Drug Database
LE

leuprolide

✓ Approved

AimPharma · GNRHR · Small Molecule

What is leuprolide?

leuprolide is a small molecule developed by AimPharma. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection.

Drug Profile

CompanyAimPharma
Drug ClassSmall Molecule, Polypeptide
Molecular TargetGNRHR
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, AimPharma

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

leuprolide acts on 1 molecular target:

GNRHRgonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (HH7, GRHR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

leuprolide is developed for 4 unique indications across 3 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)Prostate cancer✓ Approved
Reproductive system and breast disordersEndometriosis✓ Approved
Endocrine disordersPrecocious puberty✓ Approved
Reproductive system and breast disordersUterine fibrosis✓ Approved

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PubMedAdvanced healthcare materials2026-11-11

Dynamically Repairable Hydration-Lubricating Microspheres for Osteoarthritis Therapy.

Ma Penggang P, Ying Ting T, Wang Rui R, Zong Chenyu C et al.

Osteoarthritis (OA) progression is closely associated with the deterioration of joint lubrication. Although surface-grafted lubrication coatings can reduce friction, they are susceptible to mechanical damage under repetitive shear stress, resulting in rapid lubrication failure. Therefore, constructing a dynamically reconfigurable lubrication interface capable of continuous restoration under friction is critical for long-term joint protection. Herein, a dynamically self-repairing hydration lubrication microsphere system (HMs-CD@Ad-PMPC) is developed based on host-guest interactions. β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD)-functionalized silk fibroin microspheres dynamically recruit adamantane (Ad)-terminated poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) brushes through supramolecular host-guest recognition, thereby establishing a robust yet reversible hydration lubrication interface. Under shear stress during joint motion, partial dissociation of Ad-PMPC chains induces transient lubrication attenuation, while spontaneous molecular reassembly rapidly restores the lubrication interface upon stress release, thereby enabling dynamic self-repairing lubrication. In vitro, HMs-CD@Ad-PMPC maintains a stable low coefficient of friction (COF, 0.03-0.04) under cyclic shear conditions, exhibiting excellent wear resistance and long-term lubrication stability. In vivo, the system effectively reduces joint wear, preserves cartilage integrity, and significantly delays OA progression. This work establishes a dynamic lubrication strategy capable of restoring interfacial functionality under mechanical stress, providing a promising platform for long-term joint lubrication and OA therapy.

PMID 43012459
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PubMedAnalytical chemistry2026-11-11

Highly Carboxylated Cellulose Microspheres via Alginate Pre-Grafting for High-Resolution and High-Capacity Weak Cation Exchange Chromatography.

Zhang Heng H, Wang Xinru X, Chen Mengjuan M, Liu Jiawei J et al.

Weak cation-exchange (WCX) chromatography is a core technique for protein purification, and developing WCX packings with both high capacity and high resolution is of great significance for modern biopharmaceuticals and protein research. Crosslinked cellulose microspheres (CCMs, 10-25 μm) were verified in our previous work as a promising matrix for high-performance packings. Herein, highly carboxylated CCMs (CA-SACMs) for high-capacity and high-resolution WCX packings were fabricated via alginate pre-grafting followed by deep carboxylation. This alginate pre-grafting strategy achieves a "one-arrow-three-birds" effect: increasing the carboxyl content, augmenting the number of hydroxyl groups for further carboxylation, and providing a flexible long-chain layer that facilitates protein adsorption. The CA-SACMs exhibited a dynamic binding capacity (DBC) of 115 mg/mL for lysozyme (Lyz), nearly double that of chloroacetate-only modified CCMs (CACMs, 67 mg/mL). Meanwhile, both CA-SACMs and CACMs enabled high-resolution separation of four standard proteins, and CA-SACMs exhibited stronger retention. Notably, CA-SACMs exhibited excellent capture ability and stability, and were successfully used for Lyz purification from egg white and acidic variant removal from monoclonal antibodies, confirming their practical application potential. This work presents high-performance cellulose-based WCX packings derived from natural materials via a full-aqueous synthesis route, holding broad application prospects in protein purification.

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PubMedMacromolecular rapid communications2026-11-11

Janus Nanosheet-Assisted CO2 Foaming of Polypropylene.

Wang Xinyu X, Xu Yaohui Y, Zhang Yuehan Y, Sun Dayin D et al.

Polypropylene (PP) foaming using CO2 as a physical blowing agent is challenged by the limited CO2 solubility in PP, inefficient heterogeneous nucleation, poor additive dispersion, and insufficient melt strength. Herein, we report a Janus nanosheet (JNS)-assisted foaming strategy based on interfacial engineering. JNS feature an octadecyl-functionalized face designed to improve filler-matrix compatibility and an amine-functionalized face designed to promote CO2 uptake. These nanosheets are generated in situ by fragmentation of Janus hollow microspheres during screw extrusion with PP. The dispersion state, crystallization and melting behavior, CO2 uptake, and rheological properties of the composites were systematically investigated. A JNS loading of 0.6 wt% provides the most favorable balance between bubble nucleation and cell growth, yielding a relatively uniform cellular structure (50 ± 10 µm) and a high cell density (6 × 108 cells/cm3). Comparative experiments using JNS containing a higher amine content, JNS with reduced PP compatibility, and hydrophobic silica without amine groups indicate the combined effects of surface chemistry, CO2 uptake, and PP-filler interactions on foaming. The composite expanded beads were molded into foams with enhanced mechanical properties and further fabricated into full-size foldable stools, demonstrating the product-scale processability of the JNS-based formulation.

