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adjuvants (ImmuMax / ImmuMax SR / adjuvants, Repros)

✓ Approved

Repros Therapeutics Inc. · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is adjuvants?

adjuvants is a small molecule developed by Repros Therapeutics Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via unknown.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesImmuMax, ImmuMax SR, adjuvants, Repros
CompanyRepros Therapeutics Inc.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteUnknown
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Repros Therapeutics Inc.

Therapeutic Indications

adjuvants is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Surgical and medical proceduresOral appliance application✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedSmart molecules : open access2026-07-25

Applications of chitosan derivatives as adjuvants for nanoparticle-based vaccines: A comprehensive review.

Dasgupta Sayantani S, Paul Susanta S, Mukherjee Swarupananda S, Sarkar Nilanjan N et al.

The development of safe and effective vaccines remains a critical priority in modern medicine. Traditional adjuvants, while effective in enhancing immune responses, often suffer from limitations including local reactogenicity, limited mucosal immunity, and instability of antigens. Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide derived from chitin, and its derivatives have emerged as promising candidates for nanoparticle-based vaccine delivery due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, mucoadhesive properties, and intrinsic immunostimulatory activity. Chemical modifications of chitosan, such as trimethylation, quaternization, and thiolation, enhance its solubility, stability, and immune modulatory functions. Chitosan derivative nanoparticles (CDNPs) facilitate efficient antigen encapsulation, protect labile biomolecules, and promote uptake by antigen-presenting cells. They can trigger both humoral and cellular immune responses, particularly through mucosal administration routes. This review comprehensively discusses the physicochemical properties of chitosan derivatives, mechanisms of immune enhancement, methods for nanoparticle preparation, applications in preclinical and clinical vaccine studies, and challenges for translation to human use. Insights from recent literature suggest that CDNPs hold significant potential to revolutionize vaccine delivery platforms, especially for mucosal vaccines and next-generation immunotherapeutics.

PMID 42500708
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PubMedIndian journal of anaesthesia2026-07-25

Dexmedetomidine versus magnesium sulphate as adjuvants to ropivacaine in ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block for inguinal hernia repair: A randomised controlled trial.

Senapati Laxman K LK, Bodigandla Reddi Gireesh RG, Pradhan Amit A, Sahoo Rajendra K RK et al.

Ultrasound-guided ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block (II-IHNB) provides effective analgesia for inguinal hernia surgery; however, the duration of analgesia with local anaesthetic alone is limited. This study compared dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulphate as adjuvants to ropivacaine for II-IHNB. In this randomised controlled trial, 120 patients were allocated into three groups (n = 40 each). Group A received 0.5% ropivacaine, group B received ropivacaine with magnesium sulphate (5 mg/kg), and group C received ropivacaine with dexmedetomidine (1 µg/kg). The primary outcome was time to first rescue analgesia. Secondary outcomes included visual analogue scale (VAS) scores, 24-hour opioid consumption, sedation, haemodynamic parameters, and adverse events. The time to first rescue analgesia was significantly longer in group C than in group A, with a median difference of 1080 min [95% confidence interval (CI): 923-1125 min; P < 0.001]. The total 24-hour opioid consumption was significantly lower in group C than in group A, with a median difference of - 10 morphine milligram equivalents (95% CI: -15 to - 5; P < 0.001). VAS scores at rest and movement were significantly lower in group C at multiple postoperative time points (P < 0.001). Sedation scores were higher in group C in the immediate postoperative period (P < 0.001), but no clinically significant respiratory depression occurred. Haemodynamic parameters and the incidence of adverse events remained comparable across groups (P > 0.05). Dexmedetomidine is superior to magnesium sulphate as an adjuvant to ropivacaine in II-IHNB, providing prolonged analgesia, reduced opioid consumption, and stable haemodynamics with an acceptable sedation profile.

PMID 42500638
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PubMedImmunological reviews2026-07-25

The Dual Role of Preexisting Immunity in Influenza: Protective Recall Versus Constraint of Novel Responses.

Fox Annette A, Zhu Ziheng Z, Sánchez-Ovando Stephany S

Preexisting immunity to influenza confers rapid protection against antigenically matched viruses but can also constrain responses to drifted variants. This review asks when and why prior infection or vaccination is protective versus detrimental, and which biological mechanisms-epitope masking by circulating antibody, inhibitory FcγRIIb signaling, and competitive dominance by affinity-matured memory B cells-drive these outcomes. We synthesize human cohort, serological, and vaccine-effectiveness data with mechanistic mouse and fate-mapping studies to explore how vaccine formulation, antigen dose, antigenic distance and T cell help modulate the balance between memory recall and recruitment of naïve B cells. Finally, we outline strategies (higher dose, adjuvants, multivalent display, and considered strain selection) to restore de novo responses against escape epitopes and improve vaccine performance.

