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montmorillonite (Diarrafin)

✓ Approved

Beijing Holley-Cotec Pharma · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is montmorillonite?

montmorillonite is a small molecule developed by Beijing Holley-Cotec Pharma. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesDiarrafin
CompanyBeijing Holley-Cotec Pharma
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Beijing Holley-Cotec Pharma

Therapeutic Indications

montmorillonite is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Gastrointestinal disordersDiarrhoea✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedACS applied materials & interfaces2026-11-10

Polymer-Two-Dimensional Filler Composites for Hydrogen Barrier Materials: Transport Theory, Design Strategies, and Experimental Advances.

Yang Pengcheng P, Zhang Wenhong W, Xu Da D, Olivieri Federico F et al.

Hydrogen energy is widely regarded as one of the most promising pathways toward sustainable, low-carbon energy systems. However, hydrogen permeation remains a critical challenges for pipelines, storage vessels, and other hydrogen-related equipment. These issues not only reduce structural reliability but also raise significant safety concerns during long-term service. To mitigate hydrogen permeation, various hydrogen barrier materials, including metals, ceramics, and polymers, have been extensively investigated. Recently, incorporating two-dimensional (2D) materials used as fillers into polymer matrices has emerged as an effective strategy for enhancing hydrogen barrier performance by increasing diffusion tortuosity and suppressing hydrogen transport pathways. As a result, layered silicates (e.g., montmorillonite, MMT), graphene-based materials, MXenes (e.g., Ti3C2Tx), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have attracted increasing attention for advanced hydrogen barrier applications. Despite rapid progress in polymer/2D filler composite barrier materials, which can be implemented as surface coatings, bulk liners, or free-standing films, enhancement of barrier properties through the optimization of nanosheet alignment, interfacial stability, oxidation resistance as well as scalable fabrication and long-term durability remain major challenges. Moreover, a mechanistic understanding of hydrogen transport and the structure-property relationships that determine barrier performance remains also insufficient, limiting their practical employment in hydrogen-energy systems. Therefore, this review systematically summarizes recent advances in polymer/2D filler composite hydrogen barrier materials, with a particular focus on theoretical aspects related to gas permeability in 2D nanocomposites, hydrogen transport mechanisms, structure-property relationships, fabrication strategies, durability, and engineering applications. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives for next-generation multifunctional hydrogen barrier materials are discussed, aiming to provide guidance for the rational design and industrial implementation of advanced hydrogen barrier systems.

PMID 43004958
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PubMedRSC advances2026-11-05

Cation modification of montmorillonite regulates the retention of biomass-derived artificial humic substances.

Pakzad Khatereh K, Ischia Giulia G, Antonietti Markus M, Kim Jiyong J et al.

Interactions between biomass-derived organic matter and clay minerals are important for understanding organo-mineral associations and evaluating strategies for organic carbon retention. In this work, artificial humic substances (AHS) were prepared from pear pomace and pine bark as biowastes through hydrothermal humification. The resulting AHS were then contacted with pristine and cation-modified montmorillonite (MON) to investigate the effect of Na+, Ca2+, and Fe3+ modification on AHS adsorption. AHS adsorption behavior was evaluated over a concentration range of 0.5-25 g L-1, and the resulting materials were characterized using complementary structural, textural, and surface-sensitive techniques. Carbon retention increased in the order Na-MON < Ca-MON < Fe-MON, with values of 316, 413, and 546 mg C per g clay for Na-MON, Ca-MON, and Fe-MON, respectively. Among the models evaluated, the Sips model exhibited the best agreement with the experimental adsorption isotherm data, suggesting heterogeneous adsorption behavior and a finite retention capacity within the investigated concentration range. The pseudo-second-order model better described adsorption kinetics than the pseudo-first-order model. Across four adsorption-desorption cycles, Fe-MON exhibited the lowest desorption capacity, decreasing from 58.37 mg C g-1 in the first cycle to 12.83 mg C g-1 in the fourth, while Na-MON showed the highest relative desorption, decreasing from 143.15 to 40.17 mg C g-1. These findings demonstrate that cation modification influenced both AHS retention and the interfacial properties of MON, highlighting the potential of biomass-derived AHS-mineral composites for further investigation in carbon management and circular bioeconomy applications.

PMID 42985118
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PubMedJournal of materials chemistry. B2026-11-03

Guar gum- and montmorillonite-based all-natural hydrogels for superior wound healing.

Verma Amisha A, Choudhury Avishek Mallick AM, Devi Anupama A, Patel Upakar U et al.

A nanoclay-based biopolymer hydrogel has been developed using guar gum and montmorillonite, demonstrating excellent wound healing efficacy. Montmorillonite has a smaller particle size (∼30 nm), which improves penetration across the epidermal barrier and thereby boosts wound healing. Guar gum-montmorillonite hydrogel (G-MMT) exhibited good physicochemical properties and controlled release of the montmorillonite clay till 94 hours in the release kinetics study. The antibacterial performance of G-MMT was assessed by determining its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the S. aureus and E. coli strains. The formulated hydrogel's biocompatibility, cytotoxicity and wound healing efficacy were assessed in vitro using NIH3T3 cells, confirming its non-toxic nature and faster cell migration that leads to wound closure within 40 hours of scratch formation. In vivo studies with albino rats demonstrated superior wound healing performance, as evidenced by accelerated wound-area reduction and reduced inflammation, and enhanced vascularization, as demonstrated by TNF-α and CD31 immunohistochemistry. In vivo studies confirmed no damage to major organs, as verified through histology. Large-animal wound healing studies demonstrated that G-MMT has superior healing efficacy over conventional treatments, achieving rapid and complete wound closure in disbudding models. These findings position G-MMT as a clinically viable, biodegradable alternative for effective wound management.

