metabolites to Major Depressive Disorder: A Mediation Mendelian Randomization Analysis.

Xu Zhiwei Z, Zhou Yining Y, Zhang Xuecheng X, Chen Xiaowen X et al.

Metabolic and immune alterations have been reported in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), yet the biological pathways linking these changes to MDD remain incompletely understood. This study aims to examine the association between blood metabolites and the risk of MDD, investigate the mediating role of immune cells, and explore their causal relationships. We analyzed genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics for 1400 circulating metabolites and 731 immune-cell traits, together with an MDD GWAS comprising 135,458 cases and 344,901 controls, all obtained from the GWAS Catalog and the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Causal effects of each metabolite on MDD were estimated with seven Mendelian randomization (MR) approaches: inverse variance weighted, MR-Egger, weighted median, debiased inverse variance weighted method (IVW), Bayesian weighted MR, Mendelian randomization robust adjusted profile score (MR-RAPS), and constrained maximum likelihood and model averaging. Horizontal pleiotropy was evaluated with Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier method (MR-PRESSO), RadialMR, and the MR-Egger intercept, whereas Cochran's Q statistic and leave-one-out analyses assessed heterogeneity and sensitivity. Finally, MR-based mediation analysis quantified the extent to which immune-cell traits mediate the metabolite-MDD associations. MR analyses provided evidence consistent with potential causal effects of 10 metabolites, including 1-(1-enyl-stearoyl)-2-linoleoyl-GPE, 2-linoleoylglycerol, kynurenine, spermidine-to-histidine ratio, 1-linoleoylglycerol, 4-vinylguaiacol sulfate, dopamine 4-sulfate, N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate, sphingomyelin and taurine to glutamate ratio and MDD. Mediation analyses identified three immune-cell-mediated pathways: CD8dim T cells mediated 5% of the effect of 2-linoleoylglycerol on MDD risk; CD11b expression on basophils mediated 19% of the effect of dopamine 4-sulfate on MDD risk; and CD4 expression on resting regulatory CD4 T cells mediated 14% of the effect of the spermidine-to-histidine ratio on MDD risk. Our findings suggest that specific metabolites may affect the risk of MDD via immune-related pathways.

PMID 42260754
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PubMedMedicine2026-06-09

Causal effects between blood metabolites and myocardial infarction: A 2-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Fu Yingying Y, Wei Aiqiu A, Wu Wanjun W, Peng Zheng Z

Observational studies have reported associations between circulating blood metabolite features and myocardial infarction (MI), but whether these associations are causal remains uncertain. Mendelian randomization (MR) can strengthen causal inference by using genetic variants as instrumental variables. We therefore conducted a 2-sample MR study, followed by pathway enrichment analysis, to evaluate the potential causal effects of genetically predicted blood metabolite features on MI. Genetic association data for 452 blood metabolite features were obtained from a published metabolomics GWAS including 7824 participants of European ancestry. The metabolite panel comprised annotated small molecules and lipids as well as a limited number of peptide/partially annotated or unknown metabolite signatures defined in the source GWAS. Summary statistics for MI were obtained from FinnGen (n = 369,139) and the IEU Open GWAS project (n = 461,823), and a discovery-replication design was applied. The inverse-variance weighted method was the primary MR analysis, complemented by weighted median, MR-Egger, weighted mode, and simple mode. Sensitivity analyses included Cochran Q test, MR-Egger intercept, funnel plots, and leave-one-out analyses. Significant findings were further evaluated using pathway enrichment analysis. In FinnGen, 12 annotated metabolite features were associated with a lower MI risk, and 8 annotated metabolite features were associated with a higher MI risk after excluding unknown signatures from the descriptive summary. In the IEU Open GWAS dataset, 10 annotated metabolite features were protective, and 7 were risk-associated. Glycine, N-acetylglycine, deoxycholate, propionylcarnitine, and margarate (17:0) showed directionally consistent associations across both MI datasets, supporting the robustness of these findings. This 2-sample MR analysis supports potential causal roles of several circulating metabolite features in MI. These findings expand the evidence base for metabolic mechanisms underlying MI and may help prioritize biomarkers and pathways for future validation.

PMID 42260813
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PubMedMuscle & nerve2026-06-09

Magnetic Resonance Neurography in Spontaneous Radial Neuropathy: An Unexpectedly High Rate of Nerve Constriction.

Shim Jae Woo JW, Lee Dong Hun DH, Seo Jung Min JM, Kim Hyun Su HS et al.

Magnetic resonance (MR) neurography has enabled the detection of subtle intraneural abnormalities, such as focal constrictions. This study aimed to describe the MR neurography findings in patients with spontaneous radial neuropathy. Patients with spontaneous radial neuropathy symptoms for > 3 months and with electromyographically confirmed radial neuropathy at our hospital from 2018 to 2023 were initially included. Among these, data from patients who underwent MR neurography were analyzed. Abnormal nerve findings were defined as the presence of increased signal intensity, enlargement, constriction, and/or loss of the fascicular pattern on MR neurography. Patients with abnormal nerve findings were categorized into two groups based on the presence or absence of constriction, and the differences in demographics, clinical symptoms, and treatment outcomes were compared. Of 27 patients (19 males; mean age 47 years), abnormal nerve findings were observed in 23 (85%) patients, of whom 13 (48%) had constrictions. Three patients (11%) exhibited no nerve abnormalities, whereas one patient had a tumor (malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor). Nerve constrictions were most frequently observed proximal to the elbow joint, with a median location of 21 mm proximal to the joint (interquartile range [IQR], -2 to 77 mm). The patients with constriction were significantly younger (32 vs. 63 years, p < 0.001) and exhibited a higher prevalence of left-sided involvement (85% vs. 20%, p = 0.002). The relatively high frequency of nerve constriction suggests that MR neurography may be valuable in guiding further management, including possible surgical intervention. III.

