Drug Database
CA

caffeine citrate (Cafnea)

✓ Approved

Phebra · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is caffeine citrate?

caffeine citrate is a small molecule developed by Phebra. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesCafnea
CompanyPhebra
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteInjectable (Others), Oral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Phebra

Therapeutic Indications

caffeine citrate is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersApnoea✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedNutrition research (New York, N.Y.)2026-05-24

Synergistic effects of caffeine, l-theanine, and diaphragmatic breathing on esports performance: A randomized controlled crossover trial.

Arslan Sedat S, Akçay Burçin B, Türkmen Ozan Bahadır OB, Mutlu Ebru Kaya EK

Esports athletes require exceptional cognitive and motor performance, particularly rapid reaction times (RTs). Although caffeine is widely recognized for its ergogenic effects, the benefits of combining caffeine with l-theanine or diaphragmatic breathing on esports performance have not been thoroughly examined. In this randomized, single-blind, three-arm crossover trial, 15 professional male esports athletes (mean age = 22.9 ± 3.8 years) each received three interventions in randomized order: (1) caffeine only, (2) caffeine + l-theanine, and (3) caffeine + diaphragmatic breathing, with a 7-day washout period between sessions. Primary outcomes included auditory and visual RTs and Aim Lab performance scores. Statistical analysis was performed using the Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests with Bonferroni correction. Both caffeine + l-theanine and caffeine + diaphragmatic breathing significantly improved auditory RT compared to caffeine alone (P = .027). AimLab scores also improved significantly in both combined intervention arms (P = .015 and P = .006, respectively). Visual RT did not differ between conditions. These findings suggest that combining caffeine with either l-theanine or diaphragmatic breathing may offer synergistic cognitive benefits for esports athletes, particularly in enhancing auditory RT and precision, supporting in-game performance beyond caffeine supplementation alone. Trial Registration: This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT06621797).

PMID 42176572
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PubMedInternational journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology2026-05-24

Effects of caffeine on P300: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Pinho Beatriz B BB, Mazer Prune P, Barroso Beatriz B, Pinto Joana O JO

Caffeine is a widely consumed psychoactive substance that stimulates the central nervous system, enhancing alertness and concentration. Its effects on brain activity can be examined using neurophysiological techniques such as event-related potentials, with emphasis on the P300 component. Caffeine appears to modulate P300 amplitude and latency, suggesting changes in processing speed and attention, although findings remain inconsistent. The objective of this work was to systematise the literature about the effects of caffeine on the amplitude and latency of the P300. A systematic review and meta-analysis of empirical studies measuring the effect of caffeine on P300 amplitude and latency was conducted, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Statistical analyses were performed using the meta-analysis package for R. Caffeine intake between 201 and 399 mg was associated with a significant increase in P300 amplitude across anterior, central, and posterior regions, whereas higher doses were associated with smaller effect sizes. No significant differences in P300 latency were observed between pre- and post-caffeine intake. Overall, our findings align with previous reviews showing that caffeine, as a stimulant, can modulate brain activity. The main limitation of this work is the high heterogeneity across studies. Future research directions are discussed.

PMID 42176899
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PubMedNutrition and health2026-05-24

Caffeine addiction symptoms mediate the link of depression and anxiety to psychotic experiences in the general population of young adults.

Fekih-Romdhane Feten F, Hallit Rabih R, Malaeb Diana D, Sakr Fouad F et al.

BackgroundTo date, the mechanisms that underlie the relationship between the onset of anxiety/depression symptoms and the risk of developing psychotic experiences (PEs) remain poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the direct and indirect effects of depression and anxiety on PEs through the mediating role of caffeine addiction symptoms.MethodIn total, 1447 young adults from the general population of Tunisia, aged 18-35 years, enrolled in this cross-sectional study and filled an online survey. A mixed convenience and snowball sampling technique was used to collect data.ResultsCaffeine addiction symptoms partially mediated the associations between depression and PEs and between anxiety and PEs. Depression and anxiety scores were associated with higher caffeine addiction symptoms (Beta = 0.37; p < 0.001 and Beta = 0.38; p < 0.001, respectively). In turn, caffeine addiction symptoms were associated with higher PEs (Beta = 0.29; p < 0.001 and Beta = 0.30; p < 0.001, respectively). Depression and anxiety scores were directly associated with PEs (Beta = 0.36; p < 0.001 and Beta = 0.32; p < 0.001, respectively). The R2 values of both models showed that 29.0% and 26.7% of the variance in PEs is accounted for by caffeine addiction symptoms, respectively.ConclusionYoung people presenting with depression and anxiety symptoms should be carefully assessed for caffeine intake in clinical practice, educated regarding the known health risks associated with this substance, and advised to limit excessive caffeine intake, which can, in turn, help prevent the occurrence of PEs.

PMID 42175803
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PubMedBMC nutrition2026-05-24

The effects of caffeinated chewing gum on sprint swimming performance and upper-body strength: a randomized crossover study.

