Drug Database
CL

clomiphene citrate (Omifin / Clomid)

✓ Approved

Sanofi S.A · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is clomiphene citrate?

clomiphene citrate is a small molecule developed by Sanofi S.A. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesOmifin, Clomid
CompanySanofi S.A
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Sanofi S.A

Therapeutic Indications

clomiphene citrate is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Reproductive system and breast disordersInfertility female✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedZhonghua nan ke xue = National journal of andrology2026-11-11

[Effect of zinc selenium L-carnitine compound nutrient combined with tamoxifen citrate on routine semen parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation index in male infertility patients].

Xie Yuanzhi Y, Xin Meijiao M, Shi Nanxiang N, Shi Yimin Y et al.

Objective To explore the effect of zinc selenium L-carnitine compound nutrient combined with tamoxifen citrate on routine semen parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation index of male infertility patients with abnormal sperm DNA fragmentation index. Methods A total of 903 male infertile patients with sperm DFI (>15%) were selected and randomly divided into control group (453 cases) and combination group (450 cases). The control group was treated with vitamin E soft capsule, and the combination group was treated with zinc selenium L-carnitine compound nutrient combined with tamoxifen citrate. The percentages of normal morphology sperm, sperm volume, sperm concentration, percentage of forward moving sperm（PR）, percentage of non-forward moving sperm（NP）, and DFI of patients in the two groups were collected before treatment and 1, 2 and 3 months after treatment. The effective rates of combined medication treatment for patients with abnormal DFI in different age groups were compared. Results After 1 month of treatment in the combination group, PR increased significantly and DFI decreased significantly (P<0.01). After 2 months of treatment, compared with before treatment, PR (P<0.01) and NP increased (P<0.05), DFI decreased (P<0.01). After 3 months of treatment, the semen volume increased compared with before treatment (P<0.05), and DFI decreased continuously (P<0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the percentage of normal morphological sperm and sperm concentration compared with before treatment (P>0.05). In the control group, PR increased significantly after 1 and 2 months of treatment compared with before treatment (P<0.01, P<0.05), and DFI decreased significantly (P<0.001, P<0.01). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of normal morphological sperm, semen volume, sperm concentration, and NP compared with before treatment. There was no significant difference in any parameters after 3 months of treatment compared with before treatment (P>0.05). Before treatment, the differences in various parameters between the two groups were not significant (P>0.05). After 1 and 2 months of treatment, compared with the control group, the DFI of the combination group showed a significant decrease (P<0.01, P<0.05), and the differences in other parameters were not significant (P>0.05). After 3 months of treatment, the differences in various parameters between the two groups were not significant (P>0.05). Among the patients in the combination group with DFI>25%, the treatment effectiveness rate of patients aged ≥35 years was higher than that of those aged <35 years old (P<0.01); while among the patients in the combination group with 15%0.05). Conclusion The zinc selenium L-carnitine compound nutrient combined with tamoxifen citrate can improve PR and sperm DNA integrity of male infertility patients. Meanwhile, patients with higher baseline DFI values combined with older age have better therapeutic effects.

PMID 43012228
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PubMedBMC veterinary research2026-11-11

Effects of different feeding regimes on growth performance, antioxidant activity, rumen fermentation, rumen microbiota and rumen metabolism in beef cattle.

Lu Qi Q, Zhou Di D, Yang Rong R, Ban Yiming Y et al.