PMID 42261067
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PubMedMedicine2026-06-09

Causal association between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis: A Mendelian randomization study.

Li Xinyi X, Ouyang Yao Y, Liang Liyu L, Li Yingliang Y

This study investigates the causal relationship between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis (PD) using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis in an East Asian population. This study employed a 2-sample MR analysis using genome-wide association study (GWAS) data. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with RA were selected from a GWAS dataset of 22,515 East Asian individuals (4873 RA cases and 17,642 controls). The association of these SNPs with PD was examined in a separate GWAS dataset of 212,453 East Asian individuals (3219 PD cases and 209,234 controls). The study utilized inverse variance weighted (IVW) analysis, MR-Egger regression, and the weighted median method to assess the causal effect of RA on PD. The IVW analysis demonstrated a statistically significant but modest inverse association between genetically predicted RA and PD risk (odds ratio = 0.931, 95% confidence interval 0.886-0.978, P = .005). No statistical evidence of directional horizontal pleiotropy was detected in the MR-Egger regression (Egger intercept = -0.005, P = .821), and Cochran Q test did not indicate substantial heterogeneity across instruments (P = .168). The direction and magnitude of the association were broadly consistent across the different MR methods applied. Leave-one-out sensitivity analyses did not identify any single SNP that disproportionately influenced the overall estimates. In this 2-sample Mendelian randomization study of East Asian populations, genetically predicted RA liability showed a statistically significant but modest inverse association with PD risk. The observed inverse association should be considered hypothesis-generating and does not provide definitive evidence that RA is protective against PD; further studies in other populations are needed to validate these findings and clarify the underlying mechanisms.

PMID 42260828
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PubMedThe journal of physical chemistry letters2026-06-09

Scalable and Physics-Informed Multireference Implementation with Spin-Orbit Couplings via Modern HPC Clusters.

Jin Runfeng R, Li Chen C, Sun Xinyu X, Liang Wenhao W et al.

In this Letter, we introduce a scalable and physics-informed (PI) computational implementation for determinant-based multireference (MR) calculations. The PI philosophy is deeply embedded throughout the methodology and its implementation. At the method level, the orbital entanglement is used to guide an optimized reconstruction of selected CI wave functions, while the MR stage employs a PI kernel optimization (PIKO) strategy that explicitly accounts for configuration grouping patterns and memory access irregularities of integrals. In system hardware codesign, the PI parallel optimization (PIPO) strategy is proposed, with which the most computationally intensive MR module is accelerated via an entropy-based performance model and a hierarchical load-balancing scheme; both of them exploit physical insights into workload irregularity and data locality. This consistent PI-driven approach enables remarkable heterogeneous computing efficiency and parallel scalability. Single-GPU accelerations reach ∼460 times those of full CPU cores, and the strong scaling efficiency exceeds 92.5% on up to 4000 GPUs using HPC clusters. Furthermore, scalar relativistic effects can be incorporated consistently, and spin-orbit coupling (SOC) effects can be included through the present SO treatment.

PMID 42262006
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PubMedMedicine2026-06-09

Causal link between maternal PCOS and fetal/neonatal hemorrhagic and hematological disorders: A 2-sample MR study.

Yang Chunyan C, Song Wenhui W, Lu Kaosheng K, Dang Wei W et al.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders among women of reproductive age, affecting approximately 5 to 13% of this population. Beyond its reproductive implications, PCOS is frequently accompanied by metabolic and psychological disturbances, including obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and depressive symptoms. Increasing evidence suggests that genetic liability to PCOS may be associated with adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes; however, whether these associations reflect causal relationships remains uncertain. In this study, we conducted a 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to evaluate the potential association between genetically predicted PCOS liability and fetal or neonatal hemorrhagic and hematologic disorders. Genetic instruments for PCOS were obtained from large-scale genome-wide association studies, and outcome data were derived from the FinnGen consortium. The inverse variance weighted method served as the primary estimator, complemented by MR-Egger regression and weighted median approaches, along with multiple sensitivity analyses to assess heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy. The inverse variance weighted analysis indicated a statistically significant association between genetically predicted PCOS and an increased risk of fetal or neonatal hemorrhagic and hematologic disorders (odds ratio = 1.80; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-2.91). Although complementary MR methods did not reach statistical significance, the direction of effect was consistent across estimators, and no evidence of heterogeneity or directional pleiotropy was detected. Taken together, these findings provide genetic epidemiological evidence supporting a potential causal effect between genetic liability to PCOS and adverse fetal or neonatal hemorrhagic and hematologic disorders, warranting further validation through prospective clinical and mechanistic studies.

PMID 42260866
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