Drug Database
IB

ibuprofen (Ibuprof von CT 2% / Ibuprof von CT / Ibupan)

✓ Approved

Adare Pharma Solutions · PTGS1 · Small Molecule

What is ibuprofen?

ibuprofen is a small molecule developed by Adare Pharma Solutions. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesIbuprof von CT 2%, Ibuprof von CT, Ibupan
CompanyAdare Pharma Solutions
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetPTGS1, PTGS2
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Adare Pharma Solutions

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

ibuprofen acts on 2 molecular targets:

PTGS1prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (COX3, PCOX1)
PTGS2prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (GRIPGHS, hCox-2)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

ibuprofen is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Gastrointestinal disordersAbdominal pain✓ Approved
Hepatobiliary disordersHepatitis✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedOdontology2026-09-20

Association of genetic polymorphisms with response to preoperative NSAIDs in endodontic postoperative pain: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Kahramanlar M M, Kahraman Ç Y ÇY, Öztürk S S, Karataş Ertuğrul E

To evaluate the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and UGT2B7 genes on postoperative pain intensity and analgesic response in patients receiving preoperative ibuprofen or diclofenac before endodontic treatment. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial included 191 patients who required endodontic treatment. Patients were randomized to receive ibuprofen 600 mg (n = 61), diclofenac 100 mg (n = 65), or placebo (n = 65). The medications were administered preoperatively, 30 min before the endodontic treatment. Postoperative pain intensity together with analgesic consumption as the primary clinical outcomes was assessed using a visual analog scale at 6, 12, and 24 h and on days 2, 3, 5, and 7 postoperatively and analgesic consumption was recorded during the follow-up period. Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and UGT2B7 were analyzed in all participants. The relationship between genotypes and postoperative pain scores and analgesic response was statistically evaluated. There were no statistically significant differences among the drug groups in terms of postoperative pain levels. However, in the diclofenac group, the CYP2C8 rs10509681 polymorphism was associated with significantly higher postoperative pain scores at 24 h and on day 2. These findings provide preliminary evidence that genetic variation in CYP2C8 may influence the analgesic response to diclofenac following endodontic treatment. However, these exploratory findings require confirmation in larger, independent studies before their clinical relevance can be established.

PMID 42763370
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PubMedIn vitro models2026-09-20

Combined 2D and 3D cell culture models as a strategy to reduce the use of animals in antitumoral compound screening.

Fontão Ana Paula Gregório Alves APGA, E Silva Gustavo Werneck de Souza GWS, Barroso Wanise Borges Gouveia WBG, Barroso Gouveia G et al.

Advances in drug discovery and early clinical development depends fundamentally on robust pre-clinical research and a comprehensive understanding of cancer biology. There is an international effort to reduce the use of animals in research and product development, with a focus on technical advances to build better in vitro models. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture mimics the architecture of solid tumors and could be validated as an alternative method to animal use in research and development, promoting faster and more. A workflow of assays and decision points was established in the FIOCRUZ Technological Platform of Bioassays for antitumoral drugs at Farmanguinhos - FIOCRUZ. The flow with increased complexity starts with simple 2D assays, going through assays for determination of apoptosis and finally 3D assays for cytotoxicity and biomarker modulation. This drug discovery flow was challenged by two molecules received by our platform. As first step, compounds were tested in a single concentration using cell lines in the 2D model, with cytotoxicity assessment performed by the MTT assay. This stage is intended for early-phase projects (TRL 1 and 2), including the screening of new molecules, development of nanopreparations, and activity-guided synthesis or natural product fractionation. When at least 30% of cytotoxicity is observed, samples are forwarded for IC50 determination and, if a good IC50 is observed (below 10 µM) the selectivity index (SI) is determined and apoptosis analysis is performed. At this stage, the projects are already at more advanced maturity levels, covering lead compounds, enriched fractions, isolated natural products and optimized nanopreparations. Samples with good performance (IC50 below 10 µM and SI above 3) are subsequently evaluated in 3D spheroid models using the forced suspension method, with the goal of complementing cytotoxicity data and then advancing to studies on biomarker expression. In this study, we have carried out assays on MCF-7 cell line. As expected, compounds RPT11M_10330 and RPT11M_10332 showed significant differences in IC50 values between the 2D and 3D models. We observed that both compounds were cytotoxic and were equally effective as doxorubicin in the 2D model. The 3D model exhibited greater intrinsic resistance compared to the 2D model, as described in the literature; the Ultra-low attachment spheroid culture environment changed the tumor cellular responses to drugs as IC50 values of these molecules were higher in the 3D model. Each approach has its own strengths and limitations and should be considered both individually and in an integrated manner. Recent advances in preclinical screening tools, which more reliably predict clinical effects and adverse events of drug candidates, have begun a new era in drug development and screening. We suggest a combination of well-established 2D models with emerging techniques, such as 3D models, in drug research and development that may lead to robust preclinical reports, accelerating drug discovery projects. The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s44164-026-00137-7.

