Drug Database
MO

montmorillonite (Diarrafin)

✓ Approved

Beijing Holley-Cotec Pharma · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is montmorillonite?

montmorillonite is a small molecule developed by Beijing Holley-Cotec Pharma. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesDiarrafin
CompanyBeijing Holley-Cotec Pharma
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Beijing Holley-Cotec Pharma

Therapeutic Indications

montmorillonite is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Gastrointestinal disordersDiarrhoea✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedThe journal of physical chemistry. A2026-06-09

Structure and Spectroscopy of Free Base, Copper, and Zinc Tetrapentylporphyrin.

Muldowney Breanna E BE, Ajayi Nneka Damola ND, Chen Wei-Yuan WY, Geier G Richard GR et al.

Synthetic porphyrins have been crucial as models for heme units and other biological porphyrins, as well as components of advanced materials and catalysts. Much of the work on synthetic porphyrins has focused on the meso-substituted 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) or the pyrrole-substituted 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrin (OEP). In this report, we present a comprehensive spectroscopic, electrochemical, and computational study of free-base, zinc(II), and copper(II) 5,10,15,20-tetrapentylporphyrin (TPeP). TPeP can be prepared via a two-step, one-flask reaction of pyrrole and hexanal mediated by Montmorillonite K10, followed by oxidation with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) in yields of around 40%. Similar to TPP, the TPeP systems have the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) with a2u symmetry and are, in general, easier to oxidize than their corresponding TPP or OEP analogues.

PMID 42260700
Read full article →
PubMedInternational journal of biological macromolecules2026-06-07

Gradient addition effects of CaCO3/MMT/K2TiO3 on heat resistance modification of polylactic acid (PLA) composite fibers.

Yang Qifan Q, Zheng Yu Y, Wei Dalong D, Shang Shenglong S

The push for global plastic bans highlights the dual environmental crises of "white pollution" and greenhouse gas emissions from conventional petroleum-based plastics, intensifying the pursuit of high-performance bio-based polymers. Polylactic acid (PLA) is a prominent candidate, yet its broad application is constrained by fundamental material properties such as slow crystallization and low heat resistance. In this study, we proposed a "sheet-particle-whisker" multi-scale reinforcement strategy via melt spinning to simultaneously improve PLA's heat resistance and mechanical properties. Nacre-like calcium carbonate (CaCO3) sheets were successfully prepared from waste mussel shells through a combined calcination and ultrasonication process. The incorporation of these CaCO3 sheets, together with montmorillonite (MMT) and potassium titanate whiskers (PTW), into the PLA matrix at an appropriate ratio facilitated the formation of a ternary network structure. This resulted in bio-based fibers exhibiting a significant enhancement in properties, with a degree of crystallinity of 57.10% and a tensile strength of 29.14 cN·dtex-1 compared to those of neat PLA. Moreover, this performance enhancement was achieved without compromising the inherent biodegradability of the material. This work thus establishes a green, low-cost and scalable strategy for the production of high-performance bio-based PLA fibers.

PMID 42250715
Read full article →
PubMedJournal of hazardous materials2026-06-06

Enhancement of anammox coupled arsenate reduction by coexisting iron-bearing minerals.

Wang Wentao W, Xiong Weiyi W, Jiang Qing Q, Ding Long-Jun LJ et al.

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation is a critical pathway for nitrogen (N) loss in terrestrial environments, and its coupled interactions with As(V) reduction has recently been recognized. While Fe-bearing minerals are suspected to regulate this coupling, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study demonstrates that Fe-bearing minerals (ferrihydrite, goethite, montmorillonite, illite, and kaolinite) actively mediate anammox-coupled As(V) reduction by facilitating electron transfer and promoting Fe redox cycling. The presence of these minerals increases As(V) reduction by 1.2-2.4-fold and NH4+ removal by 1.65-3.15-fold, with ferrihydrite exhibiting the strongest effect. In addition to accelerating reaction rates, these minerals reshape N partitioning and microbial community structure: clay minerals primarily influence early-stage NH4+ dynamics via adsorption, whereas Fe (hydr)oxides sustain long-term coupling by suppressing nitrite oxidizers, limiting NO3- accumulation, enriching anammox and Fe-reducing bacteria, and enhancing microbial network stability. Redox-equivalent analysis further shows that these minerals increase the electron utilization efficiency of NH4+ oxidation coupled with Fe(III) and/or As(V) reduction from 17% to 19-75%. Furthermore, As(V) reduction rates correlate strongly with the mineral specific surface area and functional genes including hzsA, omcS, arsC and arrA. This highlights the combined roles of surface-mediated electron transfer, enhanced Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycling, and coordinated regulation of N transformation and respiratory As(V) reduction. These findings identify Fe-bearing minerals as electron-buffering and -channeling phases that organize interfacial electron flow and strengthen N-Fe-As redox couples, providing a mechanistic framework for mineral-driven biogeochemical interactions in As-contaminated soils and sediments.

PMID 42250296
Read full article →
PubMedWater research2026-06-04

The degradation and greenhouse gas emissions of microplastic-derived dissolved organic matter: Role of mineral and polymer types.

Lv Da D, Chen Yalan Y, Wang Peng P, Chen Ji J et al.