PMID 42499177
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PubMedFrontiers in cardiovascular medicine2026-07-25

Assessment of cardioprotective activity of a nitrate enriched food-based polyherbal formulation using experimental myocardial infarction in rats.

Ramagiri Sruthi S, Singh Hemraj H, Taliyan Rajeev R, Kumar Choudhary Yogendra Y et al.

Recently, Myocardial infarction (MI) became the foremost causes of mortality globally. Growing modern pharmacological evidences indicate that food based herbal formulations can offer promising therapeutic benefits in the management of cardiovascular diseases. In the current study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of a newly developed nitrate-enriched extract from Amaranthus leaves, Oxystorm, and its blend with bioactive food constituent, curcuminoids enriched turmeric extract (BCM-95) in an in vivo model of MI, induced by the ligation through left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). The model caused significant alterations in cardiac function and structure. In both models, Wistar rats were randomly divided into different groups (three different control groups namely vehicle, sham, and LAD), a positive control group (verapamil), low-dose Oxystorm, and high-dose Oxystorm treatment groups, and a synergistic group administered with Oxystorm and turmeric extract. Following reperfusion, samples were collected to determine cardiac injury biomarkers; LDH, CK-MB, myoglobin, and troponin I. Moreover, inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin-6 and TNF-α) and endogenous oxidative stress markers were assessed. LAD-induced MI significantly increased LDH, CK-MB, oxidative stress, and cardiac inflammation. However, treatment with Oxystorm and its turmeric blend alleviated levels of lactate enzyme, CK-MB, troponin-I, interleukins, and malondialdehyde, which reduced infarct size, though enhanced antioxidant defense (GSH and SOD). The enriched dietary nitrate content in Oxystorm, when combined with polyphenol-rich turmeric extract (BCM-95), showed cardioprotective potential, which may be associated with nitrate/NO-related mechanisms, attenuation of oxidative stress, and suppression of inflammatory pathways. However, nitric oxide bioavailability and related signaling pathways were not directly assessed in the present study. Taken together, the pioneer observations, suggest that Oxystorm and its turmeric combination, may serve as adjuvants for the management of ischemia and related cardiac diseases.

PMID 42499795
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PubMediScience2026-07-24

Safety and immunogenicity of an adjuvant-free peptide vaccine targeting IL-17A: Phase 1 randomized controlled trial.

Kasahara Satoru S, Tenma Akiko A, Sakaguchi Makoto M, Tsuji Shigeyoshi S et al.

We investigated whether a peptide vaccine (FPP003) composed of B cell epitope for IL-17A and T cell epitope (AJP001) with innate immune activation could induce the antibody production without adjuvants. The safety and immune response of FPP003 were evaluated in a double-blind trial. Twenty healthy participants received either a low or high dose of FPP003 (n = 8, respectively) or placebo (n = 4) in three doses. Regarding safety, while mild to moderate adverse events were observed, no severe or serious adverse events occurred in all participants. For immunogenicity, the geometric mean fold rise (GMFR) in anti-IL-17A antibody was increased with peak at day 71 or 85 and continued until day 141. In ELISpot assay, the number of IL-4 and IFN-γ spots was increased in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, circulating follicular helper T cells was significantly increased in the FPP003 high-dose group. The adjuvant-free FPP003 peptide vaccine could be well-tolerated and beneficial approach in human.

PMID 42495520
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PubMedFASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology2026-07-24

Bidirectional Modulation of the Tumor Immune Microenvironment by Gut Microbiota-Derived Indoles: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.

Wang Chaowei C, Bi Ling L, Wang Yan Y

The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) plays a decisive role in cancer progression and therapeutic response. Emerging evidence highlights gut microbiota-derived indole metabolites, produced from dietary tryptophan, as key regulators of tumor immunity. These metabolites function through complex metabolic networks and exert dual immunomodulatory effects: they can enhance antitumor immunity by promoting CD8+ T cell stemness, increasing tumor immunogenicity, and relieving immunosuppression, while also suppressing immunity by inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs), M2 macrophage polarization, and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. This review systematically summarizes the biosynthetic pathways and microbial sources of major indole compounds, and discusses their context-dependent roles in shaping the TIME via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Unlike previous reviews that often extrapolate findings from non-tumor inflammation models to cancer without adequate contextualization, we critically evaluate evidence from both tumor and non-tumor models, with explicit distinction between direct tumor-relevant findings and speculative insights for the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Special attention is given to the therapeutic potential of indoles as adjuvants to immune checkpoint blockade and their promise in precision immuno-oncology. By integrating microbiology, immunology, and metabolomics, we aim to provide a theoretical foundation for developing indole-based strategies to overcome immunotherapy resistance and improve clinical outcomes.

PMID 42497072
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