The feeding regime significantly impacts on the production performance, ruminal fluid microbiota, and metabolites of ruminants. However, studies comparing the microbial metagenomics and metabolites in ruminal fluid of beef cattle fed pasture-based grazing and housed total mixed ration (TMR) feeding regimes have rarely been reported. Forty healthy Guanling beef cattle were divided into two equal groups according to a randomized complete block design. The pasture-based grazing group (BG) was allowed to the grazing period was 08:00-18:00 at a natural ranch. The housed TMR feeding group (BB) was reared under a housed feeding system and fed a TMR diet. Each treatment consisted of 20 beef cattle, and the experimental period lasted for 90 d. The metagenomics and metabolomics were used analysis ruminal fluid microbiota and metabolism. The results indicated that the BB group showed significantly higher levels of average daily gain, total antioxidant capacity, catalase, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acid (P < 0.05), whereas it had significantly lower levels of malondialdehyde and hydroxyl free radical relative to the BG group (P < 0.05). Compared with the BB group, the BG group exhibited a significantly increased (P < 0.05) abundance of Bacillota at the phylum level but a significantly decreased (P < 0.05) abundance of Prevotella at the genus level. The modules associated with these relative abundance levels (Reductive citrate cycle (Arnon-Buchanan cycle), and Guanine ribonucleotide degradation, GMP = > Urate) were significantly more important in the BG group (P < 0.05) than in the BB group. Glycosyltransferase 2_Glycos_transf_2 was significantly enriched in the BB group, whereas glycoside hydrolase (GH)3, GH78, and GH36 were significantly enriched in the BG group. Metabolomic analysis revealed that linoleic acid metabolism was the dominant pathway in the rumen. Overall, the housed TMR-fed cattle enhanced growth performance, antioxidant activity, rumen fermentation, and Prevotella abundance, whereas the pasture-based grazing fed cattle enhanced Bacillota abundance and linoleic acid metabolism.

PMID 43009984
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PubMedReproductive biomedicine online2026-11-10

The one-shot protocol: a novel single-injection strategy for ovarian stimulation. A prospective pilot study.

Donno Valeria V, Grau Silvia S, García-Martinez Sandra S, Rodriguez Ignacio I et al.

What stimulation outcomes and endocrine profile are associated with a novel ovarian stimulation protocol using a single corifollitropin alfa injection plus daily oral clomiphene citrate? Single-centre prospective pilot study including 20 women undergoing ovarian stimulation for IVF with an elective freeze-all strategy. Eligible participants were aged 40 years or younger, had anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) 1.2-3.5 ng/ml or antral follicle count (AFC) 7-20 and body mass index (BMI) 18-30 kg/m². Ovarian stimulation began on cycle day 1-3 with a single 150 μg corifollitropin alfa injection, followed by oral clomiphene citrate 100 mg daily until trigger day. Monitoring included transvaginal ultrasound and blood tests on stimulation days 1, 6, 8 and 10, then as clinically indicated. Final oocyte maturation was triggered with 0.2 mg triptorelin; oocytes were retrieved 36 h later. Primary outcome was hormonal profile. Of the 23 women screened, 20 completed ovarian stimulation and were included in the analysis. Mean age was 35.55 ± 2.11 years, mean BMI 24.07 ± 3.43 kg/m² and mean AMH 1.88 ± 0.58 ng/ml. Mean oocyte yield was 13.60 ± 6.31, including 10.35 ± 5.07 mature oocytes. No cases of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome were observed. One patient experienced spontaneous ovulation before oocyte retrieval. FSH concentrations declined from day 6 to trigger day; LH remained broadly stable during stimulation. Single-injection protocol combining corifollitropin alfa with daily oral clomiphene citrate is feasible and can effectively support follicular development. Larger controlled studies are warranted to confirm efficacy and safety.

PMID 43008356
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PubMedBMC urology2026-11-10

Physicochemical indicators and recurrence of urolithiasis in patients with hyperuricemia: a predictive model.

Li Ziyi Z, Jin Zhaoheng Z, Xiao He H, Ji Zhi Gang ZG et al.

