Drug Database
EN

enalapril maleate + HCTZ (Vasoretic / Vaseretic / Renidur)

✓ Approved

Merck & Co. · ACE · Small Molecule

What is enalapril maleate + HCTZ?

enalapril maleate + HCTZ is a small molecule developed by Merck & Co.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesVasoretic, Vaseretic, Renidur
CompanyMerck & Co.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetACE, SLC12A3
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Merck & Co.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

enalapril maleate + HCTZ acts on 2 molecular targets:

ACEangiotensin I converting enzyme (DCP1, ACE1)
SLC12A3solute carrier family 12 member 3 (NCCT, NCC)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

enalapril maleate + HCTZ is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Vascular disordersHypertension✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedTherapeutic delivery2026-05-23

Preparation and evaluation of Prochlorperazine Maleate loaded nanostructured lipid carrier for the treatment of schizophrenia.

Maniar Karan K, Yadav Bindu Kumari Nagendra BKN, Shah Shreeraj S

Schizophrenia management using conventional oral antipsychotic formulations is constrained by poor bioavailability, extensive first-pass metabolism, and dose-related systemic adverse effects. Intranasal drug delivery using nanocarrier systems has emerged as a promising strategy for direct brain targeting by bypassing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via olfactory and trigeminal pathways, thereby enhancing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing peripheral exposure. This study aimed to develop and evaluate Prochlorperazine Maleate-loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) for intranasal administration to enhance brain delivery. Prochlorperazine Maleate, a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist used in schizophrenia management, was selected due to its poor oral bioavailability and significant hepatic metabolism. NLCs were prepared using a lipid-based approach and optimized by varying lipid composition and surfactant concentration. The optimized formulation consisted of a solid lipid to liquid lipid ratio of 77.51:22.49 with 1.5% Tween 80. Evaluation parameters included particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, in vitro drug release, release kinetics, ex vivo permeation, and stability studies. The optimized NLCs exhibited a particle size of 213.40 ± 46.53 nm, zeta potential of -32.7 mV, and entrapment efficiency of approximately 72%. This approach has strong potential for enhancing therapeutic outcomes in schizophrenia.

PMID 42173813
Read full article →
PubMedEnvironmental toxicology and pharmacology2026-05-22

Risk of skin cancer from hydrochlorothiazide and other diuretics across races: a global cohort study.

Lee Chaw-Ning CN, Shao Shih-Chieh SC, Yang Chao-Chun CC, Hung Jia-Horung JH et al.

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) has been linked to increased skin cancer risk. However, comparative evidence across racial groups remains limited. Using TriNetX, a global database, we evaluated the association between thiazide diuretic use and skin cancer risk across whites and other races within a single analytic platform, including both HCTZ and non-HCTZ thiazides. To determine if the skin cancer risk associated with thiazide diuretics varies by racial group. Using the TriNetX platform, we analyzed adults with newly treated hypertension, applying propensity score matching for baseline covariates, and calculated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for skin cancers. Comparing to non-diuretic antihypertensive drug (NDAH) use, HCTZ increased the risk of keratinocyte carcinomas (KC) (aHR 1.40), squamous cell carcinoma (aHR 1.75), basal cell carcinoma (aHR 1.46), and malignant melanoma (aHR 1.37) only in the White population. No increased risk was found in the Asian, Hispanic, or Black populations. Chlorthalidone showed a similar pattern for KC, with increased event rates only in the White population. HCTZ is associated with an increased risk of skin cancers only among whites, while similar associations were not observed in other races. These findings may be considered when prescribing thiazide diuretics in this population.

PMID 42167389
Read full article →
PubMedFrontiers in medicine2026-05-18

The interplay of maturity-onset diabetes of the young, obesity, uncontrolled hypertension, and cannabinoid hyperemesis in the progression to end-stage renal disease: a case report.

Ngardig Ngaba Neguemadji N, Lovallo Victoria V, ONeil Anna A, Quidet Xegfred Lou T XLT et al.

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a rare monogenic diabetes with significant renal risk, especially when combined with hyperglycemia, obesity, and other factors. While chronic cannabis use may further accelerate kidney decline, no previous reports have described rapid progression to ESRD in a young patient with MODY, obesity, hypertension, and cannabinoid hyperemesis, as presented here. A 24-year-old man with class II obesity, uncontrolled presumed MODY, CKD stage 5, diabetic gastroparesis, hypertension, and chronic marijuana use was diagnosed with MODY at age 18 after hospitalization for cannabinoid hyperemesis and Boerhaave syndrome. Despite insulin and metformin therapy, he experienced recurrent hypertensive crises and AKI with progressive renal decline. Over 70 months, the patient experienced progressive renal and metabolic deterioration. Serum creatinine increased from 0.9 to 10.8 mg/dL (mean 2.92), with eGFR declining from 115.98 to 4.69 mL/min/1.73 m2 (mean 52.75). Glycemic control was suboptimal (mean HbA1c 9.79%, range 6.5-12.1%). Urine microalbumin increased from 1.2 to 138, and the microalbumin/creatinine ratio increased from 32 to 931. BMI increased from 22.4 to 37.9 kg/m2, and toxicology screens were consistently positive for cannabinoids. Insulin aspart was initiated 1 month after presentation. By month 13, enalapril and scheduled prandial insulin were added; the secondary hypertension workup was negative despite suppressing aldosterone and low-normal renin. At month 30, enalapril was replaced with carvedilol and amlodipine, with increased renin but persistently suppressed aldosterone; imaging showed preserved EF, mild pulmonary hypertension, and grade 1 diastolic dysfunction. Hydralazine was added at month 34. By month 70, sitagliptin and sevelamer were initiated for diabetes and hyperphosphatemia (phosphorus 7.7 mg/dL), with persistently suppressed aldosterone (<1) and renin 4.97 ng/mL. This first reported case of presumed MODY, obesity, hypertension, cannabis use, and poor adherence in a young adult demonstrates unusually rapid progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), highlighting the need for early recognition and integrated management in high-risk patients.