PMID 42974752
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PubMedLangmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids2026-11-03

Montmorillonite Enabled Self-Healing Fluorinated Polyurethane Electrolyte with High Ion Conductivity and Interfacial Stability in Quasi-Solid Lithium Metal Batteries.

Chen Yifan Y, Li Yuhan Y, Zhou You Y, Ning Huiyan H et al.

Quasi-solid-state polymer electrolytes show promise for lithium metal batteries but suffer from sluggish ion transport and severe high-potential interfacial side reactions. Herein, we rationally design a fluorinated polyurethane (FTPU) matrix with dynamic hydrogen-bond networks and construct a series of exfoliated montmorillonite (MMT)-reinforced self-healing composite gel electrolytes. The soft segments provide continuous Li+ transport pathways, while the hard segments and montmorillonite nanofillers synergistically enhance the mechanical stability and promote LiF-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation. The composite electrolyte achieves room-temperature ionic conductivity of 0.581 mS cm-1, low activation energy of 0.06 eV, wide electrochemical window of 5.38 V, and high Li+ transference number of 0.76. The corresponding quasi-solid-state lithium-metal battery incorporating this electrolyte delivers high capacity retention (80.9%) after 100 cycles at 0.2 C. This study provides important theoretical foundations and experimental support for the structural design and interface regulation of polymer electrolytes for high-performance lithium-metal batteries.

PMID 42975348
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PubMedLangmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids2026-11-03

Montmorillonite-Regulated C3N4/Co3O4 Interface Enables Sustained Radical-Driven Photocatalytic Peroxymonosulfate Oxidation of Bisphenol A.

Li Min M, Liu Xudong X, Xie Zhinan Z, Du Chunfang C et al.

Interfacial regulation provides a route to couple charge separation, Co-site chemistry, and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation in photocatalytic oxidation. Here, a montmorillonite-regulated C3N4/Co3O4 photocatalyst (MCNCo) was constructed for light-assisted BPA degradation. MCNCo achieved 85.2% BPA removal within 60 min, compared with 70.2% for CNCo, despite its lower specific surface area and substantially lower bulk Co content. KPFM revealed a 0.404 eV work-function difference between C3N4 and Co3O4, while SPV, photocurrent, PL, and EIS measurements consistently showed enhanced photoinduced charge separation after MMT incorporation. Component-control experiments identified Co-containing sites as the primary direct PMS activation centers, with C3N4 supplying photogenerated carriers and MMT regulating the defect-rich interfacial environment and Co-site stability. MCNCo/PMS/Vis followed a photogenerated-charge-assisted radical pathway in which •OH and SO4•-contributed 47.76 and 22.67%, respectively, whereas 1O2 contributed 0.05%. Although MCNCo and CNCo reached the same final PMS decomposition efficiency (80.36%), MCNCo showed the higher PMS utilization index (0.139 versus 0.115), consistent with its sustained BPA oxidation. MCNCo also maintained catalytic activity over ten cycles, and TOC removal increased to 72.63% at 300 min. These results establish layered MMT as an interfacial regulator that couples defect control, charge transfer, and Co-mediated PMS activation.

PMID 42975366
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PubMedInternational journal of biological macromolecules2026-10-30

Integrated 3D-bioprinted bilayered gellan gum-based nanocomposite hydrogels with inductive nanoparticles and enhanced pro-angiogenic potential for osteochondral tissue engineering.

Hashemi-Afzal Fariba F, Bagheri Fatemeh F, Vasheghani-Farahani Ebrahim E, Tayebi Lobat L et al.

Osteochondral defects present a significant clinical challenge due to the limited self-healing capacity of cartilage and the complex, graded interface between tissues. This study developed a novel 3D-bioprinted bilayered scaffold designed to mimic the native osteochondral unit. The cartilage-like layer comprised a dual-crosslinked network of gellan gum (GG), oxidized gellan gum (OGG), and decellularized human amniotic membrane (dHAM), reinforced with melatonin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (MEL@PLGA) to promote chondrogenesis. This layer exhibited a uniform pore size (~442 μm), a compressive modulus of ~172.4 kPa, and controlled degradation over 21 days. Biological evaluations confirmed enhanced glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production and proteoglycan-rich matrix formation, indicating efficient chondrogenic differentiation. The subchondral bone layer consisted of GG, OGG, and silk fibroin (SF), reinforced with strontium-doped montmorillonite (Sr@MMT) nanosilicates (GG-OGG-SF/Sr@MMT). This formulation significantly enhanced mechanical properties (with a compressive modulus up to 466.3 kPa) while simultaneously promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Tensile testing of the bilayered construct revealed a tensile modulus of ~180 kPa confirming strong interfacial integration. In vitro results demonstrated markedly increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and increased calcium deposition (confirmed by Alizarin Red staining), indicating robust osteogenic differentiation and mineralization. Furthermore, extracts from Sr@MMT-containing scaffolds significantly enhanced HUVEC migration and tube formation, supporting the scaffold's pro-angiogenic potential. The bilayered construct supported region-specific differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs), upregulating chondrogenic markers (SOX9, COL2, ACAN) in the cartilage layer and osteogenic markers (RUNX2, COL1, OCN) in the subchondral bone layer. This multifunctional 3D-bioprinted bilayered scaffold offers a promising strategy for osteochondral tissue engineering.

PMID 42963015
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