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dequalinium chloride (Naxyl / Fluomizin / Donaxyl)

✓ Approved

Medinova · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is dequalinium chloride?

dequalinium chloride is a small molecule developed by Medinova. It is approved for therapeutic indications via intravaginal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesNaxyl, Fluomizin, Donaxyl
CompanyMedinova
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteIntravaginal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Medinova

Therapeutic Indications

dequalinium chloride is developed for 4 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Infections and infestationsVaginal infection✓ Approved
Infections and infestationsStreptococcal infection✓ Approved
Infections and infestationsWound infection fungal✓ Approved
Infections and infestationsTrichomoniasis intestinal✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedAquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)2026-07-25

α-Ketoglutarate attenuates ammonium chloride-induced ferroptosis by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) hepatocytes.

Zhang Yuling Y, Jiang Chengchen C, Li Dapeng D, Tang Rong R

Ammonia nitrogen is a common pollutant in aquaculture water, which can induce oxidative stress and inhibit growth in fish. α-ketoglutarate (AKG) has been proven to play an important role in alleviating oxidative stress and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. To investigate the regulatory mechanism of α-ketoglutarate in ammonium chloride-induced hepatocyte ferroptosis, flow cytometry and Western blotting were performed with grass carp hepatocytes as the experimental model. The results showed that ammonium chloride exposure could significantly reduce the viability of grass carp L8824 hepatocytes, significantly increase the expression levels of lipid reactive oxygen species (LipROS) and ACSL4 protein, and simultaneously cause damage to the morphological structure and physiological function of mitochondria, thereby inducing lipid peroxidation. In addition, ammonium chloride could also disrupt the cellular iron ion transport system, leading to abnormal accumulation of intracellular iron ions and ultimately inducing hepatocyte ferroptosis. After AKG intervention, hepatocyte viability was significantly improved, the expression levels of LipROS was significantly decreased, and lipid peroxidation damage was effectively alleviated. Meanwhile, mitochondrial homeostasis was maintained but the expression levels of ferroptosis-related genes did not show a significant changes. In summary, AKG may alleviate ammonium chloride stress-mediated ferroptosis in grass carp L8824 hepatocytes by scavenging intracellular reactive oxygen species and repairing mitochondrial function. The results of this study provide a new idea for ammonia nitrogen pollution control and healthy fish culture in aquaculture.

PMID 42497826
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PubMedFrontiers in medicine2026-07-25

Low serum chloride concentration and the in-hospital mortality of patients with acute decompensated heart failure: a meta-analysis.

Wang Jiaqin J, Li Xianrong X

Hypochloremia is increasingly recognized as a marker of neurohormonal activation and adverse prognosis in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). However, the magnitude and consistency of its association with short-term mortality remain uncertain. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the relationship between admission serum chloride levels and in-hospital mortality among patients hospitalized with ADHF. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for cohort studies reporting the association between admission serum chloride levels and in-hospital mortality in ADHF. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model accounting for the possible influence of heterogeneity. Seven studies comprising eight independent cohorts and 17,239 ADHF patients were included. Overall, 2,422 (14.0%) had admission hypochloremia, and 1,242 (7.2%) died during hospitalization. Hypochloremia was associated with significantly higher in-hospital mortality (RR: 2.24, 95% CI: 1.60-3.13, p < 0.001; I 2 = 69%). Subgroup analyses according to study design, mean ages of the patients, or the proportions of men did not significantly affect the results (p for subgroup difference all > 0.05). A stronger association was observed when chloride was measured at admission (RR: 2.62) compared with within 24 hours (RR: 1.46, p for subgroup difference < 0.001). Associations were similar across chloride cutoffs (<98, <96, <95 mmol/L) and analytic strategies (univariate vs. multivariate, p for subgroup difference all > 0.05). Admission hypochloremia is associated with higher in-hospital mortality in patients with ADHF. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier registration number CRD420251275904.

PMID 42500517
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PubMedEFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority2026-07-25

Safety of a feed additive consisting of potassium ferrocyanide for all animal species (K+S Kali GmbH).

EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Villa Roberto Edoardo RE, Azimonti Giovanna G, Bonos Eleftherios E et al.

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of a feed additive consisting of potassium ferrocyanide for all animal species. In a previous assessment the FEEDAP Panel concluded that, in the absence of a margin of safety, the use of potassium chloride supplemented with the additive at the proposed conditions of use (150 mg ferrocyanide anion (from potassium ferrocyanide)/kg KCl) was not considered to be safe for chickens for fattening, laying hens, turkeys, piglets, veal calf, cattle for fattening, dairy cows, horses, rabbits and cats. Furthermore, the available data did not allow the FEEDAP Panel to conclude on the safety of the additive for the soil and the marine environment. In the present assessment the applicant proposes to modify the conditions of use of the additive for all species, setting them at 60 mg ferrocyanide anion/kg KCl and submitted additional information in support of the safety for the target species and the environment. Based on the new information provided the FEEDAP Panel concludes that the supplementation of potassium chloride with 60 mg ferrocyanide anion (from potassium ferrocyanide)/kg KCl is safe for all animal species and the environment.

