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IN

insulin (insulin, HGT / Insuman Implantable / Insuman Comb)

✓ Approved

Sanofi S.A · INSR · Recombinant Proteins

What is insulin?

insulin is a recombinant proteins developed by Sanofi S.A. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection or subcutaneous injection or surgical implantation or intraperitoneal injection.

Drug Profile

Brand Namesinsulin, HGT, Insuman Implantable, Insuman Comb
CompanySanofi S.A
Drug ClassRecombinant Proteins, Polypeptide
Molecular TargetINSR
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection, Subcutaneous Injection, Surgical Implantation, Intraperitoneal Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Sanofi S.A

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

insulin acts on 1 molecular target:

INSRinsulin receptor (CD220, HHF5)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

insulin is developed for 2 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 1 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedMalaysian family physician : the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia2026-06-09

Metaphoric medicine: A retrospective clinical audit of glycaemic outcomes associated with an analogy-based consultation framework for insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Omar Muhammad Hanif MH, Zakaria Zainal Fitri ZF, Wan Mohd Nasruddin Wan Nusairi WN, Mokhlis Muzawani M

Poor glycaemic control among patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Malaysia remains a major challenge despite increased insulin use. Patient education is limited by complex medical explanations and lack of standardised consultation protocols. Methods: We conducted a retrospective clinical audit of patients with T2DM attending a structured self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) clinic from January to July 2023. Patients on insulin with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels of >8.5% were consecutively enrolled into a multicomponent care package comprising the Metaphoric Medicine Practical Roadmap for Insulin Management Essentials (M2-PRIME) consultation framework, an analogy-based educational tool employing the 'garbage and lorry' metaphor as well as structured 6-week follow-ups, SMBG review and insulin dose adjustment. The primary outcomes were changes in HbA1c and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels at 6 months. Eighty-nine patients completed follow-up (mean age=57.2 years; women=57.5%). The mean baseline HbA1c and FBS levels were 11.88% (±1.84) and 12.54 mmol/L (±6.32), respectively. After 6 months, the HbA1c level decreased by 1.57% (95% CI=1.14, 2.00; P<0.001) and the FBS level by 3.32 mmol/L (95% CI=2.21, 4.44; P<0.001). The HbA1c and FBS levels improved in 63 (70.8%) and 59 (66.3%) patients, respectively. Consultations incorporating the M2-PRIME were associated with clinically meaningful pre-post reductions in HbA1c and FBS levels among poorly controlled insulin-treated T2DM cases. However, without a control group, the independent contribution of the M2-PRIME cannot be isolated from concurrent insulin intensification and structured follow-up. These findings are preliminary and hypothesis-generating. A prospective randomised controlled trial is warranted.

PMID 42261365
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PubMedScientific reports2026-06-09

Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio of the gut microbiota and its association with abdominal obesity and insulin resistance (METS-IR) in Korean adults.

Park Jae-Min JM, Choi Ja-Eun JE, Kwon Yu-Jin YJ, Lee Ji-Won JW et al.

The gut microbiota has been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio may serve as a marker of metabolic health; nonetheless, evidence for its association with abdominal obesity and insulin resistance in Asian populations remains scarce. This retrospective cross-sectional study included 186 Korean adults undergoing health check-ups. Gut microbiota composition was assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the phylum-level F/B ratio was calculated. Abdominal obesity was defined using waist circumference criteria for Asian populations, and insulin resistance was evaluated using the metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR). Participants were categorized into F/B ratio quartiles. Associations between the F/B ratio, abdominal obesity, and insulin resistance were examined using linear and logistic regression analyses with adjustment for potential confounders. Higher F/B ratios were inversely associated with waist circumference and METS-IR. Abdominal obesity prevalence decreased progressively across increasing F/B ratio quartiles. In multivariable linear regression analyses, the F/B ratio remained independently associated with lower METS-IR (β =  - 0.911, p = 0.040). In fully adjusted logistic regression models, participants in the highest F/B ratio quartile had significantly lower odds of abdominal obesity than did those in the lowest quartile (OR = 0.17, 95% CI 0.05-0.59). In Korean adults, the gut microbial F/B ratio was inversely associated with abdominal obesity and insulin resistance, as assessed by METS-IR, a composite index reflecting adiposity-related metabolic dysfunction. These findings suggest that gut microbiota composition may be metabolically relevant to visceral adiposity-related metabolic dysfunction and that the F/B ratio could serve as a complementary indicator for metabolic risk stratification.

PMID 42259902
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PubMedArchives of virology2026-06-09

Emergence of norovirus GII.7 and predominance of recombinant strains in pediatric acute gastroenteritis in Japan, 2021-2024.

Imakado Setsuko S, Pham Ngan Thi Kim NTK, Khamrin Pattara P, Shimizu-Onda Yuko Y et al.

Noroviruses (NoVs) are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, with genetic diversity driven by recombination and genotype replacement. This study investigated the prevalence and molecular characteristics of NoVs among Japanese children with AGE from July 2021 to June 2024. A total of 1,095 stool samples were collected from three prefectures (Kyoto, Osaka, and Shizuoka), and NoV RNA was detected in 456 cases (41.6%). Genogroup GII predominated (96.9%), while GI infections were rare. Genotyping identified eight genotypes, including two GI (GI.1, GI.6) and six GII (GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.17). GII.4 remained the predominant genotype (71.7%) throughout the study period. Notably, GII.7 emerged in 2023-2024 and became the second most prevalent genotype. Analysis of the ORF1/ORF2 junction identified multiple RdRp-capsid combinations, with recombinant strains accounting for 92.5% of detections. The predominant recombinant lineages were GII.4[P16] and GII.4[P31], followed by GII.2[P16]. Phylogenetic analysis indicated close relatedness to strains circulating internationally. These findings demonstrate the sustained predominance of GII.4, the emergence of GII.7, and the high prevalence of recombinant strains among Japanese children, highlighting the importance of continuous molecular surveillance.

