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mixed amphetamine salts extended release (Adderall XR / Adderall, Microtrol / MAS XR)

✓ Approved

Shire · SLC18A2 · Small Molecule

What is mixed amphetamine salts extended release?

mixed amphetamine salts extended release is a small molecule developed by Shire. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesAdderall XR, Adderall, Microtrol, MAS XR
CompanyShire
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetSLC18A2
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Shire

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

mixed amphetamine salts extended release acts on 1 molecular target:

SLC18A2solute carrier family 18 member A2 (SVMT, VAT2)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

mixed amphetamine salts extended release is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Psychiatric disordersAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder✓ Approved

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Efficacy and Safety of Tofacitinib Versus Placebo in Patients With Early-Grade Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Fasni Rini R, Tripathy Sujit Kumar SK, Mishra Archana A, Khan Shahnawaz S et al.

Knee osteoarthritis causes major pain and disability, yet disease-modifying drugs remain limited. Tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling implicated in osteoarthritis but is unexplored in the knee; we evaluated it versus placebo in early-grade disease. In this single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 100 patients with Kellgren-Lawrence Grades 1 and 2 knee osteoarthritis were randomized to tofacitinib 11 mg extended-release once daily (n = 49) or placebo (n = 51) for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was change in VAS pain to Week 12; secondary outcomes were WOMAC, Oxford Knee Score, EQ-5D-5L, and analgesic use, assessed to Week 12 and a Month-6 follow-up, and analyzed by intention-to-treat with a mixed model for repeated measures. Baseline characteristics were balanced. Both groups improved within-group during treatment (p < 0.001), but between-group differences were not significant; the Week-12 VAS effect (tofacitinib minus placebo) was +0.02 (95% CI -0.84 to 0.89), with WOMAC, Oxford Knee Score, and EQ-5D-5L likewise excluding their minimal clinically important differences. Improvements rebounded toward baseline by Month 6. Drug-related adverse events were more frequent with tofacitinib (14.3% vs. 0%, p = 0.005) but were gastrointestinal and self-limiting. Tofacitinib was not superior to placebo in early-grade knee osteoarthritis, and the large within-group improvement rebounded toward baseline by 6 months, consistent with a predominantly non-specific (contextual) response. Because participants were selected radiographically without inflammatory phenotyping, these findings do not support tofacitinib in unselected early-grade disease but cannot exclude benefit in an inflammatory phenotype; future trials should stratify accordingly, with longer follow-up and structural outcomes. Clinical Trials Registry of India: CTRI/2025/07/090567.

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PubMedF1000Research2026-09-19

Mixed Plasmodium Infections: Report of Four Cases from the Military Hospital of Tunis.

Mtibaa Latifa L, Hannachi Souha S, Denden Zeinab Z, Abid Rym R et al.

Malaria is a life-threatening vector-borne disease caused by five species of the genus Plasmodium (P.) It can present as mixed infections that remain underreported and pose diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic challenges.The objective of the present study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of four cases of mixed Plasmodium infection. This retrospective descriptive study included cases of mixed Plasmodium infections diagnosed at the Parasitology Laboratory of the Military Hospital of Tunis between 2022 and 2025. Diagnosis was established using May-Grünwald-Giemsa-stained thin blood smears, Giemsa-stained thick smears, and rapid diagnostic tests. Plasmodium species were identified according to standard microscopic morphological criteria. We report four cases of mixed Plasmodium infection diagnosed in military personnel returning from deployment in Central African Republic. The patients were aged 31-52 years (mean age 38.8 years) with sex ratio 3. They presented within 10-30 days post-return with fever (38-42°C) associated with headache, myalgia, abdominal pain, and/or vomiting. All had adhered to malaria chemoprophylaxis, and three reported no prior malaria episodes, while one patient had a history of six previous attacks. Rapid diagnostic tests were positive for pan-Plasmodium pLDH in all cases; two patients were also positive for HRP2. Peripheral blood smears confirmed mixed infections. Parasitemia was generally low (<1% in three cases, 1% in one case). Treatment consisted of artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem ®) for all patients, combined with primaquine for those with P. ovale infection. Clinical evolution was favorable in all cases, and follow-up blood smears on days 3, 7, and 28 confirmed parasitological clearance, with only rare degenerated trophozoites observed in one patient on day 3. Mixed Plasmodium infections can influence disease severity, treatment outcomes, and drug resistance. Accurate diagnosis and radical therapy are keys to preventing relapses.

