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estradiol + gestodene (Avidene 2 / Convaden / Avaden 1)

✓ Approved

Bayer AG · ESR1 · Small Molecule

What is estradiol + gestodene?

estradiol + gestodene is a small molecule developed by Bayer AG. It is approved for therapeutic indications via unknown.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesAvidene 2, Convaden, Avaden 1
CompanyBayer AG
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetESR1, PGR
RouteUnknown
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Bayer AG

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

estradiol + gestodene acts on 2 molecular targets:

ESR1estrogen receptor 1 (ER, ESR)
PGRprogesterone receptor (NR3C3, PR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

estradiol + gestodene is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Surgical and medical proceduresHormone replacement therapy✓ Approved

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PubMedBMC surgery2026-05-24

The influence of different bariatric surgeries on male sex hormones and semen parameters among infertile obese male patients: an observational study.

Azhary Mahmoud M, Ali Mohamed Hassan MH, AbdELsalam Mohamed Ahmed MA, Elshal Mohamed M et al.

This research examines the impact of bariatric procedures on male sex hormones and semen parameters in infertile men with obesity. Obesity adversely affects male fertility by causing hormonal imbalances and worsening semen quality. Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) offers sustained weight loss and potential reversal of these abnormalities. This prospective case series included 43 infertile men with severe obesity who underwent sleeve gastrectomy, One-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB), or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. All participants had a BMI ≥ 35 kg/m² and a history of infertility for over one year. Semen analysis and hormonal profiling (FSH, LH, total testosterone, estradiol [E2], and prolactin) were conducted preoperatively and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Significant weight loss was observed at all follow-up points (p ≤ 0.003). Improvements were noted in semen motility, progressive motility, vitality, and abnormal forms (all p ≤ 0.003). Serum testosterone levels increased, while estradiol levels decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.003). Changes in FSH, LH, and prolactin were statistically insignificant. Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is associated with marked improvements in semen quality and serum testosterone levels, supporting its role as an effective therapeutic strategy for obesity-related male infertility. No pregnancies were recorded during the 12-month follow-up. Not applicable.

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PubMedGynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology2026-05-24

Restoring ovulation in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: impact of polycystic ovarian morphology on hormonal response to pulsatile GnRH.

Boegl Magdalena M, Kasper Isabella I, Dewailly Didier D, Mayrhofer Daniel D et al.

Up to 50% of women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) exhibit polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) on ultrasound. We aimed to compare the hormonal response to ovulation induction with pulsatile GnRH therapy in FHA patients with and without PCOM. In this single-center observational study, 41 patients with FHA underwent 3 months of pulsatile GnRH therapy to induce ovulation. Patients were categorized into a PCOM group (n = 24) and a non-PCOM group (n = 17). Serum levels of Anti-Muellerian-hormone (AMH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, prolactin, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), testosterone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were assessed at baseline and after 3 months of treatment. At baseline, median AMH levels were significantly higher in the PCOM group (6.21 ng/ml [IQR 4.03-8.87]) compared to the non-PCOM group (1.7 ng/ml [IQR 1.14-2.20]; p < 0.001). After 3 months of pulsatile GnRH therapy, AMH levels significantly increased in the non-PCOM group (1.94 [IQR 1.39-2.49], p < 0.001), whereas no significant change was observed in the PCOM group (p = 0.218). LH, FSH, and estradiol levels increased in both groups. Pulsatile GnRH therapy effectively induced ovulation (1 dominant follicle in each patient), irrespective of ovarian morphology. The significant AMH rise in women with FHA without PCOM likely reflects restored folliculogenesis. In contrast, the absence of an AMH rise in the PCOM group was expected, given their already elevated baseline levels. Importantly, these findings suggest that pulsatile GnRH therapy does not exacerbate AMH levels in most patients.

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Efficient progesterone removal from water using molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles.

Bessai Sam S, Falyouna Omar O, Mandai Toshihiko T, Xuening Feng F et al.

