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metoclopramide (Gimoti / EVK 001 / EVK001)

✓ Approved

Evoke Pharma, Inc. · DRD2 · Small Molecule

What is metoclopramide?

metoclopramide is a small molecule developed by Evoke Pharma, Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled or intranasal or oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesGimoti, EVK 001, EVK001
CompanyEvoke Pharma, Inc.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetDRD2, HTR4, PTGS1, PTGS2
RouteInhaled, Intranasal, Oral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Evoke Pharma, Inc.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

metoclopramide acts on 4 molecular targets:

DRD2dopamine receptor D2 (D2R, D2DR)
HTR45-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5-HT4R, 5-HT4)
PTGS1prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (PHS1, PGHS-1)
PTGS2prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (COX2, COX-2)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

metoclopramide is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Gastrointestinal disordersGastric atony✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedLangenbeck's archives of surgery2026-11-11

Prospective comparative evaluation of povidone-iodine sitz bath and silver-based antimicrobial spray in postoperative perianal wound care: impact on healing outcomes, patient satisfaction, and treatment compliance.

Samal Subhashree Subhadarshini SS, S Kandeshwaran K, Gopinathan Athira A

Perianal surgical wounds are likely to take longer to heal and get infected due to constant contamination, moisture and pain during defecation. Povidone-iodine has long been applied in the postoperative treatment, and silver-based agents have become an alternative with an excellent antimicrobial effect and patient-friendly characteristics. This study was intended to compare the outcomes on postoperative perianal wound-healing between the application of povidone-iodine sitz bath and silver-based antimicrobial spray, with additional evaluation of patient satisfaction and treatment compliance with the assigned wound care regimen. It is a hospital-based observational study conducted over a period of 4 months in a tertiary care centre. A total of one hundred patients subjected to surgery for haemorrhoids, fissure in ano, or fistula in ano were recruited and split into two equal groups. Group A received a povidone-iodine sitz bath, and Group B received a silver-based antimicrobial spray. The main outcome was time to heal wounds. The secondary outcomes were postoperative pain (VAS), patient satisfaction score (PSS), treatment compliance index (TCI), and wound-related complications. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Baseline characteristics were comparable among groups. Mean wound-healing time was significantly shorter in the povidone-iodine cohort (14.2 ± 3.1 days) compared to the silver group (16.8 ± 3.6 days; p = 0.001). Surgical site infection was lower with povidone-iodine (6% vs. 18%; p = 0.048). Silver-based spray was associated with significantly lower postoperative pain scores, higher patient satisfaction scores (composite PSS: 7.9 ± 0.9 vs. 6.5 ± 1.1; p < 0.001), and superior treatment compliance at both Week 2 (92.1% vs. 74.2%; p < 0.001) and Week 4 (88.4% vs. 66.8%; p < 0.001). Wound-related complications were more frequent in the silver cohort. Povidone-iodine sitz bath provides superior healing and infection control, whereas silver-based antimicrobial spray significantly improves postoperative comfort, patient satisfaction, and treatment compliance highlighting the importance of patient-centred factors in wound care selection following perianal surgery.

PMID 43009686
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PubMedInternational medical case reports journal2026-11-11

Delayed Diagnosis of Bilateral Congenital Choanal Obstruction in a 4-Year-Old Girl: Transnasal Repair with Temporary Stenting and Short-Term Outcome: A Case Report.

Abdulle Zakarie Abdijamal ZA, Mohamud Mohamed Abdirahman MA, Alpha Muhindo Kavuyiro MK, Mohamed Mohamed Ibrahim MI et al.