PMID 42262572
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PubMedFertility and sterility2026-06-09

Deconstructing Triglyceride Glucose-Body Mass Index in Normal-Weight Women with Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome.

Dumesic Daniel A DA, Grogan Tristan R TR, Song Michelle M MM, Singhal Vibha V

To study the biological pathways underlying the triglyceride glucose-body mass index, calculated as natural logarithm (plasma triglyceride [mg/dL] × fasting blood glucose [mg/dL]/2) × body mass index, in normal-weight women with polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome and age-/body mass index-matched normoandrogenic ovulatory (control) women, and to determine whether the triglyceride glucose-body mass index in such women is a useful clinical predictor of reduced in vitro fertilization pregnancy outcome. Retrospective cohort study SUBJECTS: Twenty-one normal-weight women with polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome and 19 age- and body mass index-matched controls. All women underwent fasting circulating metabolic/androgenic determinations. The triglyceride glucose-body mass index was compared between women with polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome and age-/body mass index-matched controls and correlated with metabolic/androgenic outcomes. Serum luteinizing hormone/androgen levels and fasting serum triglyceride/insulin levels were significantly greater in women with polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome than controls (luteinizing hormone/androgen levels, P<0.005 all values; triglyceride, P=0.028; insulin, P=0.037). Adipose insulin resistance also was increased in women with polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome versus controls (P < 0.005). Triglyceride glucose-body mass index and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, however, were not significantly different by female type. In multivariable linear regression, triglyceride glucose-body mass index was unassociated with polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome, serum free testosterone or fasting serum insulin levels. Instead, in all women combined, higher triglyceride glucose-body mass index levels were associated with greater adipose insulin resistance (P=0.01), higher serum non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.02), and lower serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.02) levels. Adipose insulin resistance accompanying altered lipid metabolism underlies the triglyceride glucose-body mass index of normal-weight women with polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome and age-/body mass index-matched controls. The triglyceride glucose-body mass index, however, may have limited utility in predicting reduced in vitro fertilization pregnancy outcome in normal-weight women with polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome, although confirmation in similar cohorts undergoing in vitro fertilization is needed.

PMID 42259483
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PubMedChinese medical journal2026-06-09

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (IGFBP4)high fibroblasts contribute to extracellular matrix degradation in rheumatoid arthritis.

Liang Yangyang Y, Xue Jing J, Zhu Zeqin Z, Nian Miaomiao M et al.

PMID 42260741
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PubMedThe Journal of nutrition2026-06-09

Effect of an acute prolonged overnight fast on skeletal muscle insulin and anabolic sensitivity in healthy men.

Mallinson Joanne E JE, Keeton Mia M, Nixon Aline A, Sheth Abhishek A et al.

Repeated prolonged overnight fasting enhances anabolic sensitivity and preserves myofibrillar protein synthesis. Whether a single fasting episode can enhance dietary protein-derived amino acid incorporation into skeletal muscle protein remains unclear. To investigate the effect of a single 16-hour versus 10-hour overnight fast on postprandial insulin and anabolic sensitivity in humans. Randomized, cross-over study. On 2 occasions, healthy participants (n=9; age 22.6±3.5 y; BMI 24.0±2.5 kg·m-2; HOMA-IR 1.00±0.54) ingested a liquid meal, which consisted of specifically produced, intrinsically [1-13C]phenylalanine labelled milk protein (0.35 g·kg-1 body mass, bm) and dextrose (0.8 g·kg-1 bm), dissolved in 6 mL·kg-1 bm water, after either a 10-hour (Control) or 16-hour (Long OF) overnight fast. Skeletal muscle and blood samples were obtained before, during, and 3 hours after meal ingestion. Postprandial incorporation of dietary protein-derived [1-13C]phenylalanine into myofibrillar protein did not differ between Control and Long OF (0.018±0.005 vs. 0.022±0.005 Mole Percent Excess (MPE), ds=0.22, P=0.56). Forearm branched amino acid uptake iAUC [Δ (95% CI) 103 (-1618 to 1823) μmol.min-1.180min, ds=0.05, P=0.892] and glucose uptake [Δ (95% CI) 24.7 (to -25.3 to 74.8) μmol.min-1, η2p=0.16, P=0.280] also did not differ between treatments, but the postprandial serum insulin response [Δ (95% CI) -7.4 (-14.4 to -0.4) mIU.L-1, η2p=0.42, P=0.042] was lower in Long OF. A single prolonged overnight fast does not enhance postprandial skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity or dietary protein-derived amino acid incorporation into skeletal muscle protein in healthy, young adults. Whether susceptible populations such as older, insulin resistant individuals, may benefit from a more prolonged overnight fast warrants investigation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT05420181 URL OF REGISTRATION: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05420181?term=overnight%20fasting%0AKostas%20Tsintzas&rank=1.

PMID 42259439
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