Water contamination by hormone-disrupting chemicals like progesterone (PGS) poses significant risks to environmental and human health. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic study of PGS removal by pure MoS2 nanoparticles, extending previous work on MoS2 for structurally related estrogen, 17β-estradiol [1]. Owing to their two-dimensional structure, high surface area, and good stability in water, MoS2 nanoparticles can achieve higher affinity toward organic molecules like PGS compared to conventional adsorbents such as activated carbon or metal oxides. Under optimized conditions ([MoS2] = 20 mg L-1, temperature = 25 °C, pH = 7, initial PGS concentration = 20 mg L-1), a maximum removal efficiency of 98% was achieved within 1 h. Variations in environmental factors, including temperature, pH, dosage, and initial PGS concentration, influenced the removal efficiency; however, MoS2 maintained high performance across a broad range of conditions. Mechanistic analysis revealed that van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions were the dominant adsorption mechanisms, as confirmed by adsorption modeling. MoS2 also demonstrated excellent reusability, with minimal performance loss after multiple cycles. A preliminary cost analysis based on raw material prices suggest that MoS2 is economically competitive with conventional adsorbents under the tested conditions. These results indicate that MoS2 is a promising candidate for the treatment of hormone-contaminated water, although further techno-economic evaluation (TEA) at larger scales is required.

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PubMedBiomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie2026-05-24

Prostaglandin D2 reinforces mitochondrial quality control to enhance ovarian and embryonic competence.

Shim Yu Ha YH, An Jin Young JY, Ryu Ji Soo JS, Lee Hyun Seung HS et al.

Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is a bioactive lipid mediator implicated in ovarian physiology; however, its role in mitochondrial regulation and aging-associated reproductive dysfunction remains insufficiently defined. Here, we investigated whether PGD2 restores ovarian competence through coordinated mitochondrial and endocrine remodeling using human granulosa (KGN) cells, primary ovarian cells from aged mice, and preimplantation embryos. PGD2 significantly enhanced cellular viability and attenuated senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity. Structural and functional analyses demonstrated restoration of mitochondrial network integrity, increased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), elevated basal respiration, spare respiratory capacity, and ATP production, together with reduced proton leak, indicating improved oxidative phosphorylation efficiency. Mechanistically, PGD2 activated a mitochondrial stress-adaptive axis characterized by upregulation of SIRT1 and PINK1 and suppression of PARP1, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial quality control and preservation of metabolic flexibility. Concomitantly, PGD2 promoted steroidogenic activation, evidenced by increased StAR and CYP11A1 expression and significantly elevated estradiol and progesterone secretion. Adaptive remodeling of gonadotropin receptor signaling was observed, with increased LHR/LHCGR and reduced FSHR and AMH expression, reflecting a shift toward an LH-responsive maturation-aligned phenotype. Importantly, these ovarian cellular improvements translated to the embryonic stage. PGD2 enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential, accelerated cleavage kinetics, and improved progression to the morula and blastocyst stages. Blastocysts exhibited transcriptional patterns consistent with maternal metabolic reprogramming, including increased StAR, CYP11a1, Sirt1, and LHCGR expression. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that PGD2 restores ovarian resilience through hierarchical mitochondrial reinforcement, endocrine activation, and adaptive receptor remodeling, thereby enhancing embryonic developmental competence. PGD2 may represent a potential therapeutic modulator for improving reproductive outcomes under aging-associated ovarian dysfunction.

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PubMedWater research2026-05-24

Spatial heterogeneity and prioritization of chemical mixtures along the Yarlung Tsangpo River.

Wang Cong C, Wang Xiaoping X, Su Wenyuan W, Zhu Bao B et al.