Microplastic (MP) weathering releases MP-derived dissolved organic matter (MP-DOM) into soils, altering terrestrial carbon and nitrogen cycles and contributing to the emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O). However, how specific soil minerals regulate the degradation of MP-DOM and subsequently affect these emissions remains unclear. Here, we investigated these interaction mechanisms using a 56-day incubation experiment with different minerals as artificial soil and MP-DOM derived from different polymer types as the sole carbon source. We found that soil minerals generally reduced MP-DOM decomposition as reflected by the 2.7%-113.7% reduction in CO2 emissions, but generally enhanced N2O emissions by 21%-2878%. This protective effect on MP-DOM decomposition was driven by surface adsorption, physical isolation, downregulation of carbon-degrading enzymes, and upregulation of carbon-fixation genes. The increased N2O emissions was driven by restructuring microbial communities to shift inorganic nitrogen transformations. These emission patterns were jointly regulated by the types of soil minerals and MP polymers. Specifically, montmorillonite resulted in greatest N2O emissions by providing heterogeneous microhabitats that favored K-strategists and enriched denitrifying bacteria such as Pseudomonas. Redox-active polyethylene-derived DOM interacted with goethite to accelerate decomposition and increase CO2 emissions, whereas polyvinyl chloride-derived DOM released cytotoxic chloride ions that impaired microbial metabolic functions and inhibited enzyme activities, reducing CO2 emissions. Scaling these mineral-specific rates with global plastic debris and soil mineralogy data, our spatial estimation shows that soil minerals reduce net MP-DOM-derived CO2 emissions by 2996 Mg C yr-1 globally under the high-leaching scenario. Our findings demonstrate the potential of soil minerals to mitigate MP-DOM-derived CO2 emissions, while emphasizing the regulatory roles of mineral and polymer types, and highlighting the priority of plastic control in N2O high-emission areas.

PMID 42235403
Read full article →
PubMedProbiotics and antimicrobial proteins2026-06-03

Alginate Microcapsules Incorporating Recombinant Lactococcus lactis-Montmorillonite Complexes Enhance Bacterial Survival and Restore Intestinal Homeostasis in ETEC-Challenged Mice.

Ri Ju Hyong JH, Hu Mingyang M, Cha Sina S, Xue Chenyu C et al.

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 is a primary pathogen causing bacterial diarrhea in livestock, necessitating the development of efficient antibiotic alternatives. We developed a novel recombinant Lactococcus lactis (rLc) -montmorillonite@sodium alginate (rLc-Mt@SA) system using electrospray ionotropic gelation to overcome the low gastrointestinal survival of oral probiotics. To address the high porosity of conventional alginate, montmorillonite (Mt) was incorporated as a nanostructural skeleton to create a tortuous path for acid diffusion, thereby enhancing the barrier properties of the matrix. Microscopic analysis confirmed a stable composite structure, demonstrating a successful encapsulation process with a high encapsulation efficiency of 73.6%. In vitro digestive simulations showed that the rLc-Mt@SA system significantly preserved bacterial viability, yielding a 47.7% survival rate under gastric acid stress, which represents a 3.3-fold increase compared to the 14.5% survival of free bacteria. This enhanced survival ensured efficient intestinal release, leading to significant therapeutic effects in an ETEC K88-challenged mouse model, where rLc-Mt@SA pretreatment effectively attenuated intestinal injury. This protection was attributed to the upregulation of tight junction proteins and the activation of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway, which played a crucial role in mitigating oxidative stress and restoring intestinal homeostasis. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing and functional prediction revealed that the treatment remodeled the gut microbial landscape, enriching beneficial taxa such as Ligilactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae. This microbial modulation potentially contributed to colonization resistance and was associated with a shift in microbial metabolic networks toward enhanced glycan and energy metabolism. Overall, the Mt-reinforced alginate matrix serves as a high-performance, biocompatible delivery platform that maintains the bioactivity of recombinant strains and restores intestinal homeostasis, offering a promising strategy for managing enteric dysbiosis and a viable alternative to antibiotics in livestock production.

PMID 42234391
Read full article →
PubMedScientific reports2026-06-03

Assessment of copper ferrite doped montmorillonite for efficient dye removal with insights into operational parameters, adsorption pathways and regeneration capacity.

Mousavi Zahra Sadat ZS, Darvishmotevalli Mohammad M, Zare Mohammad Reza MR, Rahmani Abdolrasoul A et al.

Copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanoparticles were successfully loaded onto montmorillonite (MMT) to develop a highly active adsorptive material (MMT@CuFe2O4) capable of removing acid red 18 (AR18) and methylene blue (MB) dyes. Textural, crystalline, and morphological properties were examined by XRD, SEM, FTIR, and BET analyses. A substantial rise in surface area from 12.55 to 43.55 m²/g and an increase in total pore volume from 0.0622 to 0.1295 cm³/g in MMT@CuFe2O4 relative to MMT demonstrates the successful introduction of mesoporous structures. Adsorption data revealed that the maximum removal efficiencies of MB and AR18 were 74.23% and 88.96%, respectively, under the same conditions of time (180 min) and temperature (35 °C). The adsorption equilibrium was best described by the Langmuir model, with maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) of 17.89 mg/g for MB and 16.26 mg/g for AR18, and high correlation coefficients (R2 = 0.991 and 0.924). Kinetic data fitted the pseudo-second order model (R² > 0.97), indicating chemisorption as the dominant process, while the Elovich and intra-particle diffusion models further supported multilayer adsorption and intra-pore diffusion. The thermodynamic study demonstrated that adsorption proceeded spontaneously, as shown by the negative ΔG° values (- 3.29 to - 6.75 kJ/mol for MB and - 1.27 to - 9.01 kJ/mol for AR18), and was endothermic, with respective ΔH° values of 21.37 and 54.18 kJ/mol. Among the regeneration systems tested, electro-Fenton exhibited the highest recovery efficiency (75.63% for MB and 82.36% for AR18), whereas thermal regeneration showed the lowest (34.63% and 50.36%, respectively), demonstrating the superior regeneration performance of the EF method and the potential reusability of MMT@CuFe2O4 in practical dye removal applications.

PMID 42230692
Read full article →

+5007 more articles available with a free account

Sign up free to view all articles →

Ask about montmorillonite