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timolol (Timpilo / timolol, ophthalmic)

✓ Approved

Merck & Co. · ADRB1 · Small Molecule

What is timolol?

timolol is a small molecule developed by Merck & Co.. It is approved for therapeutic indications.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesTimpilo, timolol, ophthalmic
CompanyMerck & Co.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetADRB1, ADRB2, CHRM3
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Merck & Co.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

timolol acts on 3 molecular targets:

ADRB1adrenoceptor beta 1 (BETA1AR, ADRB1R)
ADRB2adrenoceptor beta 2 (ADRBR, B2AR)
CHRM3cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (EGBRS, m3AChR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

timolol is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Eye disordersGlaucoma✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMed[Zhonghua yan ke za zhi] Chinese journal of ophthalmology2026-11-11

[A case of giant conjunctival angiomyxoma].

Du M M, Li J J, Wang T T

A 74-year-old male presented to the Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University with a mass superior to the left globe that had been growing for 4 months. The mass was smooth, well-demarcated, and pink, involving the left superior bulbar conjunctiva. Orbital CT demonstrated an abnormal soft-tissue shadow on the superotemporal surface of the left globe. The clinical diagnosis was left conjunctival mass (orbital fat prolapse). Histopathological examination of the excised conjunctival mass confirmed conjunctival angiomyxoma. Regular ophthalmic follow-up was arranged.

PMID 43010765
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PubMedJournal of imaging informatics in medicine2026-11-11

EDGE-Net: Enhanced Distribution Gated Eye-Vessel Network for Ophthalmic Vascular Segmentation with Topological Constraints.

Bian Xuesheng X, Wang Sihao S, Mei Leyi L, Xiao Chaoshen C et al.

Ophthalmic vascular segmentation supports quantitative analysis of the retinal vasculature, yet thin vessels, low contrast, and complex vascular topology remain challenging. We propose EDGE-Net (Enhanced Distribution Gated Eye-vessel Network), which combines the CLARITY preprocessing pipeline, a Dynamic Dual-Stream Attention Block (DDSAB), Multi-Stream Gated Feature Fusion (MSGFF), and topology-aware loss terms based on persistent homology and connectivity regularization. The framework is evaluated on three retinal vessel datasets (DRIVE, CHASE_DB1, and STARE) and two coronary angiography datasets (DCA1 and CHUAC); all hyperparameters are selected on a DRIVE validation split and then fixed for every dataset. EDGE-Net obtains the highest F1 score on all five datasets, ranging from 0.8394 to 0.8456 on the retinal datasets and from 0.7421 to 0.7518 on the coronary datasets, although it does not achieve the highest accuracy or specificity on every dataset. When the same dual-threshold iterative (DTI) post-processing is applied to every method on DRIVE, EDGE-Net obtains the lowest Vessel Connectivity Assessment score (3.31 versus 3.58 for the strongest competitor) and the highest Junction Preservation Rate (0.842 versus 0.812); both differences are significant after Holm correction (paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p < 0.01 ). A controlled ablation attributes most of the pixel-level gain to DDSAB and MSGFF and most of the junction-preservation gain to the topology loss. Potential downstream uses include anatomically plausible vascular-network analysis; direct clinical benefit is not evaluated in this study.

PMID 43009663
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PubMed[Zhonghua yan ke za zhi] Chinese journal of ophthalmology2026-11-11

[Case report: choroidopathy associated with familial amyloidosis, Finnish type].

Wang R R, Jia W W, Zhang L L, Qiang W W et al.

A 64-year-old female patient presented to the ophthalmology department with a complaint of bilateral blurred vision for more than 2 years. The patient had a prior diagnosis of familial amyloidosis, Finnish type (FAF). Ocular manifestations included typical lattice corneal dystrophy, as well as bilateral central serous chorioretinopathy-like lesions on fundus examination. Indocyanine green angiography revealed diffuse punctate and patchy choroidal hyperfluorescence in the mid-to-late phase, resembling a firework pattern. This case of familial amyloidosis, Finnish type manifests concurrent corneal and fundus involvement. It suggests that ophthalmic examinations should not be neglected in patients with this disease to prevent missed diagnosis.

PMID 43010763
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PubMedJournal of ophthalmic & vision research2026-11-11

Unilateral Angle Closure as the Initial Presentation of Multiple Myeloma Metastasis.

