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enalapril maleate + HCTZ (Vasoretic / Vaseretic / Renidur)

✓ Approved

Merck & Co. · ACE · Small Molecule

What is enalapril maleate + HCTZ?

enalapril maleate + HCTZ is a small molecule developed by Merck & Co.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesVasoretic, Vaseretic, Renidur
CompanyMerck & Co.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetACE, SLC12A3
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Merck & Co.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

enalapril maleate + HCTZ acts on 2 molecular targets:

ACEangiotensin I converting enzyme (DCP1, ACE1)
SLC12A3solute carrier family 12 member 3 (NCCT, NCC)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

enalapril maleate + HCTZ is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Vascular disordersHypertension✓ Approved

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Masalha Yamen Y, Zehavi Yoav Y, Musallam Banan B, Khamaysi Majd M et al.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness. Here we provide a case report for a male aged 7 years and 3 months diagnosed with DMD after detecting a deletion of exons 48-50 of the DMD gene. The child initially presented with elevated transaminases during a febrile illness at 17 months. Further evaluation revealed significantly increased creatine phosphokinase and troponin levels. He exhibited delayed gross motor milestones and developed left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. At 24 months of age, weekly intravenous eteplirsen therapy was initiated, along with enalapril to manage cardiac symptoms. Over 5 years, the patient demonstrated stable cardiac function and gradual motor improvement. Despite persistent hyperlordosis and waddling gait, his 6-minute walk test remained stable. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of DMD reporting cardiac outcomes after eteplirsen treatment in a patient as young as 24 months of age.

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PubMedJournal of colloid and interface science2026-07-24

Core-shell structure driving bimetallic synergy promotes the high-efficiently synergistic catalytic removal of chlorobenzene and NO.

Zhao Liming L, Liu Jing J, Yang Yingju Y, Guan Zelin Z et al.

The development of bifunctional catalysts for the simultaneous removal of chlorobenzene and nitric oxide still remains an extremely challenging objective, owing to the intrinsic trade-off effect between selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and catalytic oxidation. Herein, a strategy to enhance the SCR activity and catalytic degradation ability of chlorobenzene was proposed through boosting the metal-metal interaction in the core-shell structure. The designed SiO2@CoMn2O4 core-shell catalyst with multi-active centers showed excellent synergistic elimination of NO and chlorobenzene at a temperature range of 300-320 °C. While NH3 was found to inhibit chlorobenzene oxidation, chlorobenzene had little effect on the SCR activity of SiO2@CoMn2O4 but had a positive effect on N2 selectivity. The combination of core-shell structure and bimetallic synergy well balances activity and selectivity. SiO2 core significantly enriches surface acid sites and increases the specific surface area, facilitating reactant adsorption and activation. The synergistic effect between Co and Mn ions balances the types of surface oxygen species and increased the amount of lattice oxygen, facilitating NO oxidation activity, adsorption of chlorobenzene and CCl bond cleavage. The simultaneous removal mechanism of NO and chlorobenzene was investigated through in situ diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and theoretical calculations. Chlorobenzene undergoes dichlorination to form phenyl group with assistance of the electron-withdrawing property of Lewis acid, which then reacts with reactive oxygen species through electrophilic attack to yield intermediates such as benzoquinone, maleate, and acetate.

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PubMedAmerican journal of translational research2026-07-23

Esomeprazole plus trimebutine maleate improves symptoms, esophageal function, and acid control without increasing risks in elderly GERD: a real-world retrospective study.

He Bo B, Xing Rui R, Zhang Honglian H

Elderly patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) often exhibit inadequate response to proton pump inhibitor monotherapy due to accompanying motility disorders. This study evaluated the real-world safety and efficacy of esomeprazole (EMZ) combined with trimebutine maleate (TM) in this population. This retrospective analysis included elderly GERD patients treated at The People's Hospital of Yongcheng from July 2022 to June 2025, categorized into EMZ monotherapy and EMZ + TM combination groups. Symptom efficacy and GerdQ scores were assessed at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks. Esophageal motility, 24-hour pH monitoring, inflammatory markers, liver and kidney function, and adverse reactions were evaluated before and after 8 weeks. A total of 184 patients were included (86 monotherapy, 98 combination). The combination group showed a higher total effective rate and lower GerdQ scores at 4 weeks and 8 weeks (all P<0.05). After 8 weeks, lower esophageal sphincter resting pressure, lower esophageal sphincter relaxation rate, and distal contractile integral were significantly higher, while ineffective contractions and total acid exposure time were significantly lower in the combination group (all P<0.05). Inflammatory markers were also significantly lower (all P<0.05). No significant differences in liver, kidney function, or adverse reactions were observed. Adding TM to EMZ improves symptom control, esophageal motility, acid exposure, and inflammatory markers in elderly GERD patients without compromising safety.

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Biofunctionalized Porous POMaC Films Promote Cell Adhesion and Infiltration for Tissue Interfaces.

Sun He H, Twiddy Jack J, Queener Kirstie M K KMK, Deal Halston H et al.

