Drug Database
MI

mixed amphetamine salts extended release (Adderall XR / Adderall, Microtrol / MAS XR)

✓ Approved

Shire · SLC18A2 · Small Molecule

What is mixed amphetamine salts extended release?

mixed amphetamine salts extended release is a small molecule developed by Shire. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesAdderall XR, Adderall, Microtrol, MAS XR
CompanyShire
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetSLC18A2
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Shire

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

mixed amphetamine salts extended release acts on 1 molecular target:

SLC18A2solute carrier family 18 member A2 (SVMT, VAT2)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

mixed amphetamine salts extended release is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Psychiatric disordersAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedInternational journal of pharmaceutics2026-07-25

Development of propranolol hydrochloride extended-release lipid matrix tablets for pediatric use.

Broocks Stefanie S, Gebhardt Melanie M, Klein Sandra S

Although solid oral dosage forms are widely used in adult drug therapy, age-appropriate formulations for pediatric patients remain limited. The development of suitable dosage forms is challenged by specific requirements regarding excipient safety, tablet size, and dose flexibility, as well as the need to improve therapy adherence in the context of frequent dosing. This study aimed to develop a pediatric-appropriate extended-release matrix tablet based on lipid matrix formers, with particular attention to the use of safe excipients and the selection of excipients based on sustainability considerations. Lipid-based excipients, selected due to their natural origin and similarity to dietary fats, were investigated and compared with conventional matrix formers. A formulation screening approach was applied to identify promising candidates based on drug release after one hour, followed by further evaluation of manufacturability, tablet hardness, and extended-release performance. In addition, the influence of a physiological pH-gradient, bile salts, and long-term storage on drug release was assessed. The selected formulations showed good manufacturability, uniformity, and sustained drug release. Overall, several lipid-based matrix formulations suitable for pediatric use were identified, providing a promising basis for the development of solid oral extended-release dosage forms for children.

PMID 42497932
Read full article →
PubMedWater research2026-07-25

Control of sulfides in gravity sewer pipelines using coated sustained-release granules: Efficiency and mechanisms.

Huang Tao T, Zhang Jieyubing J, Liu Yutong Y, Li Linjun L et al.

To address the challenges in sewer systems where continuous wastewater flow renders conventional iron salt dosing ineffective for long-term control, and where iron salts cause a sharp pH decline and structural weakening of pipelines, this study developed a coated sustained-release ferrous chloride granule (PMDI‑Fe2+). Under long‑term operation of laboratory‑scale reactors, the results showed that at a PMDI‑Fe2+ dosage of 0.045 % (w/v), the half‑maximal recovery time (RT50) of the sulfide production rate was 9 days; at a flow velocity of 0.6 m/s, iron ions were sustainably released for 45 hours. The granules control sulfide through a dual biological and chemical mechanism: on the one hand, they elevate the oxidation‑reduction potential and zeta potential of the wastewater, disrupt biofilm structure, and reduce both the diversity of sulfur‑metabolizing microorganisms and the expression of key genes; on the other hand, they directly remove sulfide via chemical precipitation. The sustained‑release characteristic of PMDI‑Fe2+ avoids a sharp pH drop (the pH decreased from 6.29 to 6.03 after treatment), which is favorable for sulfide precipitation. After treatment, the soluble carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) and carbon-to-phosphorus (C/P) ratios in the wastewater increased significantly, which may alleviate the operational burden on downstream treatment plants. At a dosage of 0.045 % (w/v), the cost of sulfide control was 1.50 yuan/kg‑S. This study validates the practical potential of coated sustained‑release granules for sulfide control in sewers.

PMID 42497559
Read full article →
PubMedInternational journal of biological macromolecules2026-07-25

Controlled release network hydrogel based on zein/sodium alginate-stabilized chrysanthemum essential oil Pickering emulsions for prolonged preservation of fresh-cut Gastrodia elata.

Zhang Lihui L, Liu Jieni J, Law Chung Lim CL, Sun Qing Q et al.

Browning and microbial proliferation are major factors driving quality deterioration in fresh-cut Gastrodia elata. This study developed a zein/sodium alginate-stabilized chrysanthemum essential oil (CEO) Pickering emulsion and incorporated it into gelatin-konjac glucomannan hydrogels for fresh-cut G. elata preservation. The emulsion exhibited nanoscale droplets (194.53-515.00 nm) with exceptional stability (zeta potential: -82.85 to -95.92 mV), confirming effective encapsulation of CEO. The optimized hydrogel (GK-8%) formed a dense network with uniform pore structure, demonstrating superior water retention and sustained release properties, achieving 73.30% CEO release over 390 h. Application tests revealed that GK-8% significantly reduced weight loss (≤ 0.15%) and browning index (26.72% reduction), maintained firmness and total phenolic content, while decreasing antioxidant enzyme activities, indicating reduced oxidative stress. Visual observations showed that GK-8% treatment delayed visible browning by approximately 3 days compared to the control. The hydrogel extended shelf life through synergistic effects of microbial inhibition and oxidative stress alleviation, providing an effective, eco-friendly strategy for fresh-cut product preservation.

PMID 42498190
Read full article →
PubMedJournal of assisted reproduction and genetics2026-07-25

Extended embryo culture and cumulative live birth in patients with limited embryos.

Jin Huizi H, Peng Wenju W, Luo Jiejun J, Jin Lei L et al.

