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tolterodine (Detrol LA / Detrusitol Neo / Detrusitol Retard)

✓ Approved

Pfizer, Inc. · CHRM1 · Small Molecule

What is tolterodine?

tolterodine is a small molecule developed by Pfizer, Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesDetrol LA, Detrusitol Neo, Detrusitol Retard
CompanyPfizer, Inc.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetCHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Pfizer, Inc.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

tolterodine acts on 4 molecular targets:

CHRM1cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 (M1, HM1)
CHRM2cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2 (HM2)
CHRM3cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (HM3, PBS)
CHRM4cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4 (HM4, M4R)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

tolterodine is developed for 2 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Renal and urinary disordersHypertonic bladder✓ Approved
Renal and urinary disordersUrinary incontinence✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2026-06-12

Recent Advances in Extended Ocular Drug Delivery for the Ocular Surface.

Choi Yura Y, Jung Mi-Young MY, Han Eunsun E, Park Choul Yong CY

The unique anatomy and physiological barriers of the human eye-particularly rapid tear turnover and limited corneal permeability-present significant obstacles to achieving effective topical drug delivery. In response to these constraints, biopolymer-based extended-release systems have emerged as a promising and transformative class of ocular therapeutics. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in natural biopolymers, including polysaccharides and protein-derived polymers, for application on the ocular surface. These materials exhibit advantageous characteristics such as mucoadhesion, biocompatibility, and stimuli-responsive behavior, which collectively enhance precorneal residence time and enable controlled, sustained drug release. We further discuss diverse delivery platforms-ranging from in situ forming hydrogels and mucoadhesive nanoparticles to drug-eluting contact lenses and microneedle-based systems. In addition, we highlight how the integration of nanotechnology and bioinspired scaffolds can augment the delivery efficiency of therapeutic agents to ocular tissues. Overall, this review underscores the ongoing transition from conventional topical eye drops to sophisticated, functionalized delivery systems capable of maintaining therapeutic drug levels while simultaneously supporting tissue repair and wound healing. Finally, we outline the remaining challenges in clinical translation and consider the future potential of smart, responsive biopolymer systems in advancing the treatment of both anterior and posterior segment diseases.

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PubMedPest management science2026-06-12

DEET-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes for mosquito and tick repellency: Extended repellency time and no zebrafish embryotoxicity.

Pereira Gessyka Rayana Silva GRS, Cardoso Gleidson G, Camargo Maria Luiza Kuhn MLK, Machado Michele Resende MR et al.

Repellent formulations are a cost-effective strategy for protection against disease vectors. N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) is widely used to repel mosquitoes and ticks, including Amblyomma sculptum, the vector of Rickettsia rickettsii (the agent of Brazilian spotted fever), and Aedes aegypti, responsible for dengue, zika, and chikungunya. This study aimed to develop cyclodextrin (CD)-DEET complexes for topical application. Phase-solubility studies identified the most suitable CD, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD)-DEET was selected for further investigation. In vitro release and skin permeation were evaluated. Embryotoxicity was assessed in a zebrafish model, and repellent efficacy was investigated against both species. Phase-solubility studies revealed AL-type profiles for αCD, γCD, and HPβCD, with slopes between 1 and 2, and K2:1 values of 4738, 4494, and 2169, respectively. HPβCD-DEET exhibited slower DEET release compared to the control (26.7% vs 50.4% over 10 h, P < 0.05). Although DEET permeation to the receptor medium was similar (P > 0.05), HPβCD reduced DEET retention in the stratum corneum by 2.6-fold (P < 0.05). HPβCD-DEET did not cause embryotoxicity in permeated DEET concentrations (69 mg L-1). Repellency bioassays showed HPβCD-DEET efficacy against A. sculptum for 168 h (80.5-100%) and full protection against A. aegypti for 7 h (>95%). These results highlight the potential of HPβCD-DEET complexes for safer and effective repellent formulations. © 2026 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

PMID 42277612
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PubMedJournal of assisted reproduction and genetics2026-06-12

The impact of post thaw embryo culture (extended culture) on frozen embryo transfer outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Cahen-Peretz Adva A, Tsaitlin-Mor Lilah L, Ben-Shushan Tomer T, Levine Hagai H et al.

