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paracetamol (paracetamol, EFVDAS)

✓ Approved

Elan · PTGS1 · Small Molecule

What is paracetamol?

paracetamol is a small molecule developed by Elan. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand Namesparacetamol, EFVDAS
CompanyElan
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetPTGS1, PTGS2
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Elan

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

paracetamol acts on 2 molecular targets:

PTGS1prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (COX3, PCOX1)
PTGS2prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (GRIPGHS, hCox-2)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

paracetamol is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Gastrointestinal disordersAbdominal pain✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedMedicine2026-09-19

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of acute liver failure in Vietnam: A prospective cross-sectional observational study.

Nguyen Long Cong LC, Hoang Huong Thi-Quynh HT, Luu Diep Thi-Minh DT, Doan Ha Thi-Ngoc HT et al.

Understanding the etiologies, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of acute liver failure (ALF) is important for guiding management and evaluating prognosis; however, evidence from Vietnam remains limited. We conducted a prospective single-center cross-sectional observational study involving patients with ALF admitted to Bach Mai Hospital, Vietnam, between January 2020 and July 2021. The study included 60 patients from January 2020 to July 2021 who fulfilled the selection criteria for ALF diagnosis. The mean age of patients was about 53 ± 15 years (range = 21-85 years). Most complications were bleeding (80.0%), metabolic disorders (78.0%), and hypotension (61.6%). The acute subtype was the most common ALF subclassification, accounting for 56.7% of cases. Traditional medicines (21/60 cases) are the most common cause and the leading cause of death, causing 15 out of 45 deaths. Hepatitis B (11/60 cases) and paracetamol (6/60 patients) are the second and third most common causes of ALF, with a mortality rate of 72.7% and 66.7%, respectively. In univariate analyses, older age, higher liver enzyme levels, and more severe clinical complications were significantly associated with mortality (P < .05). In this single-center cohort, traditional medicine was the most frequently identified cause of ALF. Given the small sample size and observational design, these findings should be interpreted cautiously and confirmed in larger multicenter studies. Nevertheless, the findings highlight the importance of improving public awareness regarding the safe use of traditional medicines.

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PubMedFrontiers in neurology2026-09-19

Healthcare providers' perspectives on headache care in Azerbaijan: results of a national cross-sectional survey.

Amirguliyev Sarkhan S, Özge Aynur A, Uludüz Derya D, Taşdelen Semih S et al.

Headache disorders are prevalent in Azerbaijan, yet data on system-level care delivery, treatment options, and provider preparedness remain scarce. Using a national, cross-sectional survey of healthcare professionals, this study aimed to assess the current state of headache care in Azerbaijan. A national, cross-sectional survey was conducted using a convenience sampling approach, targeting healthcare professionals involved in headache management across Azerbaijan. Data were collected between December 2024 and May 2025, 333 healthcare professionals, including neurologists (25.9%), general practitioners (27.9%), pharmacists (21.9%), and pediatricians (24.3%). Data were collected using a modified HARDSHIP-based questionnaire that addressed provider training, access to medications, treatment practices, access to migraine-specific resources, and perceptions of patient demographics. Descriptive statistics and comparative analyses were performed to describe regional and professional disparities. All participating healthcare professionals reported receiving some form of training in headache care. Within the survey sample, respondents were predominantly based in urban hospital settings, whereas relatively few practiced in rural areas and none reported working in community-based healthcare centers. These findings suggest possible geographic differences in the distribution of participating healthcare professionals; however, because the survey was based on convenience sampling, they should be interpreted as descriptive observations rather than evidence of nationally representative workforce disparities. The most frequently reported acute treatments were NSAIDs (67.3%) and paracetamol (27.6%). The most commonly reported preventive medications were amitriptyline (75.7%), magnesium (51.1%), gabapentin (24.6%), and valproate (24.3%). Migraine-specific therapies such as triptans were reported infrequently (15.3%), whereas beta-blockers were not reported to be used for migraine prevention. Newer migraine-specific therapies, including anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies and gepants, were not available within the national healthcare system at the time of data collection. This national provider-based survey provides the first perception-based overview of headache care in Azerbaijan and identifies priorities for future health-service planning. Although participating healthcare professionals reported exposure to headache-related training and access to commonly used medications, the findings suggest potential geographic differences in provider distribution and limited use of migraine-specific therapies. Because the survey was based on healthcare providers' perceptions derived from a convenience sample, the findings should be interpreted as complementary to, rather than substitutes for, patient-level or administrative health-system data. Future nationally representative studies are needed to guide the development of structured, evidence-based headache services.

PMID 42760997
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PubMedCrystEngComm2026-09-18

Determination of the crystallographic orientation of organic crystal facets with angle-resolved polarised Raman spectroscopy.

Collins Dave F DF, Skelton Jonathan M JM, Schroeder Sven L M SLM, Blade Helen H et al.