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PubMedJournal of peptide science : an official publication of the European Peptide Society2026-09-19

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Vijayasarathy Marimuthu M, Balaram Padmanabhan P

Hydrogen bonds contribute substantially to the stabilisation of specific three-dimensional structures of peptides. The C5 hydrogen bond is an intraresidue interaction, which appears to contribute to the stabilisation of fully extended residue conformations, with backbone torsion angles (φ, ψ) lying close to ±180°. The present study revisits the occurrence of C5 conformations in proteins, using a high-resolution, non-homologous dataset of 6924 x-ray diffraction structures (sequence identity < 30%, resolution < 1.6 Å). Gly emerges as the residue with the highest propensity to adopt C5 conformations, followed by Ser. Residues with branched sidechains Leu, Val and Ile are strongly disfavoured. Specific examples in protein structures that have contiguous residues in C5 conformations are highlighted.

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PubMedGlobal change biology2026-09-19

How Mixed Are Production-Oriented Planted Forests? A Global Review and Classification Approach.

Cagnoni Leticia Bulascoschi LB, Weih Martin M, Adler Anneli A, Guillemot Joannès J et al.

Mixed planted forests (MPF) are increasingly recognized for their potential to reconcile forest productivity with biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, such as climate adaptation and mitigation. They can be mixed in multiple ways, but the lack of a standardized procedure to compare mixture levels has hindered the exploration of their potential benefits, rendering the term "mixed" too generic to support meaningful comparisons across studies or informed decision-making. This study aims to (i) conduct a global literature review of the characteristics of MPF established for production (i.e., excluding biodiversity-oriented forests), and (ii) develop an index to classify production-oriented planted forests according to their level of mixture. We systematically screened the literature and selected 153 studies covering 253 MPF stands, from which we extracted detailed information on management practices using 10 criteria related to species composition (e.g., number of species, genetic diversity, species origin, functional composition) and structural/spatial design (e.g., spatial distribution, age heterogeneity, understory natural regeneration). We propose an index to classify MPF according to mixture level (scaled to a 0-1 range) based on a multi-criteria decision analysis using the PROMETHEE II outranking method. The MPF diversity index serves as a classification tool for MPF designs based on their relative dominance across multiple indicators. The results revealed that most published MPF worldwide occupy low to intermediate positions along the diversity gradient (index mean = 0.48), indicating a diversity gap even among intentionally diverse production-oriented planted forests. The proposed index provides a transparent and comparative classification of MPF designs that can support policy and management decisions by highlighting differences in diversity-related design attributes.

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PubMedFrontiers in neuroscience2026-09-19

20 Hz tACS engages striatal THINs to enhance β-band synchrony and motor drive.

Zang Honggang H, Xie Wanxia W, Tian Lei L, Kang Wanrong W et al.

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a noninvasive neuromodulation technique that can enhance motor function. The striatum is a central hub for motor control and β-band oscillations, and its tyrosine hydroxylase-positive interneurons (THINs) are modulated by dopamine. However, whether THINs are associated with motor changes following tACS through β-band synchrony has not been investigated. Eighteen-month-old male mice received 20 Hz tACS or sham stimulation over M1 for 7 days under sevoflurane anesthesia. Motor performance, EEG, striatal dopamine release, and THIN activation were assessed at 3 min after awakening on day 7. THINs were optogenetically manipulated during the reaching task under the same post-anesthesia testing window. Transcranial alternating current stimulation was associated with higher post-anesthesia reaching success, increased β-band power, elevated dopamine release, and enhanced THIN activation compared to sham. Optogenetic THIN activation recapitulated motor improvement and β-band enhancement. Optogenetic THIN inhibition reduced successful attempts per minute and β-band power, but no statistically significant reduction in success rate was detected. These findings suggest that 20 Hz tACS over M1 may improve post-anesthesia motor performance in aged mice, with converging evidence implicating striatal dopamine release, THIN engagement, and β-band synchrony as functionally coupled elements in the context of post-anesthesia motor recovery in aged mice.

PMID 42760921
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PubMedPrimary dental journal2026-09-19

Navigating Postgraduate Dental Qualifications and Awards in General Dental Practice.

Ellis Stuart M SM

The UK general dental practitioner is faced with a plethora of postgraduate training options, ranging from short Continuing Professional Development (CPD) courses to extended degree level qualifications. This article explores the regulatory factors that a dentist needs to be aware of when choosing a postgraduate qualification or award, including the General Dental Council's regulations on the use of postnominals. The mechanism by which the postgraduate qualifications credit system facilitates educational pathway progression within the UK and across Europe is explained.

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