To identify metabolic predictors of urolithiasis recurrence and investigate whether the predictive value of urinary citrate differs across metabolic subgroups, with the aim of developing a subgroup-specific prediction model. We retrospectively analyzed patients who experienced a first episode of urolithiasis between 2013 and 2015 and subsequently underwent metabolic evaluation at the Department of Urology of our institution. Baseline assessment included demographic characteristics, blood biochemical parameters, and 24-h urinary metabolic indices. Follow-up data on stone recurrence were collected through standardized telephone interviews conducted between 2023 and 2025. Multivariable logistic regression and subgroup analyses were performed to identify predictors of recurrence. A prediction model for patients with hyperuricemia was developed using stepwise logistic regression and internally validated by tenfold cross-validation. A total of 184 patients were included. Multivariable logistic regression identified 24-h urinary citrate as the only metabolic parameter independently associated with stone recurrence (P = 0.04). Correlation analysis demonstrated significant associations between urinary citrate and serum uric acid, urinary calcium, urinary oxalate, and age. Subgroup analysis showed that the inverse association between urinary citrate and recurrence remained significant only among patients with hyperuricemia (P = 0.03), whereas similar trends in other metabolic subgroups did not reach statistical significance. The interaction between serum uric acid and urinary citrate was not statistically significant (P = 0.40). A preliminary prediction model incorporating urinary citrate, age, BMI, triglycerides, and parathyroid hormone demonstrated moderate discriminative performance, with a mean cross-validated AUC of 0.747. Urinary citrate was independently associated with urolithiasis recurrence, with this association being particularly evident among patients with hyperuricemia. These findings suggest that the predictive value of urinary citrate may vary across different metabolic backgrounds and support further investigation of metabolically stratified approaches to recurrence risk assessment. External validation in larger prospective cohorts is warranted.

PMID 43004282
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PubMedSignal transduction and targeted therapy2026-11-10

Citrate metabolism and mitochondrial DNA signaling: cooperative regulation of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype.

Hong Geunhye G, Yoon Heeeun H, Lee Hae-Ock HO, Chung Jay H JH et al.

PMID 43003798
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PubMedAdvances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology2026-11-10

Efficient Bioproduction of Citric Acid in Aspergillus niger.

Zheng Xiaomei X, Sun Jibin J, Zheng Ping P

Citric acid is the most widely produced organic acid in industrial biotechnology, with a global annual output exceeding 2 million tons and broad applications across the food, pharmaceutical, chemical, and environmental sectors. Despite more than a century of industrial development since the discovery of citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger in 1917, current production systems are approaching critical bottlenecks in strain performance, process efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Increasing evidence indicates that citrate overproduction is not governed by a single metabolic pathway but emerges as a multi-constraint-driven systems phenomenon involving coordinated regulation of metabolism, cellular physiology, and environmental conditions. Recent advances in systems biology and synthetic biology have enabled a paradigm shift from empirical optimization to rational and programmable biomanufacturing. The integration of multi-omics data with genome-scale metabolic models has substantially deepened the understanding of citrate overflow metabolism. In parallel, the development of CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing, dynamic gene regulation systems, and promoter engineering has enabled precise and multiplexed rewiring of metabolic networks. Targeted engineering strategies focusing on carbon uptake, mitochondrial metabolism, citrate transport, and morphology regulation have demonstrated that high-level production requires coordinated multi-layer optimization rather than single-gene modifications. At the process level, emerging strategies, including immobilized fermentation, in situ product recovery, and the utilization of alternative non-food feedstocks, are being increasingly integrated with engineered strains to enhance productivity and sustainability. These advances collectively point toward a transition from conventional fermentation to a multi-scale, integrated biomanufacturing framework. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in citric acid biomanufacturing, covering the evolution of industrial A. niger strains, systems-level mechanisms of citrate accumulation, synthetic biology-enabled tool development, rational chassis engineering strategies, and process intensification approaches. Finally, we discuss future directions, including dynamic metabolic control, artificial intelligence-assisted design, and circular biorefinery systems, aiming to establish a fully integrated, intelligent, and sustainable paradigm for next-generation citric acid production.

PMID 43003971
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