Among IVF/ICSI patients with only 2-4 Day 3 embryos, which embryo culture strategy is associated with the highest cumulative live birth rate (CLBR): cleavage-stage transfer, blastocyst-stage transfer, or a mixed strategy? This retrospective cohort study included 5758 first IVF/ICSI cycles performed between January 2016 and May 2022. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to embryo culture strategy: cleavage group (all embryos transferred/frozen at Day 3, n = 1859), blastocyst group (all embryos cultured to Day 5, n = 529), and mixed group (1-2 best cleavage embryos transferred or cryopreserved, with the remainder cultured, n = 3370). The primary outcome was CLBR per oocyte retrieval cycle. Confounders were adjusted using multivariable logistic regression. In addition, a doubly robust approach combining inverse probability weighting (IPW) with regression adjustment was performed as a sensitivity analysis. Compared with the cleavage-stage group, the blastocyst-stage group had a significantly lower CLBR after one oocyte retrieval cycle (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.243, 95% CI 0.185-0.319 in logistic regression; aOR 0.345, 95% CI 0.271-0.437 in IPW). In contrast, the mixed group showed no significant difference in CLBR after adjustment (aOR 0.924, 95% CI 0.795-1.075 in logistic regression; aOR 0.978, 95% CI 0.867-1.103 in IPW). For IVF patients with limited Day 3 embryos, a full blastocyst-stage strategy was associated with a substantially lower cumulative chance of live birth, whereas a mixed strategy did not improve CLBR compared with the cleavage-stage strategy after adjustment. These findings suggest that preserving transfer opportunities may be more important than further in vitro selection in this population.

PMID 42498852
Read full article →
PubMedJournal of environmental sciences (China)2026-07-25

Humidity-dependent viscosity and hygroscopicity after aging with SO2 of biomass burning single nanoparticle.

Yang Bo B, Xie Zhibo Z, Gui Huaqiao H, Zhang Douguo D et al.

Although understanding the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles is essential to studying their impact on climate and health, information on the viscosity of nanoparticles composed of organic and inorganic salts, as well as the aging process with soluble polluting gases is still rare. In this work, based on a high contrast imaging device enabled by the photonic chip, we measured the hygroscopic growth factors (GFs) of nanoparticles of KCl and glucose mixed in different organic and inorganic dry mass ratios (OIRs). In addition, we also proposed a viscosity retrieval method to quantify the viscosity of the nanoparticles at different relative humidities (RHs) according to the Arrhenius mixing rule and Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson approach. Moreover, the retrieval viscosities after deliquescence are almost in perfect agreement with the predicted curves from the Aerosol Inorganic-Organic Mixtures Functional groups Activity Coefficients Viscosity model. Furthermore, the hygroscopic GFs of the components other than glucose in the aged mixed-component particles after deliquescence is slightly higher than that of the aged single component KCl. This might be due to the viscosity of the organic components cause a delay in the volatilization of HCl gas and the formation of K2SO4. For instance, the calculated GFs for the aged mixtures with OIRs of 1:3,1:1 and 3:1 are 1.61, 1.62 and 1.66 at 90 % RH, respectively, while the GF of the aged single component KCl is about 1.60. These results are expected to provide theoretical reference for the future field observation of the various physicochemical property of ambient aerosol samples.

PMID 42498383
Read full article →
PubMedCureus2026-07-25

Novel AI-Assisted Quest-Based Therapeutic Framework for Enhancing Engagement and Executive Functioning in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Case Report.

Montoya Brody B, Mauro Christian F CF

Youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may experience persistent barriers to engagement in individual psychotherapy despite adequate pharmacologic treatment and evidence-based therapeutic content. Existing gamified approaches often rely on fixed protocols, specialized materials, or group-based formats to address interfering symptoms such as distractibility, low frustration tolerance, and difficulty sustaining mental effort, with mixed feasibility and clinical outcomes. This case describes a novel, individualized gamified intervention designed to address limitations of existing approaches and support ADHD treatment engagement. An otherwise healthy 11-year-old male with ADHD, combined type, was referred for outpatient psychotherapy to address difficulties with organization and emotional self-regulation while receiving methylphenidate extended-release 18 mg daily. Early sessions used established approaches, including gamified interventions, but were marked by distractibility, fidgeting, and disengagement. Treatment was reorganized into a structured, therapist-led, quest-based gamified framework delivered across 21 completed 60-minute sessions over approximately 24 weeks. ChatGPT-4o was used to assist with narrative creation and maintenance and to support integration of therapist-selected psycho-education, behavioral skills training, cognitive-behavioral strategies, mindfulness, and parent management principles into a tabletop role-playing structure. Over time, the patient demonstrated progressively improved engagement, emotional awareness, organization, and coping skills, corroborated by parent-informed improvements on the "Hyperactive/Impulsive" and "Conduct" items of the National Institute for Children's Health Quality (NICHQ) Vanderbilt Assessment Scale, third edition. This case illustrates how therapist-led gamification may function as a pragmatic delivery framework for evidence-based individual psychotherapy in youth with ADHD when engagement is a primary treatment barrier. The intervention emphasized therapist-guided skills coaching, flexibility, narrative reinforcement, and repeated practice. A large language model was used to make the intervention feasible, primarily as a preparatory narrative support tool under full therapist oversight. Further study is needed to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and generalizability of individualized gamified psychotherapy frameworks in outpatient ADHD treatment.

PMID 42500785
Read full article →

+9996 more articles available with a free account

Sign up free to view all articles →

Ask about mixed amphetamine salts extended release