PMID 42763475
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PubMedAllergologia et immunopathologia2026-09-19

Systematic allergological evaluation enables NSAID allergy delabeling and identification of safe alternatives in adults.

Guzmán Avilán Rosa I RI, Avilés Vargas Silvia Rosario SR, González Díaz Sandra N SN, Ortega Natalhie Acuña NA et al.

Hypersensitivity reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a frequent reason for allergy referral and a major diagnostic challenge. In everyday practice, overdiagnosis contributes to unnecessary drug avoidance, restricting therapeutic access to first-line analgesic and anti-inflammatory treatments and impacting clinical care. To determine the true prevalence of confirmed NSAID hypersensitivity in adults with suspected reactions through systematic allergological evaluation and assess its clinical impact on therapeutic access through safe delabeling and identification of alternative agents. We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional study including adults ≥18 years with suspected NSAID hypersensitivity evaluated at a tertiary referral center in Mexico between March and November 2025. All patients underwent standardized assessment including detailed clinical history, skin testing (prick and intradermal), and controlled drug provocation tests (DPTs) with acetylsalicylic acid, the implicated NSAID, and celecoxib. Clinical phenotypes were classified according to EAACI/ENDA guidelines. Associations between clinical variables and confirmed hypersensitivity were analyzed. Thirty-three patients were included; 72.7% were women, and 42.4% were aged 18-30 years. Atopy was present in 63.6%. Urticaria/angioedema predominated (69.7%). Ibuprofen and diclofenac were most frequently implicated (45.5%). Skin testing showed low diagnostic yield (6.1% prick; 21.2% intradermal). DPT was positive in 24.2%, mainly inducing urticaria. Celecoxib was tolerated in all patients with multiple hypersensitivity. Overall, 48.5% had no confirmed hypersensitivity and were successfully delabeled, restoring access to NSAID therapy. Multiple hypersensitivity occurred in 39.4% and selective reactions in 12.1%, with NIUAA as the predominant phenotype (33.4%). Atopy (p = 0.002) and recurrent episodes (p < 0.001) were associated with multiple hypersensitivity. Nearly half of adults labeled as NSAID-allergic were not truly hypersensitive. These prospective Mexican data demonstrate the clinical impact of systematic evaluation in reducing overdiagnosis and improving therapeutic access.

PMID 42760878
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PubMedAmerican journal of community psychology2026-09-19

Transitioning to nonpunitive school policies for addressing student substance use: Qualitative interviews with key school administrators.

Conroy Kristina K, Albright M Grace MG, Roberts Kendall B KB, Costello Meghan A MA et al.