Controlling the material properties of crystalline pharmaceutical materials is essential for developing materials with robust performance and manufacturability. Identification of the crystal facets present in a material opens up the opportunity for developing strategies to control and engineer material to meet manufacturing needs. This proof of concept study presents a workflow for using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and angle resolved polarised Raman spectroscopy (ARPRS), in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, to identify facets in samples unsuitable for single-crystal face indexing with XRD. Using Paracetamol (PCM) form I as a model compound, we demonstrate how preferred orientation effects in PXRD can be used with ARPRS measurements at different sample orientations, obtained by rotating in the plane perpendicular to the laser incidence direction, to define facet assignments from a set of possible planes. PXRD alone cannot distinguish the (011) and (01̄1) facets, but these can be differentiated with ARPRS by analysing the change in normalised band intensity of selected vibrational modes under crystal rotation. Information on the symmetry and orientation of vibrational modes relative to the incident laser can be related to the orientation of functional groups, and this information is consistent with the predicted particle morphology as well as with measurements of the interfacial angle between the facets and corresponding Miller planes.

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PubMedInflammation2026-09-17

Fused Azine Derivatives Mitigate Long-Term Paracetamol-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Mice: Role of JNK1/ASK1 and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathways.

Shawky Ahmed Reda AR, Metwaly Heba A HA, Ragab Hanan M HM, Wahid Ahmed A

Liver fibrosis is a significant public health issue that necessitates an ongoing urge for efficient novel treatments. Our newly synthesized fused azine derivative compounds (1a, 1b, 2a, and 2b) were used in this study based on our promising results achieved by our team in previous studies on tacrine derivatives. This study investigated these compounds' hepatoprotective effect on mice with paracetamol (APAP) induced liver fibrosis and clarified their possible mechanisms. The administration of these compounds successfully reduced APAP-induced hepatic fibrosis through decreasing serum liver enzymes, as well as the hepatic pathological deterioration. Moreover, they increased hepatic antioxidants and countered oxidative stress caused by APAP. Furthermore, by lowering inflammatory cytokine levels and raising anti-inflammatory marker levels, these compounds effectively ameliorated the inflammatory response. Additionally, they decreased APAP induced levels of apoptosis-signal-regulating kinase-1 (ASK-1) and c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK1). Additionally, they reduced caspase-3 and BCL2-associated X-protein (Bax) levels and promoted Nrf2 signaling pathway activation. Notably, the in-silico computer-assisted simulation docking results were consistent with the experimental measurements.

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PubMedSpectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy2026-09-17

Design, calibration, and preliminary testing of an additive-manufactured Raman spectrometer for skin cancer screening.

Viana G G GG, Moura J A S JAS, Rowlands C J CJ, Ramos R P RP

Skin cancer is one of the most common forms of malignant neoplasms worldwide. Currently, the primary method for diagnosing skin cancer is invasive histopathological examination. A non-invasive alternative is Raman spectroscopy, which detects the inelastic scattering of light by tissue. The objective of this project was to build, calibrate, and test a portable, low-cost Raman spectrometer. The construction involved the precise arrangement of optical components within an additive-manufactured housing, configured as an LGL refractive spectrometer. Calibration was performed using a paracetamol sample, as this substance exhibits a large number of characteristic peaks in the same regions of the skin under study. To test the equipment, a preliminary study was conducted by collecting Raman signals from regions with and without lesions on a participant's skin to determine whether there was any significant difference in the information derived from these samples. Features were extracted from the collected signals and fed into an SVM classifier, achieving accuracies of 89.3%, 85.2% and 83.2%, respectively, in binary distinguishing between keratosis lesion and healthy skin, lesion suspected of malignancy and keratosis lesion, and lesion suspected of malignancy and healthy skin. A preliminary validation was performed for the pigmented lesions classification model using signals from eight participants, achieving an accuracy of 75%. Although further study with a larger sample size is needed, the results suggest that the device is capable of capturing intrinsic skin information (both with and without lesions).

PMID 42753637
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PubMedEuropean archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery2026-09-16

Efficacy and safety of seawater-based nasal irrigation on nasal congestion in infants and toddlers with common cold: a randomized controlled trial.

Chen Oliver O, Prime Constance C, Hooper William W, Vanderzande Thomas T et al.

Nasal congestion associated with the common cold is a frequent source of distress in infants and toddlers. While hypertonic seawater solutions offer a physiological mechanism for decongestion via osmosis, robust clinical evidence supporting their use as an adjunct to standard care in this specific pediatric population is essential to validate their therapeutic value. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a hypertonic seawater nasal spray enriched with copper and manganese combined with standard of care compared to standard of care alone in alleviating nasal congestion, improving sleep quality, and accelerating symptom recovery in infants and toddlers aged 3-48 months experiencing the common cold without high fever (excluding acute rhinosinusitis). In a randomized, open-label, controlled parallel study, 220 participants received standard care (which included ample hydration, at-home rest, and the use of paracetamol as needed) with or without the nasal spray. Outcomes, including symptom severity, recovery rate, sleep quality, secondary infections, and caregiver satisfaction, were assessed via questionnaires over 10 days. Participants using the nasal spray experienced a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in nasal congestion from the evening of Day 0 through Day 5, with immediate symptom relief observed within 5-15 min of application. By Day 10, recovery rates were higher in the nasal spray group (75.3% vs. 58.5%). Improvements in cough and runny nose severity were significant, though minimal effects were noted for other symptoms. Sleep quality and secondary infection rates were comparable between groups. Caregivers expressed high satisfaction, with 93.6% willing to use the product again. No adverse events were linked to the nasal spray. The hypertonic seawater solution nasal spray is a safe and effective adjunct to standard care, providing rapid relief of nasal congestion and improving cold recovery rates in young children. Trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05365789 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?cond=NCT05365789 ).

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