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salbutamol (Proventil HFA / Epaq / Airomir)

✓ Approved

Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. · ADRB2 · Small Molecule

What is salbutamol?

salbutamol is a small molecule developed by Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled or topical.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesProventil HFA, Epaq, Airomir
CompanyTeva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetADRB2
RouteInhaled, Topical
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

salbutamol acts on 1 molecular target:

ADRB2adrenoceptor beta 2 (B2AR, ARB2)
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Therapeutic Indications

salbutamol is developed for 3 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersAsthma✓ Approved
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersBronchitis chronic✓ Approved
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersEmphysema✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedIranian journal of pharmaceutical research : IJPR2026-09-20

Development and Validation of an LC-MS/MS-Based Screening Method for Determination of Salbutamol in Urine for Doping Control Using a Surrogate Analyte Approach with Stable Isotope-Labeled Salbutamol (Salbutamol-d9).

Srour Zeinab Z, Kobarfard Farzad F, Sheikholislam Zahra Z, Faizi Mehrdad M et al.

Athletic doping has long received attention in the sports community. Salbutamol is prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) both in and out of competition, with a urinary concentration threshold of 1000 ng/mL defining the legal limit. Traditional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analytical methods that use an internal standard cannot fully overcome matrix effects and biological variation, requiring revalidation for different biological samples; this process can be time-consuming and can remain prone to matrix-related errors. To develop a novel approach for screening salbutamol in urine that overcomes the limitations of traditional LC-MS/MS methods and improves analytical reliability and efficiency across biological matrices. A surrogate analyte-based LC-MS/MS method was developed for the quantitative determination of salbutamol in human urine, using salbutamol-d9 as a stable isotope-labeled surrogate analyte. During method optimization, concentrations ranging from 1 ppm to 0.1 ppb were analyzed in aqueous and urine samples to evaluate extraction efficiency, purification, and matrix effects. Molar-equivalent concentrations of unlabeled salbutamol (1000 ng/mL, the WADA legal limit) and labeled salbutamol (1039 ng/mL) were analyzed in both matrices to validate the surrogate analyte approach and confirm comparable peak areas. To evaluate the applicability of the method, urine samples were collected from healthy volunteers after oral administration of 4 mg salbutamol. All samples were extracted under alkaline conditions using liquid-liquid extraction and analyzed by LC-MS/MS in positive-ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The labeled compound served as a reference for interpretation of the results. Method validation was performed according to international guidelines, including assessments of linearity, precision, accuracy, and sensitivity. The method demonstrated excellent linearity (R2 > 0.99), with intra- and inter-day precision within 8% RSD and acceptable accuracy. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.3 and 1 ng/mL, respectively. Analysis of urine from healthy volunteers following a 4 mg oral dose confirmed reliable quantification for up to 24 hours, demonstrating applicability to biological matrices. These findings indicate that this isotope-based surrogate analyte approach eliminates the need for calibration curves, compensates for matrix effects and sample preparation errors, and improves analytical reliability and efficiency across biological matrices.

PMID 42763648
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PubMedJournal of visualized experiments : JoVE2026-09-20

Rapid Point-of-Care Detection of Pathogens for Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in ICU Patients.

Liu Xudong X, Bai Liang L, Wang Qianlin Q, Scimeca Giovanni G et al.

Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are among the leading causes of clinical deterioration and death in critically ill patients. In the intensive care unit (ICU), timely identification of the causative pathogen is essential for appropriate antimicrobial therapy; however, conventional culture methods take 3 to 5 days and have suboptimal positivity rates, particularly for fungi. Molecular approaches such as PCR shorten turnaround time but still depend on manual nucleic acid extraction and thermocycling, limiting their suitability for bedside use. This protocol describes a point-of-care workflow built around a fully integrated, disc-shaped microfluidic chip (CD chip) that couples magnetic bead-based nucleic acid purification with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). After a simplified manual liquefaction and lysis step, the processed specimen is loaded onto the chip together with two prepackaged reagent vials. The instrument then autonomously performs extraction, amplification at 65 °C, and real-time fluorescence readout, returning qualitative results for 15 targets, namely 11 bacteria, 3 fungi, and 1 atypical pathogen, within 45 min of instrument run time (approximately 1 h for the complete sample-to-answer workflow, including the manual preprocessing step). We present detection data from 10 ICU specimens, including sputum, bronchial aspirates, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, encompassing both single-pathogen and polymicrobial co-infections involving up to 7 organisms on a single chip. The closed cartridge design minimizes the risk of aerosol contamination, and the single loading step requires no specialized training, positioning this system as a practical bedside diagnostic tool for ICU teams.

