Drug Database
EP

epinephrine (Emerade)

✓ Approved

Bausch + Lomb Corporation · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is epinephrine?

epinephrine is a small molecule developed by Bausch + Lomb Corporation. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesEmerade
CompanyBausch + Lomb Corporation
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteInjectable (Others)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Bausch + Lomb Corporation

Therapeutic Indications

epinephrine is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Immune system disordersAnaphylactic reaction✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedACS central science2026-09-19

Domino Strategies in Heterocycle Synthesis: Advancing from Organocatalysis to Photo-/Organo-Autocatalysis.

Al-Romema Abdulaziz A AA, Heckmann Felix F, Tsogoeva Svetlana B SB

The increasing structural complexity of heterocycles in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional materials continues to challenge synthetic design, particularly when step economy, scalability, and sustainability are considered simultaneously. Domino reactions, in which multiple bond-forming events proceed sequentially in a single operation, offer an inherently concise strategy to transform simple building blocks into densely functionalized architectures while minimizing purification steps and waste. In this Outlook, we examine the evolution of domino heterocycle synthesis from classical organocatalysis to photo- and organo-autocatalytic systems, highlighting how metal-free activation, visible-light processes, and in situ-generated catalytic species expand reactivity while improving catalyst, energy, and atom economy. We discuss key advances in domino reactions toward chiral heterocycles, heteroaromatic construction, total synthesis, and self-catalyzed photochemical processes, emphasizing challenges such as catalyst loading, robustness, photon efficiency, and reaction scalability. The future development of domino synthesis will rely on combining new mechanistic ideas with sustainability and rational reaction design. By focusing on the deliberate development of efficient, low-input organo- and photo/organo-autocatalyzed domino reactions, we aim to spur progress toward streamlined and industrially practical methods for heterocycle synthesis.

PMID 42761599
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PubMedFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology2026-09-19

Strategic selection of microbial cell factories for sustainable and application-specific terpenoid production.

Shukla Vibha V, Shukla Virendra V, Rawat Shweta S, Singh Vandana V et al.

Terpenoids (isoprenoids) constitute one of the largest and most structurally diverse families of natural products with application ranging from flavors, pharmaceuticals to biofuels. Conventional extraction from plants is often limited by low yields, seasonal variability, and environmental constraints; whereas, chemical synthesis requires toxic chemicals and energy-intensive processes. Consequently, microbial cell factories have emerged as sustainable and industrially scalable alternatives for terpenoid biosynthesis. Different microorganisms possess distinct physiological and metabolic advantages, including efficient precursor supply, tolerance to toxic products, internal storage for hydrophobic compounds, utilization of renewable carbon sources, and compatibility with complex biosynthetic pathways. Furthermore, several microbial hosts have strains with Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status, making them attractive candidates for food and nutraceutical applications, although their regulatory acceptance ultimately depends on the production strain, genetic modifications, manufacturing process, product, and intended use. In addition, photosynthetic cyanobacteria offer a promising platform for direct conversion of CO2 into terpenoids, providing opportunities for more resource-efficient and sustainable biomanufacturing. Therefore, strategic host selection is a crucial step in designing efficient microbial platforms for terpenoid production. The present review provides a host-centric perspective by comparing conventional and emerging microbial cell factories, highlighting their physiological strengths, product spectrum, industrial applicability, and strategic considerations for sustainable and application-specific terpenoid biomanufacturing.

PMID 42761231
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PubMedAdvances in protein chemistry and structural biology2026-09-19

Insect proteins for alternative proteins: Sustainable solutions for molecular efficiency.

Rajendran Anith Kumar AK, Pallai Swagatika S, Tirathpal Yashasvi Y, Bhattacharjee Adwitiya A et al.

The global demand for sustainable protein sources has positioned insects as a viable alternative to traditional livestock because of their impressive molecular efficiency and minimal ecological footprint. This chapter presents a detailed overview of biochemical design, nutritional, and industrial potential of protein sourced from insects, including high digestibility of amino acids, and rich content of bioactive peptides with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. We highlight the efficiency of species such as Hermetia illucens, Tenebrio molitor, and Acheta domesticus to bioconvert organic waste products into commercially valuable protein biomass. From an industrial perspective, insect-derived enzymes and antimicrobial peptides possess high stability and bioactivity, driving innovation in pharmaceuticals, biomaterials, and cosmetics. Notably, silk and resilin proteins from Bombyx mori and spiders show high mechanical durability, elasticity, and biocompatibility for regenerative medicine and smart biomaterial design. More broadly, environmental studies show that insect farming has the potential to lower greenhouse gases by up to 90 % and reduce water consumption by as much as 70 % relative to traditional livestock options, confirming their value in future circular bioeconomy models. Processing techniques, such as enzymatic hydrolysis, defatting, and thermal treatments can enhance functional properties such as solubility, emulsification, and digestibility, enabling their use in food, feed, and nutraceutical applications. Collectively, this study presents insect proteins as a scalable, multifunctional platform bridging sustainable food production, biomaterial innovation, and environmental restoration step toward resilient global protein systems.