High-altitude rivers act as unique "sinks" for the global long-range transport of emerging contaminants (ECs). This study employed a suspect screening strategy to investigate the occurrence, spatial patterns, and ecological risks of ECs in the Yarlung Tsangpo River (YTR), the highest major river on the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, 41 samples were collected along a 2000 km river stretch, and 74 compounds from the ToxCast database were identified, dominated by pesticides (n = 30) and industrial intermediates (n = 19), with over 50% of the compounds exhibiting a 100% detection frequency across the entire watershed. The PLS-DA model effectively transformed complex mass spectrometry data into intuitive spatial chemical maps, confirming a binary spatial partitioning of chemical fingerprints within the YTR. Analysis of co-occurrence patterns confirmed that the chemical community underwent a paradigm shift from being "stochastic process-driven" in the headwater-upstream (HU) regions to "deterministic process-driven" in the mid-downstream (MD) regions, characterized by the coexistence of increasing species richness and simplified network topology. Source apportionment using representative tracers revealed that this paradigm shift was likely because the HU chemical community was primarily influenced by long-range atmospheric transport and the high-altitude "cold-trapping" effect, manifesting as loose background signals, whereas intensive human activities in the mid-to-downstream regions, such as the mixed application of pesticides, strongly reshaped the aquatic chemical fingerprints. Risk prioritization using the Toxicological Priority Index (ToxPi) identified basin-wide high-risk chemicals, such as β-estradiol and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). Collectively, this study demonstrates that long-range transport, coupled with diverse local human activities (agriculture, domestic, traffic, and tourism), jointly shapes the spatial heterogeneity of chemicals in plateau rivers. These findings underscore the necessity of implementing section-specific, precision control strategies for the sustainable management of this iconic plateau river ecosystem.

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The Effect of Menstrual Cycle Phase, Symptoms, Motivation, and Readiness to Perform on Resistance Training Performance.

Munteanu Gabriella G, Halson Shona L SL, Huynh Minh M, Jukic Ivan I et al.

The menstrual cycle can influence a range of physiological and psychological processes that may affect physical performance. However, existing evidence is inconsistent and often based on isolated testing timepoints rather than typical training conditions. Monitoring kinematic outputs during resistance training allows quantification of day-to-day performance changes. This study evaluated whether kinematic outputs during resistance training vary across menstrual cycle phases over two mesocycles and explored associations with symptoms, and perceived motivation and readiness. This study was conducted at Australian Catholic University (Brisbane, Australia) between February 2023 and June 2025 and was registered with the trial number ACTRN12626000365369. Twenty-eight resistance trained females (mean ± SD; age: 27.1 ± 5.2 years) completed two mesocycles of supervised resistance training. Across the intervention, menstrual cycles were monitored using calendar-based counting, urinary ovulation tests, and retrospective serum 17β-estradiol and progesterone concentrations. Three-repetition maximum (3RM) and load-velocity profiles (LVPs) for the bench press and trap bar deadlift were assessed at baseline, mid training (~4 weeks), and post training (~8 weeks). During each training session, kinematic outputs were recorded for all repetitions, with the fastest repetition from each set used to assess training performance across menstrual cycle phases and the observed velocity compared to the expected velocity from the LVP. Symptoms, perceived motivation, and readiness were reported at the start of each resistance training session. Significant differences in observed versus expected average peak mean velocity were found in the bench press during phases 1 and 5, and in the deadlift during phases 1 and 6. For both exercises, observed versus expected average peak mean velocity differed by ~ 0.01-0.02 m·s⁻1 across menstrual cycle phases. After multivariate modeling, motivation to train was a strong predictor of training performance (β = 0.0004, p = 0.021), whereas readiness to perform was not. The symptom domain pain was positively associated with bench press performance (0.00065 m∙s-1 per unit change; p = 0.018), whereas pain was negatively associated with deadlift performance (- 0.001 per unit change; p < 0.001). Additionally, no significant main effect was found for the symptom domain control, but a between-exercise difference was found (p < 0.03). No other symptom domains showed significant relationships with training performance. Menstrual cycle phase appears to have minimal effect on resistance training performance, with kinematic outputs demonstrating modest differences compared to what would be expected. Consequently, these findings support consistent resistance training across the menstrual cycle, without the need for phase-based adjustments to maintain performance. However, motivation and symptom profiles may influence resistance training across the menstrual cycle.

PMID 42177355
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