Choanal atresia is a rare congenital cause of nasal obstruction. Complete obstruction is termed atresia, whereas partial narrowing is more accurately described as choanal stenosis. We report a 4-year-old girl with lifelong bilateral nasal obstruction, persistent mouth breathing, snoring, poor sleep, easy tiredness, intermittent rhinorrhoea, breastfeeding difficulty during infancy, and recurrent respiratory tract infections. Clinical assessment showed absent right-sided and markedly reduced left-sided nasal airflow. Bedside testing demonstrated no right-sided cotton-wisp movement or misting and minimal movement and misting on the left; a size 8F suction catheter could not be advanced beyond 3.5 cm on the right and met posterior resistance on the left. Preoperative flexible nasal endoscopy was not obtained because financial constraints limited access to the procedure. Computed tomography demonstrated complete right-sided choanal atresia with incomplete left-sided congenital choanal stenosis. The child underwent transnasal repair under general anesthesia using direct visualization with a Killian nasal speculum and headlight, puncture and serial dilatation of the posterior choanal obstruction, and temporary bilateral stenting. The stents were removed after six weeks. During four weeks of follow-up after stent removal, the child had improved nasal breathing and clinically patent bilateral nasal airways. This case highlights delayed recognition of asymmetric bilateral congenital choanal obstruction and the practical diagnostic and operative adaptations required in a resource-limited setting. The outcome should be interpreted as favorable in the short term because objective postoperative endoscopic confirmation and long-term follow-up were not available.

PMID 43011482
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PubMedAnatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)2026-11-11

Paranasal recesses and rostral airspace volume covary with echolocation call frequency in emballonurid bats.

Curtis Abigail A AA, Simmons Nancy B NB, Smith Timothy D TD, Eiting Thomas P TP et al.

The mammalian rostrum has multiple functions including serving as the upper jaw, supporting olfactory sensory structures, conditioning inspired air, and-for some mammals-transmitting sound. Several groups of bats independently evolved bony inflations on the dorsolateral surfaces of their rostra. In rhinolophoid bats, rostral inflations are associated with nasal emission of echolocation calls, but their function in oral emitting bats (family Emballonuridae) is not well understood. Here, we combine μCT, diceCT, and histological methods to describe and quantify nasal fossa morphology of emballonurid bats in a comparative sample of 24 species overall, including 23 in the quantitative CT sample. Our goals are to (1) describe and quantify paranasal recess morphology, (2) explore scaling of paranasal recess size with body, skull, main nasal chamber, and turbinal size, (3) elucidate potential functions of rostral inflations in emballonurids, and (4) understand how nasal fossa morphology is related to presence of socially important glands and odor storing sacs in Emballonuridae. We report surprising diversity, clade-specific traits, and several novelties in paranasal recess size and location among emballonurids. The combined volume of the paranasal recesses and main nasal chamber was more strongly correlated with peak echolocation call frequency used during foraging than with skull size. Some emballonurid species possess a well-developed lateral nasal gland in the lateral recess. Other emballonurids have inflated, air-filled paranasal recesses lined with thin, avascular mucosa, similar to those of nasal emitters with rostral inflations. We also observed turbinal traits reminiscent of those in nasal emitting Rhinolophidae. Proportionally large paranasal recesses are associated with reduced size and turbinal elements in emballonurid bats, except possibly in species that exhibit complex mating displays using perfume storing sacs in their wing membranes. Together, our results suggest that paranasal recesses could play a role in modifying echolocation calls in Emballonuridae, as they are hypothesized to do in nasophonating bats. However, the potential acoustic function of paranasal recesses remains to be experimentally elucidated in bats.

PMID 43012130
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PubMedBrain communications2026-11-11

Functional aspects of cerebrospinal fluid drainage through the cribriform plate.

