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estradiol (E2III)

✓ Approved

Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc. · ESR1 · Small Molecule

What is estradiol?

estradiol is a small molecule developed by Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via transdermal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesE2III
CompanyJohnson & Johnson Services, Inc.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetESR1
RouteTransdermal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

estradiol acts on 1 molecular target:

ESR1estrogen receptor 1 (ER, ESR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

estradiol is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Surgical and medical proceduresHormone replacement therapy✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedChemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026-07-25

Rhodium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Enantioenriched α-Substituted Primary Amines Through Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation.

Liu Chonghuo C, Lefèvre Guillaume G, Yin Qin Q, Phansavath Phannarath P et al.

The preparation of a series of enantioenriched α-substituted primary amines using rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ortho-hydroxyaryl N─H imines is reported. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions using a low catalyst loading and ammonium formate as the hydrogen source, delivering the reduced compounds in high yields (up to 99%) and enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee).

PMID 42498498
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PubMedDomestic animal endocrinology2026-07-25

Association of intra-follicular melatonin with reduced oxidative DNA damage and improved oocyte quality in water buffalo: Effect of season and follicular size.

Pandey Anand Kumar AK, Gunwant Pankaj P, Kumar Sandeep S, Saini Gitesh G et al.

Oxidative stress caused by production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to normal metabolism and/or external environment results in changes in follicular fluid microenvironment, oxidation of oocyte DNA (8‑hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine levels; 8-OHdG) and poor-quality oocyte. Therefore, the present investigation was designed to evaluate the relationship between oocyte quality and intra-follicular environment (melatonin, 8-OHdG, 17β-estradiol and progesterone concentrations) in different sized follicles during summer and winter in water buffaloes. Slaughterhouse-derived ovaries were subjected for collection of follicular fluid from three (n = 42 each category in summer and winter) different categories of follicle based on diameter (Small: 8-9.9 mm; Medium: 10-11.9 mm; Large: 12-14 mm). Individual follicles were treated as independent observational units and analyzed using a factorial model including effects of season, follicular size, and their interaction. The results revealed higher (P < 0.05) melatonin and 17β-estradiol concentrations were associated with larger follicles and improved oocyte quality. Melatonin was positively associated (P < 0.05) with 17β-estradiol concentrations in different follicular categories during both seasons. Conversely, 8-OHdG followed an inverse association (P < 0.05) with melatonin in different categories of follicles during both seasons. Irrespective of follicles size, data revealed that good-quality oocytes (Grade A) were associated with higher melatonin concentrations, 102.11±3.88 pg/mL and 116.59±3.32 pg/mL in summer and winter, respectively. Ordinal logistic regression analysis identified melatonin concentration as the only significant independent predictor of oocyte quality (β=-0.226, OR=0.798; P < 0.001). Thus, it may be concluded that higher intra-follicular melatonin concentrations were associated with lower oxidative DNA damage and improved oocyte quality in water buffalo.

PMID 42497647
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PubMedInternational journal of biological macromolecules2026-07-25

Coat protein complex II vesicle transport is involved in tri-o-cresyl phosphate-induced delayed neuropathy.

Sun Yan-Yan YY, Song Xiao-Hua XH, Zhang Di D, Yang Dan D et al.

Tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) is an organophosphorus compounds (OP) known to induce delayed neurotoxicity, called OP-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN), which involves multiple pathological processes, including degeneration and demyelination of long axons within the spinal cord and peripheral nerves. In this study, we employed the Schwann cell line (sNF96.2 cells) and adult hens, the classical model animal for OPIDN study, to investigate the mechanism of TOCP-induced myelin damage. The results showed that TOCP (750 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced the number of COPII vesicles in the spinal cord and sciatic nerves of hens; on day 2 after the single exposure, the number of vesicles decreased to 27% and 38% of the control group, respectively, while 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA, 150 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) restored them to 80% and 75% of the control group, respectively. In sNF96.2 cells, cresyl saligenin phosphate (CBDP), the active metabolite of TOCP, inhibited COPII vesicle transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus, reducing the transport rate of ManII-SBP-mCherry from 76% to 38% and the relocation rate of GalNAc-T2-GFP in the Golgi apparatus from 91% to 26%. 4-PBA partially reversed the effects (restoring them to 62% and 72%, respectively). These results suggested that TOCP/CBDP impairs COPII vesicle transport at least partially by activating ER stress, and that impaired vesicle transport may be an important mechanism by which TOCP induces neuropathy.

PMID 42498192
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PubMedWorld journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery2026-07-25

Sex Hormones and the Risk of Nasal Polyps: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.

Zhu Ying Y, Zhou Jia-Yao JY, Zhang Shi-Yao SY, Tang Ru R et al.