PMID 42763112
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PubMedRSC advances2026-09-19

Pyrazine synthesis: a century-long evolution from condensation to modern catalytic strategies.

Wang Bingyang B, Zhao Yao Y, Chen Weihua W, Zhao Lianchen L et al.

Pyrazine (1,4-diazabenzene) is a privileged nitrogen-containing heterocycle of considerable importance in pharmaceuticals, food flavourings, agrochemicals, and functional materials. Since its first deliberate synthesis in 1908, the methods for pyrazine construction have undergone a remarkable evolution spanning more than a century. This review provides a comprehensive and critically evaluative account of that journey, tracing the development from early classical condensation reactions-namely the α-aminoketone self-condensation (Tutin reaction) and the α-diketone-α-diamine condensation-oxidation-through industrial heterogeneous catalytic systems (copper-chromite, zinc-chromite, and platinum-based catalysts), to the precision functionalisation afforded by palladium-catalysed cross-coupling, and ultimately to the green and sustainable strategies that have emerged over the past fifteen years, including solvent-free, metal-free, electrochemical, amino-acid-based, and biomass-derived methodologies. Distinct from earlier accounts, this review is organised by methodological strategy, with each approach critically assessed for its scope, limitations, and efficiency. The evolutionary logic from conditional construction to precision modification and, finally, to green sustainability is elucidated, together with an outlook on future directions encompassing earth-abundant metal catalysis, biomass feedstock conversion, and emerging applications in optoelectronic and framework materials. By systematically integrating historical perspective with contemporary green chemistry principles, this review serves both as a practical reference for synthetic chemists and as a roadmap for future methodological innovation in pyrazine synthesis.

PMID 42761467
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PubMedJournal of chromatography. A2026-09-19

Hyphenation of supercritical fluid chromatography to high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry for the purpose of non-targeted small molecule analysis.

Radke Mikaela J MJ, White Alan A, Leusch Frederic D L FDL, Cresswell Sarah L SL

To cater for the rising need to identify current and emerging environmental contaminants, a hybrid chromatography-mass spectrometry interface was developed for supercritical fluid chromatography. Supercritical fluid chromatography was selected for normal phase and reverse phase selectivity and was hyphenated to an Orbitrap mass analyser for application to non-targeted methods and high-resolution mass spectrometry. This interface was achieved through ion source parameter optimisation and the use of make-up solvent flow delivered by a sheath pump. The method presented here was developed based on 23 reference standards of environmental contaminants, pharmaceuticals and polar compounds which have logD (pH 5.5) values between -2.50 and 4.96. Further non-targeted method evaluation was performed on treated wastewater effluent samples, where this non-targeted methodology allowed for the identification of 88 compounds across both positive and negative ion modes. Chromatography separation characteristics were assessed across both reference standard and WWTP sample runs. The major separation characteristic was polarisability represented by acidic and basic hydrogen bonding. Compounds with a pKa of <5 eluted earlier in the run and compounds with a pKa of 8-13 eluted later due to the acidity of the mobile phase and the capability of the Acquity Torus DIOL column for acidic hydrogen bonding. These separation characteristics demonstrate that this method has wide application to a large number of functional groups, with orthogonal separation capability for polar compounds to support reverse phase liquid chromatography methods.

PMID 42762700
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PubMedToxicology2026-09-19

Artificial Intelligence for Predictive Mixture Toxicology.

Domingo Jose L JL, Souza Marilia Cristina Oliveira MCO, Barbosa Fernando F

Human populations and ecosystems are continuously exposed to complex mixtures of environmental contaminants rather than to individual chemicals in isolation. These mixtures include pesticides, metals and metalloids, persistent organic pollutants, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, pharmaceuticals, plastic-associated compounds, air pollutants, nanomaterials, and numerous poorly characterized substances. Their combined effects may be additive, synergistic, or antagonistic, and are strongly influenced by dose, component ratio, timing, exposure sequence, and biological susceptibility. Experimental evaluation of all environmentally relevant mixtures is infeasible because the number of possible combinations increases combinatorially. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers a possible way to address this limitation. Machine learning, deep learning, graph neural networks, Bayesian approaches, and natural-language processing can integrate heterogeneous data, including chemical structures, molecular descriptors, toxicokinetics, high-throughput screening results, omics profiles, adverse outcome pathways, biomonitoring data, and epidemiological findings. However, the evidence base is uneven. Relatively few studies have applied AI directly to experimentally characterized mixtures, and much of the current optimism is extrapolated from single-chemical toxicology. This review distinguishes explicitly between applications demonstrated in mixtures, proof-of-concept mixture applications, and approaches whose mixture use remains prospective. It further examines the methodological requirements for mixture prediction, including dose and ratio representation, additivity reference models, applicability domains, external validation, and mechanistic interpretability, and proposes a framework for regulatory-grade implementation. Current evidence does not support autonomous AI-driven regulation of mixtures. AI should complement, not replace, experimental and expert evaluation, supporting a transition toward more predictive, mechanism-informed assessment of real-world chemical exposures.

PMID 42762870
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