Shanbhag Nagesh C NC, Jukkola Jari J, Kritsilis Marios M, Bèchet Nicholas B NB et al.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) clearance is essential for maintaining brain homeostasis, yet the contribution of the nasal efflux pathway remains incompletely understood. Here, we combined dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, optical imaging, and anatomical studies across mice and pigs to characterize the dynamics, regulation, and conservation of nasal CSF drainage. We found that CSF rapidly exited the brain via the cribriform plate, especially during acute volume shifts, and that this route slowed down in aged mice when a small-molecular-weight tracer was used. By contrast, olfactory sensory neuron ablation and amyloid beta1-42 exposure impaired uptake of CSF into the nasal pathway. Notably, signal uptake in superficial cervical lymph nodes appeared distinct from meningeal lymphatic drainage, suggesting functional specialization. Our corroborating findings in pigs further solidify the nasal CSF efflux route as a dynamic, evolutionarily conserved, and potentially targetable pathway with relevance to neuroimmune interactions, aging, and neurodegeneration.

PMID 43011184
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PubMedRSC advances2026-11-11

Ionic-liquid-derived fluorine-containing carbon surface engineering of LiFePO4 for enhanced electrochemical performance.

Fallah Hiba El HE, Amarray Amina A, Sadid Achraf A, Bouaakil Ikram I et al.

Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) is a safe and stable cathode material for lithium-ion batteries; however, its relatively low energy density and limited electronic conductivity restrict its use in high-performance applications. Here, a scalable spray drying-assisted lithiation was developed to engineer fluorine-containing carbonaceous surface layers on LFP. Iron phosphate was first synthesized via co-precipitation and subsequently lithiated through a spray drying process in the presence of the ionic liquid [BMIM][PF6], which acts as a multifunctional precursor for in situ carbon coating and fluorine-containing surface species. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of phase-pure olivine LFP, while electron microscopy revealed a conformal surface layer of approximately 5 ± 0.8 nm for the optimized material. Raman spectroscopy showed D/G intensity ratios of approximately 1.02 and 0.99 for LFP-20 and LFP-30, respectively, indicating a carbonaceous surface layer with a modestly higher degree of graphitic ordering at the higher [BMIM][PF6] content. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) analyses confirmed carbon-containing and fluorine-containing surface species, consistent with the formation of an ionic-liquid-derived interfacial layer. Thermogravimetric analysis estimated carbon contents of approximately 5 and 6 wt% for LFP-20 and LFP-30, respectively. The optimized LFP-30 exhibited a tap density of 1.30 g cm-3 compared with 0.75 g cm-3 for the glucose-derived reference LFP-G. Electrochemically, LFP-30 delivered approximately 160 mAh g-1 at 0.1C, together with improved rate capability and stable cycling performance. These results demonstrate that integrating ionic-liquid-derived surface modification with spray drying-assisted lithiation provides a scalable approach for simultaneously tailoring surface chemistry, electronic transport, and particle packing in LFP cathodes.

PMID 43011891
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PubMedCureus2026-11-11

Preservation and Management of the Superficial Nasal Musculoaponeurotic System to Enhance Infratip Contour: A Technical Report.

Burgos Alan A, Rivera Navarrete Ilein A IA

This technical report describes a surgical technique developed to manage the dead space between the osteocartilaginous framework and the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) during open rhinoplasty. The technique utilizes the superficial orbicularis oris nasalis (SOON) muscle to preserve the superficial layer of the nasal SMAS within the columella, with the aim of maintaining columellar volume and anatomy while minimizing dead space formation. During an open rhinoplasty approach, the SOON muscle is preserved through subperichondrial dissection to create a vascularized flap (SOON flap). The flap is subsequently repositioned and secured using the SOON Flap Stitch, a suture technique developed by the author (IARN) to restore the preserved tissue over the nasal tip framework. The technique was performed in 226 consecutive primary open rhinoplasty procedures, with postoperative follow-up ranging from eight months to three years. The senior author (AB) observed reduced dead space and columellar retraction, as well as improved infratip volume, definition, and double-break contour. The SOON Flap Stitch represents a simple and reproducible technique for preserving and repositioning the superficial nasal SMAS, promoting its redraping and integration over the underlying osteocartilaginous framework while enhancing columellar and infratip contour in open rhinoplasty.

PMID 43011592
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