Serpa Marília Cavalcante MC, de Souza Dos Santos Jean J, de Oliveira Mariana Fernandes MF, Borszcz Fernando Klitzke FK et al.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of caffeinated chewing gum on 50-m freestyle swimming performance, as well as on pre- and post-performance measures of maximal isometric shoulder flexion strength and blood lactate concentration in male swimmers. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled design, ten male swimmers (mean ± SD; age 27 ± 10 years; body mass 82.7 ± 13.6 kg; height 179 ± 6 cm; body fat 11.9 ± 7.3%) completed two experimental trials. Participants ingested either caffeinated (300 mg) or placebo chewing gum followed by a 10-minute absorption period. Swimmers then performed a 50-m freestyle time trial in a pool. Maximal isometric shoulder flexion strength and blood lactate concentrations were measured before and after the swim. Compared to the placebo, caffeinated gum reduced the 50-m swim time from 28.70 ± 1.21 to 28.18 ± 1.31 s, resulting in a performance improvement of -1.83% [95% confidence interval: -2.69%, -0.63%] (p = 0.013). However, there were no significant effects of caffeine supplementation on maximal strength (p = 0.261) or blood lactate levels (p = 0.586), nor significant interactions between supplementation and time. Ingesting caffeinated chewing gum just 10 min prior to exercise led to a significant enhancement (-1.83%) in 50-m freestyle swimming performance time, independent of changes in maximal shoulder flexion strength or blood lactate concentrations. This suggests that rapid caffeine absorption can benefit sprint swimming performance without affecting muscle strength or lactate metabolism in male swimmers. Brazilian Clinical Trial Registry (https://ensaiosclinicos.gov.br: RBR-3GX2H7F). Registered on October 1, 2025, retrospectively registered.

PMID 42177563
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PubMedMetabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society2026-05-24

NMR-based metabolomics profile during a soccer season of a sub-elite soccer team.

Marinho Alisson Henrique AH, de Barros Sousa Filipe Antonio FA, Balikian Junior Pedro P, de Souza Bento Edson E et al.

This study aimed to characterize metabolomic profiling, match performance, and GPS-derived variables across the competitive season of a sub-elite soccer team. Performance variables were recorded by GPS during matches. Urine samples were collected pre-match across 20 games. For integrative analysis, only players participating ≥ 25 min per match were included (n = 13 matches). Spectra were pre-processed using TopSpin®3.2, and metabolites were identified using Chenomx®. Heatmap analysis revealed two main metabolite clusters (C): C1 (choline to citrate - C1) and C2 (dimethylamine to trans-aconitate - C2). C1 showed lower concentrations at the beginning of the season with a progressive increase toward the end, whereas C2 displayed the opposite trend. A sub-cluster within C2 (trimethylamine to trans-aconitate) exhibited a three-phase pattern, decreasing mid-season and increasing thereafter. PCA and OPLS-DA demonstrated clear separation between early- and late-season matches, indicating a shift in the metabolomic profile. Distance covered across speed zones was higher in C1 and lower in C2. Leucine, guanidinoacetate, creatinine, and 3-hydroxyisovalerate were inversely associated with distance metrics, linking elevated protein catabolism markers to reduced performance. Glycerophosphocholine was also inversely correlated with most distance variables of GPS metrics, suggesting reduced muscle integrity. In contrast, glucose was positively associated with player load, accelerations, decelerations, and impacts, while citrate correlated with high-speed running and maximum velocity. Seasonal metabolomic shifts are associated with external load and performance. Markers of protein catabolism relate to reduced output, whereas energy-related metabolites support high-intensity actions, highlighting metabolomics as a complementary tool for monitoring recovery and performance in soccer.

PMID 42177734
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PubMedProbiotics and antimicrobial proteins2026-05-24

Multi-omics Analysis Reveals the Protection of a Quadruple Probiotic Mixture in Experimental Autoimmune Hepatitis.

Chen Yu Y, Wang Shuhui S, Chen Anzhuo A, Lin Zhuoying Z et al.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic progressive inflammatory liver disease with a rising global incidence. The treatment of AIH remains challenging because first-line drugs show limited efficacy and systemic side effects. Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AIH, leading to growing interest in developing probiotic-based therapies. In this study, we used multi-omics analysis to investigate the therapeutic effects of a quadruple probiotic mixture (Probiotic-quad) consisting of Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus cereus in a well-established chronic AIH murine model. Our results showed that Probiotic-quad treatment significantly alleviated AIH progression, as evidenced by lower serum liver enzyme levels, ameliorated hepatic inflammatory infiltration and histopathological damage. Metagenomic sequencing results showed that gut dysbiosis in AIH mice was partially reversed after Probiotic-quad administration. Additionally, the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier was restored, accompanied by a reduction in serum lipopolysaccharide levels. Untargeted metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis revealed that Probiotic-quad treatment was linked to alterations in hepatic metabolism, including the citrate cycle and tryptophan metabolism, and was associated with reduced activation of the NF-κB and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways. These findings suggest that Probiotic-quad treatment ameliorates AIH severity and is potentially associated with changes in hepatic immune responses, metabolism, gut microbiota, and intestinal barrier function, highlighting its potential as an adjuvant therapy for AIH.

PMID 42176246
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