Nguyen Thao Huong TH, Pham Truong Dang Minh TDM, Trang Thanh Nghiep TN, Ly Ngoc Phuong Vy NPV et al.

Ocular manifestations of multiple myeloma (MM) are rare but may affect all tissues of the eye. This report describes a patient with recurrent MM initially presenting with ocular hypertension due to angle closure, revealing extensive ocular, orbital, and systemic metastatic disease. A 54-year-old female patient with previously treated MM presented with left eye pain, blurred vision, and an intraocular pressure of 38 mmHg. Examination revealed proptosis, restricted upward gaze, conjunctival injection with two salmon-patch lesions, and complete angle closure. Further findings included multiple ciliary body cysts, a massive choroidal mass, and retinal/choroidal detachments. She had pancytopenia. Magnetic resonance imaging confirmed recurrent MM with superior rectus muscle and spine infiltrations, and a large prevertebral lymph node mass. The patient responded well to antiglaucoma medications and was referred to her oncologist. MM can involve various ophthalmic structures. Patients with MM require regular examinations for early detection of ocular metastasis.

PMID 43011673
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PubMedEuropean journal of ophthalmology2026-11-11

Gut-hormone receptor systems in the eye: Pharmacological, local and putative endocrine signalling.

Wang Zhenxi Z, Zich Lukas William LW, Li Yong Y, Liu Yanglin Y

The neural retina has traditionally been viewed as a downstream target of systemic metabolic disease, yet experimental and clinical evidence suggests that ocular tissues may also respond directly to peptide-hormone signalling. This review critically examines gut-hormone-related receptor systems in the eye across three biologically distinct evidence streams: endogenous circulating gut peptides, pharmacological receptor agonism, and locally synthesised ocular peptides. Physiological retinal access of native gut peptides remains poorly characterised, while receptor localisation is highly dependent on species and detection methodology. Mechanistic evidence is strongest for pharmacological GLP-1 receptor activation and local NPY and ghrelin systems, particularly in relation to neuroprotection, immunomodulation, metabolic and oxidative homeostasis, and neurovascular regulation. Human evidence remains disease-specific: diabetic retinopathy findings vary with glycaemic trajectory and endpoint definition; age-related macular degeneration associations are heterogeneous; glaucoma studies suggest a possible reduction in incidence without establishing protection against progression; and dry-eye evidence remains preliminary. Semaglutide also carries a regulatory safety signal for non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. Future research should establish physiological ligand access and receptor engagement, validate ocular receptor localisation, characterise retinal and optic-nerve-head microvascular responses, and incorporate prospective ophthalmic phenotyping into metabolic-drug trials. Overall, current evidence supports pharmacological and local ocular peptide-receptor signalling, whereas direct physiological endocrine communication between the gut and eye remains unproven.

PMID 43012562
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PubMedJournal of human genetics2026-11-11

Somatic mosaicism and longitudinal genotype-phenotype spectrum of ARR3-associated early-onset myopia in seven families.

Han Mengya M, Hao Wenlong W, Ruan Zhenbang Z, Lai Lu L et al.

Early-onset myopia exhibits substantial genetic heterogeneity, with variants in ARR3 increasingly recognized as an important X-linked cause. In this study, we investigated the genotypic spectrum and associated clinical phenotypes of ARR3 variants in seven families with early-onset myopia, including one male with somatic mosaicism. Comprehensive ophthalmic examinations were performed in probands and available relatives. Genetic analysis was conducted using whole-exome sequencing with Sanger confirmation, and buccal-tissue sequencing was additionally performed in the mosaic case. In total, five novel variants and one previously reported variant in ARR3 were identified. Longitudinal analysis of 110 spherical equivalent refraction measurements and 112 axial length measurements over a mean follow-up of 4.6 years (range, 0.5-11 years) showed a faster axial elongation in males compared with females (0.48 mm/year vs. 0.26 mm/year, P = 0.0006), while refractive progression rates were not significantly different (-0.60 D/year vs. -0.33 D/year, P = 0.617). Electroretinography revealed reduced photopic and scotopic responses. The mosaic male (c.39 G > C, p.Lys13Asn) showed moderate myopia at baseline and progressive axial elongation. These findings expand the variant spectrum of ARR3 and highlight phenotypic variability between males and heterozygous females, while the identification of a mosaic case provides additional insight into the potential modifying role of somatic mosaicism in disease expression.

PMID 43009556
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