Soft, bioresorbable interfaces that support tissue integration while maintaining ionic/electrical signal transmission remain an important materials challenge for tissue-integrating bioelectronic scaffolds. Here, we report the fabrication and evaluation of a planar and porous poly(octamethylene maleate (anhydride) citrate) (POMaC) (dfilm∼ 250-350 μm) and evaluate how porosity and surface biofunctionalization affect cell interactions and electrical signal transmission through the material. Using sacrificial porogens, we produced porous POMaC films with tunable and interconnected pore architectures (dpore from 10 to 120 μm), including bilayer structures comprising a porous, tissue-facing region and a dense supporting layer. Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFns) and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) demonstrated robust adhesion and viability on both planar and porous POMaC, and porous films supported cellular penetration into the film thickness and multicellular clustering within the porous network. Bioadhesive surface coatings (i.e., gelatin, RGD-containing peptide, and laminin) enhanced cell adhesion and spreading, with laminin affording superior iPSC-CM adhesion and spreading relative to uncoated films. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrical stimulation measurements showed that the integration of POMaC films between interdigitated gold electrodes and physiological electrolyte resulted in modest impedance changes compared to bare electrodes, indicating preserved ionic coupling under these test conditions. Notably, porous POMaC films exhibited improved signal preservation relative to non-porous counterparts, consistent with increased ionic accessibility and effective electrode-electrolyte coupling. Collectively, these results support biofunctionalized porous POMaC as a promising bioresorbable interface material that supports 3D cell penetration while enabling electrical signal transmission, motivating future validation in application-relevant bioelectronic sensing formats.

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PubMedInternational journal of pharmaceutics2026-07-23

Ciclesonide/indacaterol-encapsulated liposomes: optimizing corticosteroid-bronchodilator therapy for a more effective approach to asthma management.

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Combination therapy with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting β2-agonists (LABA) is the clinical cornerstone of asthma management. However, therapeutic efficacy is frequently compromised by high drug hydrophobicity, which enhances entrapment within the pulmonary mucus and promotes recognition and clearance from alveolar macrophages. This results in reduced drug availability at the target site, requiring higher doses or more frequent administrations. To overcome these biological barriers and improve the therapeutic outcomes, we report the systematic optimization of a liposomal formulation for the co-delivery of ciclesonide (CIC) and indacaterol maleate (IND). Among various PEGylated lipids, DSPE-PEG was chosen because its amine function maximizes IND encapsulation via amine-phosphate interactions and its 18-carbon chain exhibited superior biocompatibility with macrophages compared to C14 and C16 analogs. Incorporating DSPE-PEG at 15% ensured robust mucopenetration and macrophage evasion, significantly improving the ex vivo relaxation effect of IND compared to the drug solution. DLPC was utilized as the main phospholipid since its high degree of unsaturation (two double bonds) was essential for achieving high encapsulation efficiency of both hydrophobic payloads, efficient epithelial cell uptake in vitro and improved ex vivo efficacy and potency of IND. In an OVA-induced murine model, the optimized formulation markedly attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness and suppressed the type 2 inflammatory cascade, including upstream epithelial-derived alarmins, downstream inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory cell recruitment. Notably, liposomal encapsulation also provided a potential dose-sparing effect for both compounds, suggesting that efficient pulmonary delivery of ICS/LABA via lipid nanoparticles is a promising asthma management strategy and may be applicable to other respiratory diseases.

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PubMedJournal of the American Chemical Society2026-07-21

Heterogeneous Artificial Photosystem I: Photoinduced Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Zr-Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Saha Bapan B, Rajasree Sreehari Surendran SS, Dilwalia Prachi P, Phillips Emma N EN et al.

Photosystem I bridges the disparity between ultrafast energy transduction and much slower chemical bond formation by generating NADH as the primary photoproduct via proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET); NADH subsequently serves as a redox shuttle for downstream multielectron reactions. Replicating such an elegant blueprint, or its function and mechanism within artificial systems, remains challenging. This study demonstrates a photoinduced PCET process in a pyrene-based zirconium-oxo metal-organic framework (MOF) NU-1000, operating in the singlet manifold, directly producing an NADH model analogue (HNH-H) along with a 2[pyrene•+]─[Zr-oxo node-O-] pair, without any cocatalysts. Spectroscopic analyses─including steady-state, time-resolved, and transient methods─reveal that in a stepwise two 1e- reduction process, the proton transfer from node-bound hydroxyl and aqua ligands in polar dimethylformamide solvent is not directly involved in the rate-defining step, evidenced by a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) of 1 at a very low [HNH+]. However, with increasing difficulty in the successive deprotonation from the anionic node, an inverse KIE (0.75) was observed at higher [HNH+]. Density functional theory-based computation supports a pre-equilibrium proton transfer to the first 1e- reduced radical intermediate HNH•, followed by the second electron transfer, consistent with an overall ET-PTET mechanism for this endoergic process. In nonpolar solvents that do not support proton transfer, the HNH• intermediate instead undergoes irreversible dimerization. The reduced HNH-H shuttle was exploited in the photocatalytic multielectron PCET-based reduction of maleate to succinate, achieving ∼30% consumption of maleate and ∼12% conversion to succinate in aprotic media without any external hole scavengers and proton source, relying solely on node-bound protons in NU-1000. Under these conditions, the benchmark photocatalyst Ru(bpy)32+ was ineffective. Introduction of ethanol as a regenerator establishes a fully catalytic, recyclable system with NU-1000. These results highlight the potential of Zr-oxo MOFs as platforms for entirely artificial, bioinspired photosystem I analogues.

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