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timolol (Timpilo / timolol, ophthalmic)

✓ Approved

Merck & Co. · ADRB1 · Small Molecule

What is timolol?

timolol is a small molecule developed by Merck & Co.. It is approved for therapeutic indications.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesTimpilo, timolol, ophthalmic
CompanyMerck & Co.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetADRB1, ADRB2, CHRM3
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Merck & Co.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

timolol acts on 3 molecular targets:

ADRB1adrenoceptor beta 1 (BETA1AR, ADRB1R)
ADRB2adrenoceptor beta 2 (ADRBR, B2AR)
CHRM3cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (EGBRS, m3AChR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

timolol is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Eye disordersGlaucoma✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

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3D Printing in Ophthalmology: From Basic Research to Clinical Transformation.

Wu Zhuotong Z, Ma Yong Y, Wang Liyin L, Gu Yexin Y et al.

3D printing is reshaping ophthalmic biomaterials, tissue models, implants, biosensors, and drug-delivery systems, but its clinical value depends on matching each printing strategy to ocular-specific requirements rather than on printing capability alone. This review classifies ophthalmic 3D printing into extrusion-based, inkjet-based, electric field-assisted, and light-assisted approaches, while clarifying the boundary between acellular material inks and cell-laden bioinks. We summarize how ink formulation, spatial resolution, optical transparency, mechanical stiffness, degradation, sterilization, immune response, and regulatory classification influence applications in corneal, conjunctival, lens, retinal, orbital, sensing, and drug-delivery contexts. We further discuss hybrid printing and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted process control as emerging strategies that may improve patient-specific design, reproducibility, and quality assurance. By emphasizing current limitations, clinical translation barriers, and actionable priorities, this review aims to provide a balanced roadmap from basic ophthalmic 3D-printing research toward clinically meaningful transformation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Ophthalmic diseases affect millions worldwide, yet traditional treatments like eye drops suffer from poor efficacy due to the eye's complex biological barriers. Three-dimensional (3D) printing offers a revolutionary solution by enabling the creation of customized, structurally precise biomaterials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of how advanced 3D printing technologies are being used to engineer delicate eye tissues (cornea, conjunctiva, and retina) and develop novel drug delivery systems (microneedles and smart contact lenses). Furthermore, we introduce the concept of 'dynamic bioprinting,' highlighting how smart materials can adapt to the ocular microenvironment over time. This work bridges the gap between biomaterial structure-function design and clinical ophthalmology, providing a roadmap for future personalized vision therapies.

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PubMedDocumenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology2026-07-25

Clinical and genetic spectrum of genetic eye diseases seen in two newly developed ophthalmic genetics clinics: two-year experience.

Tawfik Caroline Atef CA, Roshdy Maged Maher MM

Genetic eye diseases (GED) are among the top ten leading causes of global blindness. Ophthalmic genetics has emerged as a dedicated subspecialty, integrating clinical and genetic diagnosis with genetic counseling. We conducted an electronic and physical medical records search for the patients attending the clinics. Clinical data included patient demographics, presenting complaint, physical exam findings, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), available ophthalmic and diagnostic radiology imaging, and genetic testing results. Electronic medical records of 499 patients were examined; 472 patients were diagnosed with GED. The mean age was 22.7 years. Males represented 57.1% of the patients. The most common diagnosis was isolated retinitis pigmentosa (32.2%), followed by Stargardt disease (11.0%), early-onset severe retinal dystrophy (10.3%), cone dystrophy (7.1%), cone-rod dystrophy (4.7%), autosomal recessive bestrophinopathy (3.6%), and enhanced S-cone syndrome (3.1%). The mean BCVA was 6/48, where 42% exhibited moderate to severe visual impairment, and 24% were classified as blind. Genetic tests were done for 28.8% of the GED patients with a molecular solving rate of 87.5%. Positive cases encompassed 47 genes; the most common were ABCA4 (11.8%), CRB1 (10.1%), BEST1 (8.4%), and NR2E3 (5.9%). Systemic associations were reported by 12.7%. Within this group hearing loss was the most common association encountered (45%), followed by intellectual disability (16.7%), and polydactyly (15%). This study provides a comprehensive overview of the encountered GEDs spectrum. The data are valuable for refining clinical diagnoses, establishing accurate inheritance patterns, informing family planning, and assessing patient eligibility for emerging gene-targeted therapies.

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Diabetic Retinopathy Screening and Treatment Capacity in Student-Run Free Clinics: A National Assessment.

Larsen Jacob J, Sarwar Haider H, Fu Daniel D, Patnaik Jennifer L JL et al.

To characterize ophthalmic resources and evaluate diabetic retinopathy screening, treatment, and referral practices among student-run free clinics in the United States that provide ophthalmology services. A cross-sectional survey was distributed to 54 student-run free clinics identified through a national network. The 17-item survey assessed clinic demographics, funding sources, ophthalmic equipment availability, diabetic retinopathy screening and treatment practices, referral pathways, perceived barriers, and resource needs. Of the 54 clinics contacted, 21 (39%) responded, representing 13 states. All clinics reported caring for patients with diabetic retinopathy (100%), glaucoma (81%), and cataracts (76%). Primary funding sources included grants (38%) and alternative funding mechanisms (29%). Commonly available equipment included slit lamps (67%) and indirect ophthalmoscopes (52%), while advanced imaging modalities such as optical coherence tomography were available in only 14% of clinics. Diabetic retinopathy screening was performed in 95% of clinics, primarily via dilated retinal examination (55%). Only 14% of clinics (3/21) reported access to diabetic retinopathy treatment via external referral pathways, and none provided treatment on site. Key barriers to comprehensive care included insufficient funding, lack of diagnostic equipment, and limited availability of trained clinical personnel. Student-run free clinics commonly provide diabetic retinopathy screening but lack the capacity to deliver definitive treatment, relying primarily on external referral pathways. Strengthening academic partnerships and expanding treatment access may improve equitable, vision-preserving care for underserved populations.