The pathophysiological roles of sex hormones in airway inflammation have drawn much attention recently. We aimed to explore the causal effect of sex hormones on chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and nasal polyps (NP) via a Mendelian randomization (MR) study. Genetic traits for serum bioavailable testosterone (BioT), total testosterone (ToT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and estradiol were extracted from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) containing 425,097 European individuals from the UK Biobank, while outcome data were obtained from the FinnGen data set. Two-sample MR analysis was performed to assess the association of sex hormones and NP or CRS with the inverse variance weighted method as the main analysis, together with sensitivity analyses. Genetically predicted BioT levels showed a possible inverse association with both NP (OR = 0.669, p = 0.009) and CRS (OR = 0.792, p = 0.014) in the overall population, though these associations were marginally above the traditional significance threshold after multiple testing correction (FDR = 0.054). Sex-stratified analyses revealed potentially stronger protective associations in females, with higher BioT associated with lower odds of NP. No significant causal effects of estradiol or SHBG on NP or CRS were identified in the available GWAS data. Our MR analyses suggest a possible inverse relationship between genetically predicted serum BioT levels and the risk of both CRS and NP, with potentially stronger effects in females. Further observational and experimental studies are necessary to validate these genetic associations and explore the potential immunomodulatory mechanisms by which testosterone may influence sinonasal inflammation.

PMID 42500089
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PubMedReproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)2026-07-25

Association of exposure to household pesticides with concentration of serum sex steroid hormones in general U.S. population: A cross-sectional study.

Zheng Yun Y, Wang Shizhi S, Liu Haohan H, Lu Yiran Y et al.

Studies have indicated that exposure to household pesticides is prevalent among the population. Nevertheless, the relationship and contributing factors linking urinary metabolites of household pesticides to circulating levels of sex steroid hormones in human serum remain insufficiently explored. To examine the correlation between household pesticides metabolites and serum sex steroid hormones levels. This study utilized data from 3,884 participants obtained through the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2013 and 2016. NHANES measured urinary metabolites of household pesticides and serum levels of sex steroid hormones. The study utilized weighted multiple linear regression modeling combined with restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis to investigate relationships and dose-response patterns between residential pesticide metabolites and serum sex steroid hormones across both genders. Additionally, the research examined potential modifying effects of obesity status on pesticide metabolite-sex hormone associations through interaction analysis. Following adjustment for potential confounders, concentrations of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY), para-nitrophenol (PNP), and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) demonstrated negative correlations with total serum testosterone (TT), estradiol concentrations(E2), and free androgen index (FAI) across all three statistical models (Ps < 0.05), while positive relationships emerged with sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). We found the similar results among male participants. However, the negative correlation was not found between TCPY, PNP, 3-PBA and SHBG among female participants RCS modeling revealed complex nonlinear interactions between DCBA and serum sex steroid hormone levels. Analysis stratified by body mass index showed that TCPY, PNP and 3-PBA exhibited similar negative correlations with TT, E2 and FAI in the non-obese participants. The study reveals that the metabolites from household pesticides exhibited negative correlations with serum sex steroid hormone levels across both genders. Associations were more consistent for non-obese populations.

PMID 42497948
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PubMedAmerican journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons2026-07-25

Contraception Use Differs Across Solid Organ Transplant Types Among Women Transplanted in Reproductive Age.

Cooper Katherine M KM, Mahle Rachael E RE, Joyal Kayla K, Le Mariesa M et al.

There are a growing number of reproductive age solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, yet comparative data on contraception use across organ types are limited. We performed a retrospective cohort study of women who underwent first-time liver, kidney, heart, or lung transplantation between the ages of 18 and 45 from 2015 and 2025 using TriNetX (n=10,155). Contraception uptake within two years was assessed by organ, including patterns of initial contraceptive choice and subsequent changes in contraception choice, and clinical outcomes, including osteoporosis, thromboembolism, and graft rejection, were compared by contraception type. Among 10,155 eligible SOTR, 19.9% had documented contraception within two years of SOT (heart 27.3%, lung 22.5%, kidney 19.7%, liver 16.8%, p<0.001). Combined oral contraception was the most common initial contraception method, followed by depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA). However, those who started on DMPA were more likely to switch medications. Compared with no contraception, DMPA was associated with increased osteoporosis, hypertension, thrombosis, and graft rejection, whereas estradiol-containing agents were not. Overall, contraception use after SOT was extremely uncommon with exceedingly low rates of highly effective options, particularly after liver and kidney transplant. Higher switching and adverse associations with DMPA support early, organ-tailored contraceptive counseling and careful method selection post-SOT.

PMID 42498172
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