PMID 42499335
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PubMedInternational journal of dental hygiene2026-07-25

Comparative Evaluation of Chlorhexidine, Citric Acid, and Sodium Chloride Solutions for Toothbrush Decontamination: A Pilot Exploratory Interventional Study.

Kaukab Azra A, Shukla Khushi K, Vishwanath Aishwarya A, Srivatsa Devalla Ananth DA et al.

To compare the effectiveness of three commonly used solutions for toothbrush decontamination, namely, 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), 20% citric acid (CA), and 3.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions. Fifty-one study participants were given toothbrushes and instructed to brush twice daily. The participants were randomly divided into three experimental groups based on the solution used for decontamination-0.12% CHX (Group A), 20% CA (Group B), and 3.5% NaCl (Group C). After 3 months, the toothbrush heads were collected from the participants and the pretest colony-forming units (CFU) counts were determined. They were then immersed in the respective solutions for 7 h, after which the CFU counts were again determined. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the differences in the pretest and posttest CFU counts. A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the mean percentage reduction in CFU counts for samples in the three groups, followed by Dunn-Bonferroni's post hoc test for intergroup comparisons. There was a statistically significant reduction in CFUs in all three groups tested. CA solution (20% concentration) was comparable to the gold standard CHX when it came to CFU reduction (p ≤ 0.05). Both solutions showed a 99.9% reduction in the colony-forming unit count, whereas 3.5% NaCl solution only showed a 12.2% reduction. 0.12% CHX and 20% CA solution showed the maximum percentage reduction in CFUs. CA demonstrated potential as an effective toothbrush decontaminant due to its lower cost and safer profile. Clinical trial registry, India: CTRI/2020/11/028920.

PMID 42499011
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PubMedBiomedical chromatography : BMC2026-07-25

Saliva, Sweat, and Exhaled Breath as Alternative Specimens for Exercise Chemistry: Analytical Advantages, Limitations, and Comparative Progress.

Pang Jiale J

This critical narrative review evaluates saliva, sweat, and exhaled breath as noninvasive interface matrices for exercise chemistry rather than as general substitutes for blood or urine. It synthesizes peer-reviewed evidence on exercise-related sampling biology, analytical platforms, quantitative performance, validation limits, and translational readiness; because protocols and platforms remain heterogeneous, the evidence is interpreted qualitatively rather than pooled meta-analytically. Saliva is strongest for repeated neuroendocrine, autonomic, immune, oxidative, and short-latency metabolite measurements, but its interpretation depends on flow rate, timing, oral contamination, and normalization. Sweat is most mature for sweat rate and sodium/chloride loss monitoring and is uniquely compatible with wearable platforms, whereas sweat lactate, glucose, cortisol, and cytokines require stronger physiological validation before they can be treated as systemic markers. Exhaled breath offers second-scale access to volatile metabolism, substrate use, and airway responses, but breathomics remains instrumentally demanding and vulnerable to ventilation, diet, humidity, and ambient-air confounding. The review concludes that useful applications should match each analyte and platform to a defined exercise question, a matrix-specific validation model, and a practical decision context.

PMID 42499291
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PubMedFrontiers in medicine2026-07-25

Higher abundance of micro- and nanoplastics in inflammatory tissues from patients with intestinal erosion.

Du Li-Xia LX, Song Xuan X, Deng Tian-Chao TC, Feng Xiao-Qian XQ et al.

The detrimental effects of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) on human health have been the subject of intense research in recent years, but there is little data on how MNPs affect intestinal health. Six participants with colonic or terminal ileal erosion were enrolled, and one erosive tissue sample plus one adjacent non-erosive tissue sample were collected from each participant. Pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was utilized to determine the MNP content of these tissues after pathological examination investigation verified the existence of inflammation in the erosive tissue samples. Our results revealed that MNPs were present in all intestinal samples, with a total MNP concentration of 1758.15 (664.07) mg/kg in inflammatory tissues and 611.49 (510.64) mg/kg in non-inflammatory intestinal tissues; the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Three types of MNPs were identified: polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polystyrene (PS). PE and PVC exhibited a 100% detection rate in all tissue samples, whereas PS was found in 16.67% of samples. Correlation analysis revealed marginal associations of intestinal MNP levels with age, drinking water source and diarrhea. This work provides preliminary baseline data and hints at a weak link between MNP exposure and intestinal inflammation.

PMID 42500523
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