PMID 43009738
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PubMedAnalytical chemistry2026-11-11

Aptamer-Based Intelligent Magnetophoretic Microfluidic Platform with Weighted Signal Analysis for Sensitive On-Site Detection of Chloramphenicol.

Zhao Weiqi W, Xiao Ting T, Niu Xiaohu X, Han Minjie M et al.

The rapid on-site determination of chloramphenicol (CAP) residues remains an important analytical challenge, requiring adequate sensitivity while maintaining operational simplicity and portability. Here, we developed a magnetophoretic microfluidic platform based on weight allocation (MMP-WA) for on-site CAP detection. Aptamer-mediated CAP recognition was translated into differential magnetic loading of polystyrene microspheres, generating distinct magnetophoretic behaviors within a customized self-driven linear microfluidic array. These particle-resolved signals were spatially classified into distinct magnetophoretic states and assigned class-specific weighting factors, enabling weighted decoding with enhanced signal discrimination and quantitative accuracy without complex biochemical signal amplification. A smartphone-based automated analysis system further enabled signal recognition and quantitative readout according to the predefined weighting factors. MMP-WA exhibited a linear response spanning more than four orders of magnitude, achieving over 4-fold higher analytical sensitivity and a 10-fold broader linear range than conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while showing approximately 100-fold higher analytical sensitivity than lateral flow immunoassay. Through magnetophoretic signal classification and weighted signal analysis, MMP-WA provides a simple, portable, and sensitive strategy for rapid on-site CAP monitoring.

PMID 43010453
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PubMedDrug delivery2026-11-11

Dual-scaffold imageable embolic system with microenvironment normalization enhances hypoxia-activated chemoembolization for HCC.

Qi Zhong Z, Huang Shanqin S, Xiao Feng F, Yang Kai K et al.

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is limited by the post-embolization tumor microenvironment (pE-TME), which drives revascularization and fibrosis, thereby narrowing the hypoxic window and restricting drug penetration for hypoxia-activated prodrugs like tirapazamine (TPZ). To overcome this challenge, we developed a dual-scaffold theranostic platform integrating an iodinated thermosensitive PNIPAM hydrogel with genipin-crosslinked albumin microspheres for the coordinated co-delivery of nintedanib (NIB) and TPZ. This platform provides intrinsic X-ray visibility, rapid in situ gelation, enhanced mechanical strength, and sustained drug release with excellent hemocompatibility. In vitro, released NIB inhibited fibroblast proliferation, while TPZ potently induced apoptosis in hypoxic HCC cells. In vivo, the platform enabled stable vascular occlusion and prolonged tumor retention. In an orthotopic HCC model, the dual-drug combination achieved 91% tumor inhibition, significantly outperforming embolization alone and single-drug groups, without systemic toxicity. Mechanistically, TPZ promoted apoptosis (Caspase-3/Ki-67), whereas NIB suppressed compensatory angiogenesis (VEGF/CD31) and collagen deposition (α-SMA), thereby remodeling the pE-TME to stabilize hypoxia. By converting the therapy-limiting hypoxic microenvironment into a therapeutic asset, this dual-scaffold strategy offers a new paradigm for amplifying TACE efficacy.

PMID 43010169
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PubMedAnalytical chemistry2026-11-11

Computational Chemistry-Guided Rational Hapten Design and Elucidation of the Molecular Recognition Mechanism Enable Immunochromatographic Detection of Maltol and Ethyl Maltol in Food and E-Liquid Samples.

He Feng F, Guo Lingling L, Kuang Hua H, Xu Xinxin X et al.

Given the potential health risks arising from the abuse or adulteration of maltol (MA) and ethyl maltol (EM)representative synthetic flavor enhancersparticularly in e-liquids, infant formulas, and fraudulently mislabeled foods, there is an urgent need for rapid and sensitive detection methods. Herein, guided by a computational chemistry-based rational hapten design strategy, four haptens were screened, and H4 was identified as the optimal candidate. Using animal immunization combined with hybridoma technology, a high-affinity, dual-specificity monoclonal antibody (mAb-2D6) was generated, exhibiting half-inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 17.34 ng/mL for MA and 15.97 ng/mL for EM. Molecular docking revealed that key amino acid residuesGly103, His31, Tyr101, Ala104, and Phe99mediate the dual-specific recognition of mAb-2D6 through hydrogen bonds and π-alkyl interactions. Leveraging this mAb-2D6, two immunochromatographic assays (ICAs)a colorimetric format based on gold nanoparticles and a fluorescent format based on quantum dot microsphereswere developed for the first time for on-site rapid detection of MA and EM in soybean oil, infant formula, and e-liquids, with limits of detection ranging from 12.64 to 20.78 μg/kg. The ICA completes the entire detection workflow within 15 min and demonstrates excellent sensitivity, accuracy, practicality, and user-friendliness, enabling deployment in resource-limited field settings.

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