To systematically evaluate the impact of post-thaw culture duration on frozen embryo transfer (FET) outcomes across different embryonic developmental stages. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA. A comprehensive search of Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane identified 14 eligible studies (N = 17,415) utilizing vitrification. The analysis investigated four post-thaw protocols (extended culture 18-48 h), stratified by embryonic developmental stage: (A) D2ext: day 2 extended vs. day 2 (3 studies, N = 879), (B) D3ext: day 3 extended vs. day 3 (3 studies, N = 11,204), (C) D3-to-D5/6: day 3 extended to day 5/6 vs. day 5/6 (4 studies, N = 1449), and (D) D5/6ext: day 5/6 extended to day 5/6 (4 studies, N = 3883). Pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and heterogeneity were calculated using random-effects models. Extended culture significantly improved outcomes for day-3 embryos. D3ext increased live birth rates (RR 1.076, 95% CI 1.034-1.119), while D3-to-D5/6 showed the most pronounced benefit (RR 1.229, 95% CI 1.008-1.499) and reduced biochemical pregnancy loss. Conversely, D2ext showed significantly lower clinical pregnancy rates than immediate transfer (RR 0.689, 95% CI 0.569-0.835). For established blastocysts (D5/6ext), extended culture provided no significant improvement in live birth rates. Post-thaw culture strategies should be tailored to embryonic developmental stage. Our most notable finding indicates that day-2 embryos achieve significantly better outcomes with immediate transfer (2-6 h) rather than prolonged in vitro culture. Conversely, day-3 embryos benefit significantly from extended culture (18-48 h), particularly when cultured to the blastocyst stage. Extended culture offers no clinical advantage for embryos already at the blastocyst stage. Post-thaw culture strategies should therefore be strictly tailored to the specific embryonic developmental stage at the time of cryopreservation.

PMID 42277342
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PubMedFoods (Basel, Switzerland)2026-06-12

Food with Extended Shelf Life Featuring Ingredients Derived from Fruits, Vegetables, and Wild Edible Plants: Nutritional, Functional, and Sensory Properties.

Pantelić Nebojša Đ NĐ, Antić Vesna V VV

The growing demand for safe, high-quality, and minimally processed foods has intensified research efforts toward the development of products with extended shelf life while maintaining their nutritional and sensory attributes [...].

PMID 42279673
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PubMedMolecular neurodegeneration advances2026-06-12

Propagation of α-synuclein pathology: models, mechanisms and future goals.

Zolin Aryeh A, Weber Sarah A SA, Xie Yan Xin YX, Burré Jacqueline J

Misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein underlies several progressive neurodegenerative disorders for which there are no disease-modifying therapies, most notably Parkinson's disease. α-Synuclein pathology can be transmitted across adjacent cells, and this prion-like property is thought to underlie disease progression. Here, we review what is known about how α-synuclein pathology spreads between cells and evaluate the different model systems used to address this question, including cultured cells, invertebrates, rodents, and non-human primates. Cellular systems have revealed potential molecular mechanisms underlying α-synuclein release and uptake. However, they lack the physiological complexity needed to recapitulate circuit-level spread. Invertebrate models overcome this limitation but lack endogenous α-synuclein. Rodents are the most frequently used model and have provided key insights into the anatomical progression of pathology. Inoculation of pathogenic α-synuclein into targeted regions initiates sequential involvement of connected structures, revealing principles such as directionality, selective vulnerability, and synaptic connectivity to pathology propagation. Yet, they incompletely model the slow time course and multisystem involvement seen in patients. Non-human primate models offer a closer representation of human neuroanatomy, synaptic organization, and lifespan. These models capture features such as long-distance propagation, dopaminergic neuron degeneration, and the emergence of motor symptoms over extended periods. Their value lies in bridging molecular mechanisms with organism-level dysfunction, but they face technical and practical limitations. Together, these complementary systems have provided insight into how α-synuclein pathology spreads across the brain. In reviewing the literature, we find there is little consensus and no cogent understanding of the mechanisms underlying release and uptake of pathologic α-synuclein aggregates. We propose a need for a deeper understanding of how α-synuclein aggregation spreads. This requires integrating insights across cellular, rodent, and primate models and leveraging the strengths of each system to enable the identification of targetable mechanisms of transmission and guide the development of disease-modifying therapies.

PMID 42281916
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PubMedMacromolecular rapid communications2026-06-12

Injectable Short Nanofiber Fragments Enable Conformal Fibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering on Complex Surfaces.

Raja Iruthayapandi Selestin IS, Jang Hee Jeong HJ, Demiray Elif Beyza EB, Gi Dongwoo D et al.

Polymeric short nanofibers are widely utilized in drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and sustained release properties; however, their application as scaffold-forming biomaterials for tissue engineering remains limited. Here, short nanofiber fragments (SNFs) derived from electrospun poly(D-lactide)/gelatin (PG) nanofiber mats are developed and evaluated for conformal fibrous network formation on complex substrates. SNFs are generated via probe sonication and deposited onto impermeable (carbon tape-mounted aluminum foil) and porous (Ti-6Al-4 V alloy) substrates through drop casting. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that SNFs uniformly coat both substrate types, forming extended, interconnected fibrous networks with effective infiltration into porous structures, unlike direct electrospinning. Surface wettability is significantly enhanced following fragmentation of the nanofiber mat into SNFs, as evidenced by a reduction in water contact angle of 11.5°. In vitro studies using normal human dermal fibroblasts (nHDF) and preosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) demonstrate that PG3 SNF-coated substrates exhibit excellent cytocompatibility and support time-dependent cell proliferation, comparable to PG3 nanofiber mats. No statistically significant differences in proliferation are observed for either nHDF or MC3T3-E1 at any of the investigated time points. These findings demonstrate that SNFs enable conformal scaffold formation on complex surfaces, offering a promising strategy for advanced tissue engineering applications.

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