PMID 42763792
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PubMedJournal of testing and evaluation2026-09-19

Procedural Challenges in the Analysis of Toxic Metals in Electronic Cannabinoid Delivery System Aerosols Produced for Vaping Cannabinoids.

Thomas Robert R, Rucker Richard R, Gray Naudia N, Pappas R Steven RS

Various methods have been used in successful and unsuccessful attempts to collect aerosols from electronic cigarettes and cannabis vaping systems over the last ten years for the purpose of assessing the possibility for potentially harmful exposures. Development of an appropriate trapping method for the analysis of metals in aerosols is one of the more challenging tasks for inorganic analytical chemists. Concentrations of many potentially harmful metal constituents of the aerosols generated by these devices are relatively low (μg/g range), so analysts must control environmental contamination of metals in trapped aerosol from the collection devices and ancillary materials used during sample preparation. The issue of contamination makes the use of materials commonly used to trap samples for organic constituents inappropriate for accurate and reliable measurement of metal constituents. In the search for appropriate trapping materials and methods, several approaches have failed because of other problems such as resistance to airflow that is necessary to activate the devices and form an aerosol. This white paper will review selected approaches to trapping aerosols for analysis of metal constituents with appropriate materials and identify problems that have been solved or that remain to be solved before the development of an ideal high-throughput method for aerosol metals analysis. Note: The incentive for this study came out of the Vape Device Safety and Testing Work Group, which is an initiative of the ASTM D37.08, Subcommittee on Personal/Household-Use Cannabis Devices and Appliances.

PMID 42761727
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PubMedAnalytica chimica acta2026-09-19

A purification-free one-pot CRISPR/Cas13a assay for detection of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.

Zhang Xuan X, Pan Zhuhao Z, Wen Jiafeng J, Wang Chen C et al.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes up to 80-100% mortality in neonatal piglets, yet field surveillance remains constrained by RT-qPCR's dependence on column-based nucleic acid purification and centralized laboratory infrastructure-a bottleneck especially severe in the inhibitor-rich matrices typical of swine clinical samples. Here we report an integrated sample-to-answer methodology coupling a purification-free thermal lysis step with one-pot RT-RPA-CRISPR/Cas13a chemistry, delivering PEDV detection within 35 min. Reverse transcription, recombinase polymerase amplification, T7 in vitro transcription, and Cas13a collateral cleavage are confined to a single sealed tube, eliminating open-tube transfer and aerosol contamination. Optimized thermal lysis (80°C, 7 min) liberates amplifiable viral RNA directly from crude anal swabs and feces, obviating column purification. The assay attained 101 copies/μL analytical sensitivity with high analytical specificity against six non-target porcine pathogens under the tested conditions. Critically, matrix-tolerance profiling showed the CRISPR-based workflow suppressed inhibition to 7.16% (anal swabs) and 11.89% (feces), versus 63.65% and 69.39% for RT-qPCR (P < 0.01), demonstrating markedly superior robustness under authentic matrices. In a double-blind evaluation of 297 clinical specimens, the platform reached 98.65% concordance with national reference standards (Cohen's κ = 0.941), correctly identifying all 37 RT-qPCR-confirmed positives and additionally resolving four low-titer infections missed by RT-qPCR. By converting an inhibitor-sensitive, infrastructure-bound assay into a purification-free, contamination-resistant workflow with validated clinical reliability, this work provides a robust sample-to-answer analytical strategy for PEDV detection in complex clinical matrices.

PMID 42763168
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PubMedNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology2026-09-19

Comparing brain absorption and lung deposition of nicotine salts and free-base e-cigarettes: insights from [11C]nicotine PET imaging.

Solingapuram Sai Kiran K KK, Brasky Theodore M TM, Beckerich Heidi J HJ, Hinton Alice A et al.