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PubMedJournal of neurointerventional surgery2026-07-25

Understanding the spectrum between orbital infarction syndrome and secondary orbital inflammation following endovascular thrombectomy: a case series.

Romero Maryanne Chew MC, Jing Mingxue M, Bhogal Pervinder P, Khin Hnin Su Wai HSW et al.

Orbital infarction syndrome (OrbIS) is a rare but devastating complication following mechanical thrombectomy for ischemic stroke, characterized by a near-global ischemia of intraocular and orbital tissues. It can mimic a more benign secondary orbital inflammation (SOIN), leading to diagnostic uncertainty. We present the largest case series of seven patients who developed acute periorbital swelling following endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for anterior circulation large vessel occlusion with clinically diagnosed OrbIS or SOIN. A retrospective review of our EVT database was performed and patients who developed these orbital complications were identified. Clinical features, angiographic findings, and outcomes were analyzed, and a literature review was performed to contextualize our findings. Out of 1179 patients, four patients were diagnosed with OrbIS and three with SOIN. Patients with OrbIS usually presented within the first 12 hours following EVT and had irreversible vision loss, while those with SOIN had a more delayed onset and good visual recovery. The pathophysiologic spectrum may reflect differing degrees of ischemia, collateral compromise, and secondary inflammatory or reperfusion-related injury. Orbital complications following thrombectomy represent a spectrum from complete ischemia with poor outcomes to secondary transient inflammation with good outcomes. Early recognition, prompt ophthalmic consultation, and interdisciplinary management are crucial for optimizing outcomes.

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PubMedJournal of neurointerventional surgery2026-07-25

Validation and branch involvement-based refinement of prediction scores for incomplete aneurysm occlusion after flow diversion.

Li Mengxing M, Hafiani Hamza H, Allard Julien J, Elhorany Mahmoud M et al.

FDSS, DIANES, 4F-FPS, and ABC are scoring models developed to predict incomplete occlusion of intracranial aneurysms after treatment with flow diverters (FDs). We retrospectively included consecutive patients with intracranial aneurysms treated with FDs at our center between January 2020 and December 2025 with at least 6 months of angiographic follow-up. Predictors of incomplete occlusion were analyzed by univariable analysis followed by multivariable Firth penalized logistic regression. The predictive performance of the four scores was evaluated. Modified scores (mFDSS, mDIANES, and mABC) were generated by excluding the ophthalmic artery (OphA) and adult-type posterior communicating artery (aPComA) from the variable 'side branch arising from the aneurysm neck/dome' and were compared with the original scores. The study included 152 patients harboring 185 aneurysms, 86.49% of which were located in the internal carotid artery (ICA), with an incomplete occlusion rate of 13.51%. Male sex and branch involvement were independent predictors of incomplete occlusion (aOR, 3.67 and 3.81, respectively). Area under the curve (AUC) for FDSS, DIANES, 4F-FPS, and ABC were 0.715, 0.741, 0.539, and 0.732, respectively. Excluding the OphA and aPComA from branch involvement improved the accuracy of mFDSS, mDIANES, and mABC compared with the original scores. FDSS, DIANES, and ABC showed fair predictive performance, whereas 4F-FPS had limited predictive value in this predominantly ICA saccular aneurysm cohort. Branch involvement was the strongest predictor of incomplete occlusion. The exploratory refinement of branch involvement by excluding the OphA and aPComA improved score accuracy. The rich collateral circulation of these branches could be the potential explanation but this theory requires further verification.

PMID 42498627
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PubMedPediatric dermatology2026-07-24

A Comprehensive Review of the Current Systemic Medical Treatment Landscape for Vascular Malformations.

Fason Claire C, Jafari Alexander J AJ, Hebert Adelaide A AA

Dermatologists play a central role in the diagnosis and medical management of vascular anomalies. Currently, vascular anomalies are categorized into vascular tumors and vascular malformations. The latest designations for the numerous types of vascular lesions are delineated in the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies website (www.issva.org). The arenas for the therapy for hemangiomas, the most common vascular tumor, have been studied extensively and have been recognized as standard of care by the Society for Pediatric Dermatology, the American Academy of Dermatology and the American Academy of Pediatrics. Options for hemangioma treatment include systemic beta-blockers such as propranolol, atenolol, and nadolol, and the topical beta-blocker timolol. Vascular malformations and overgrowth syndromes encompass a separate set of treatment regimens. Recent pharmacological and technological advances in the medical management of vascular anomalies have decreased the need for surgery in many patients while also leading to improved outcomes and quality of life. This review will guide the dermatologist through the current medical treatment landscape for vascular malformations.

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