PMID 42145774
Read full article →
PubMedACS omega2026-05-18

Beyond Treatment: Electrochemical Phenol Oxidation in Methanol under Different Cell Configurations and Its Implications for Valorization.

Santacruz William W, Navas-Higuero Cristina C, Saez Cristina C, Motheo Artur de Jesus AJ et al.

This study explores electrochemical phenol oxidation in methanolic and aqueous media as a strategy to shift adsorption-based treatments from pollutant removal toward chemical valorization. Using 3D-printed single- and divided-cell reactors with alkaline electrolytes to enhance conductivity, methanol clearly outperformed water: phenol conversions exceeded 50% after 3 h (vs <15% in water), with higher Faradaic efficiencies (>21%) and energy efficiencies up to 3-fold greater, especially in anion exchange membrane (AEM) systems. Speciation analysis revealed that methanol favors diverse, industrially relevant intermediates, including carboxylates (oxalate, malonate, succinate, tartrate, maleate) and methoxylated aromatics, whereas aqueous media predominantly formed benzoquinone and tetrahydroxybenzene, consistent with rapid hydroxyl-radical-driven mineralization. The strong influence of membrane type on phenol transport (AEM > PEM) and the distinct degradation pathways observed (hydroxylation/cleavage in water vs methoxylation/fragmentation in methanol) highlight the critical role of solvent-membrane coupling. Overall, the results demonstrate that electrochemical processing in methanol promotes the formation of identifiable value-added products, indicating potential implications for future resource-oriented wastewater treatment strategies.

PMID 42146171
Read full article →
PubMedNeuroscience research2026-05-15

Direct binding of the neurorehabilitation drug edonerpic maleate to CRMP2 demonstrated by NMR spectroscopy.

Tanaka Meiro M, Ota Wataru W, Arisawa Tetsu T, Takeuchi Koh K et al.

Functional recovery after brain damage, such as stroke, depends on neuronal plasticity that reorganizes synaptic connections in intact brain regions. Edonerpic maleate, a small compound that accelerates rehabilitation-dependent motor recovery, is proposed to produce its effects through direct binding to collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) and the resulting enhancement of synaptic AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic-acid) receptor trafficking. To confirm this interaction, we employed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy using purified CRMP2. ¹H NMR revealed clear attenuation of edonerpic maleate signals in the presence of CRMP2, consistent with formation of a ligand-protein complex. The direct interaction was further confirmed by saturation transfer difference [STD]-NMR, demonstrating the contact-dependent reduction of edonerpic maleate signals upon the saturation of CRMP2. Together, these data provide definitive evidence that edonerpic maleate directly binds to CRMP2 to physically form a stable complex. These findings provide the structural foundation for understanding the pharmacological mechanism of edonerpic maleate and support the development of CRMP2-targeted therapeutics to enhance neurorehabilitation efficacy.

PMID 42134551
Read full article →
PubMedJournal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis2026-05-13

Comprehensive impurity profiling and stability assessment of indacaterol maleate integrating LC-MS and in silico genotoxicity.

Aydın Çağla Ç, Yazar Yücel Y, Yılmaz Halil H, Bellur Atici Esen E et al.

This study describes the development and validation of stability-indicating analytical methods for indacaterol maleate, an ultra-long-acting β2-adrenoceptor agonist used in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). RP-HPLC-UV methods were established for quantifying indacaterol and its related substances, while LC-QDa-MS and high-resolution LC-QTOF-MS were employed for impurity identification and structural elucidation. All methods were developed and validated in accordance with ICH guidelines to support comprehensive assessment of process-related impurities and degradation behavior. Eight potential impurities were identified, synthesized, and fully characterized. The validated RP-HPLC-UV assay and related substances methods were applied to forced degradation studies under thermal, photolytic, oxidative, neutral, acidic, and alkaline conditions, as well as to accelerated and long-term stability samples. Trace-level impurities were structurally elucidated using LC-QDa-MS and LC-QTOF-MS. In silico mutagenicity assessment of thirteen impurities using Nexus software classified IND-B ((R)-8-(benzyloxy)-5-(2-bromo-1-hydroxyethyl)-quinolin-2(1H)-one) as a Class 3 potential genotoxic impurity due to its alkyl bromide moiety. Although the TTC-based limit for IND-B (based on the ICH M7 threshold of 1.5 µg/day for a maximum daily dose of 300 µg) corresponds to ≤ 0.5%, all specified impurities were conservatively controlled at ≤ 0.15% and unspecified impurities at ≤ 0.10%, in line with ICH M7 and Q3A guidelines. The RP-HPLC-UV assay and related substances methods demonstrated specificity, precision, accuracy, linearity, and robustness, confirming their suitability as stability-indicating methods. Overall, this integrated approach provides a robust framework for impurity profiling, stability assessment, and genotoxic risk evaluation of indacaterol maleate, ensuring regulatory compliance and product quality throughout shelf life.

PMID 42119498
Read full article →

+9996 more articles available with a free account

Sign up free to view all articles →

Ask about enalapril maleate + HCTZ