Nicotine salt-based (NSB) e-liquids have transformed the electronic cigarette (EC) market and are associated with greater nicotine delivery, appeal, and abuse liability compared with free base nicotine (FBN). However, the effects of nicotine protonation on deposition and absorption throughout the respiratory tract and brain are poorly understood. We compared the effects of nicotine protonation on puffing behavior, subjective effects, and distribution of inhaled nicotine across the respiratory tract and brain using a single-blinded, randomized crossover study with PET/CT imagining conducted from March 2022 to June 2023. Participants were a convenience sample of 20 adult exclusive EC users aged 21-50 years old, recruited from Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and surrounding areas. Participants inhaled a single puff of radiolabeled [¹¹C]nicotine formulated as either NSB (100% protonated) or FBN (0% protonated) e-liquid using a standardized EC device. E-liquids were identical except for nicotine form. Nicotine uptake was assessed using dynamic PET/CT imaging and quantified using standardized uptake values (SUVs) and percentage of total absorbed dose per kilogram of tissue (%TAD/kg). Puff topography and subjective effects were also measured. Among 20 participants (M = 33.0 [7.6] years), NSB e-liquids resulted in significantly greater nicotine uptake in the lower respiratory tract, including bronchi and lungs (SUV increases of 101-109%), whereas FBN e-liquids showed greater uptake in the upper respiratory tract, including the oral cavity, throat, and trachea (SUV increases of 40-202%). Analyses of %TAD/kg confirmed these findings, with NSB associated with 78-112% greater lower airway deposition and FBN with 80-108% greater upper airway deposition across imaging sequences. No significant differences were observed in brain nicotine uptake, puffing topography, or subjective effects between nicotine forms. Nicotine protonation alters the deposition of inhaled nicotine, shifting exposure from the upper to the lower respiratory tract with no significant differences in brain nicotine accumulation. These findings underscore that nicotine form may influence site-specific respiratory exposure to EC aerosol constituents, with potential implications for long-term health risks.

PMID 42760331
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PubMedFrontiers in dental medicine2026-09-19

A narrative discussion on the impact of respiratory infectious diseases on dental education in China: implications for curriculum design and student outcomes.

Xu Shuhao S, Li Xiaolong X, Li Wei W, Huang Ruijie R

Recent outbreaks of respiratory infectious diseases, transmitted via aerosols, have placed dental healthcare workers at high risk. Traditional dental education, based on student-teacher-patient interactions, faces unprecedented challenges across all stages. From admissions to classroom teaching, laboratory instruction, clinical training, and final examinations, every aspect of dental education is undergoing significant challenges and is in urgent need of change. This narrative review with content analysis synthesized literature on the impact of respiratory infections on dental education. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI (2020-2026) using relevant keywords. Two reviewers independently screened and selected studies. Data were thematically analyzed into five core domains: classroom teaching, laboratory teaching, clinical teaching, student admissions/assessment, and licensing examinations. In classroom teaching, online platforms and AI-augmented PBL/CBL were rapidly adopted, yet persistent issues included network instability, limited interaction, digital inequities, and heavy reliance on student self-discipline. In laboratory teaching, AR/VR and iLab-X enabled remote training, but were constrained by high costs, poor haptic realism, inability to replicate patient emotions, and equipment dependence. In clinical teaching, enhanced infection controls-including PPE, rubber dams, and HEPA filtration-were implemented, though bio-aerosol risks, reduced patient flow, and limited clinical exposure remained. In admissions, online exams with dual-camera proctoring, open-ended questions, AI-generated items, and virtual OSCEs were adopted, while challenges persisted in cheating prevention, subjective scoring, validity, and privacy. Licensing examinations remained in-person with strict protection; VSP showed promise but lacked robust evidence and incurred high costs. Overall, technological innovations enabled educational continuity, yet significant infrastructure gaps, inequities, and unresolved validity issues persist across all domains. China's dental education rapidly adapted to respiratory epidemics through online teaching, simulation, and enhanced infection control, yet persistent challenges remain in digital equity, cost, validity, and infrastructure. These innovations are important primarily because they directly influence student learning outcomes-including knowledge acquisition, clinical reasoning, and skill retention-while also shaping curriculum design. Future preparedness requires sustained investment, faculty development, equitable access, and rigorous longitudinal research to validate skill transfer to clinical practice, ensuring that technological advances ultimately translate into measurable improvements in student competency and patient safety.

PMID 42761488
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