Recent policy change in Massachusetts encourages schools to limit their use of exclusionary discipline to "extraordinary circumstances," but little work has explored the opportunities and challenges of transitioning to nonpunitive practices after student substance use infractions in schools. As such, the current study conducted semistructured interviews with key school administrators involved in disciplinary decisions to examine their personal beliefs about punishment, their policies for addressing student substance use, and their perceptions of transitioning to nonpunitive approaches. Participating school administrators (N = 24) served 20 schools, with 25% of participants working in schools serving students from predominantly ethnically/racially minoritized groups. Analyses leveraged a combined inductive and deductive content analysis. Qualitative themes highlighted how suspension remains the most common response, and yet, administrators have mixed feelings (e.g., perceived advantages, concerns about equity and effectiveness) about punishment for student substance use. Accordingly, school administrators are exploring alternative responses and believe in incorporating educational components into substance use response. School administrators discussed logistical (e.g., staff capacity) and attitudinal (e.g., "old-school" discipline mindset) determinants of transitioning to nonpunitive school practices. As key school decision makers, continued partnership with school administrators is vital to inform sustainable policy change that optimizes adolescent outcomes.

PMID 42762095
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PubMedAnalytica chimica acta2026-09-19

EDXRF-based direct non-destructive compositional characterization of actinides in UF4-ThF4-LiF molten salt reactor fuels.

Dhara Sangita S, Rai Abhishek A, Sanyal Kaushik K, Shafeeq Muhammed M et al.

UF4-ThF4-LiF molten salt system is used as fuel in Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs), which is a class of advanced Generation IV reactors. Determination of the actinides in the MSR fuel is a crucial part of the chemical quality control for nuclear fuels. Development of non-destructive, direct methods of analysis has several advantages including non alteration of the fuel matrix thereby, preserving the precious material for further use. Simple glove box compatible sample preparation methodologies are the need of the hour. Therefore, development and implementation of robust, simple, non-destructive characterization methods are indispensable. Hence, EDXRF based non-destructive method for compositional characterization of U and Th in UF4-ThF4-LiF molten salt fuels has been developed successfully for the routine analysis. Three different glovebox friendly sample preparation strategies for analysis of samples in form of slurry, suspension and powders have been developed. The analytical results obtained using EDXRF were compared with micro-XRF. EDXRF analytical results has a precision of 0.4% (n = 6) and the degree of trueness is 0.7%. The analytical results obtained using EDXRF are comparable to wet analytical methods with added advantage of no sample dissolution and zero generation of radio-analytical waste. The developed analytical methods can be easily extended to operations inside gloveboxes.

PMID 42763170
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PubMedAnalytica chimica acta2026-09-19

Surface-engineering of Fe(III)-polydopamine nanoparticles enabling high-resolution optical-electrochemical dual-mode imaging of various latent fingerprints.

Yu Yiming Y, Du Xin X, Wang Zhiming Z, Zhang Meiqin M

High-resolution visualization of latent fingerprints (LFPs) is crucial for effective crime scene investigation. The small particle reagent (SPR) method, known for its operational simplicity, broad applicability, and reliable development performance, shows great potential in LFPs development. However, studies that systematically investigate the interaction mechanisms between materials and LFPs while enabling high-resolution development remain scarce. In this study, we performed systematic surface-engineering modification of Fe(III)-polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles, achieving high-resolution optical-electrochemical dual-mode imaging of LFPs. The surface charge and wettability of the materials were regulated by adding triethanolamine (TEA), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) to Fe(III)-PDA aqueous suspension, producing five nanoparticles with all combinations of positive/negative charges and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity. It was found that positively charged and hydrophobic nanoparticles were more suitable as developing agents for LFPs due to strong interfacial adhesion between them. This approach enabled the visualization of level 1 to level 3 features of LFPs on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes, as well as level 1 and level 2 features of LFPs transferred via PVDF membranes from various substrates. Subsequent experiments involving consecutive fingerprint deposition and aged fingerprint development further demonstrated the high sensitivity and stability of this strategy. Notably, leveraging the strong electrochemical activity of Fe(III), which induces differential electrochemical reactivity between the ridge and furrow regions of fingerprints, we integrated PVDF membrane transfer with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to effectively reduce interference from complex substrate backgrounds and achieve high-resolution imaging of LFPs. These findings indicate that our developed "Fe(III)-PDA-TEA-CTAC + PVDF membrane" strategy opens a new avenue for the efficient development and selection of reagents toward LFP imaging.

PMID 42763150
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