Drug Database
CH

chloral hydrate (Escre suppositories)

✓ Approved

Hisamitsu · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is chloral hydrate?

chloral hydrate is a small molecule developed by Hisamitsu. It is approved for therapeutic indications via rectal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesEscre suppositories
CompanyHisamitsu
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteRectal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Hisamitsu

Therapeutic Indications

chloral hydrate is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Nervous system disordersEpilepsy✓ Approved
Psychiatric disordersInsomnia✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedFrontiers in pharmacology2026-07-25

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) modulates the excitability of brain noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons: possible involvement of FGFR1 and FGFR4 receptors.

Paliokha Ruslan R, Racicky Matej M, Grinchii Daniil D, Khoury Talah T et al.

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), in addition to its primary function in the connective tissue, plays also a role in the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, anxiolytic, antidepressant, and pro-addictive properties of this molecule have been reported. Our previous study showed that pro-alcohol consumption effect of FGF2 is mediated, at least in part, via its interaction with the central dopaminergic system. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that pro-addictive and/or antidepressant-like effects of FGF2 can also be linked with FGF2-noradrenaline and FGF2-serotonin (5-HT) interactions. Adult male Wistar rats, weighing 250-350 g, were treated with the recombinant FGF2, selective inhibitors of FGFR1 (PD173074), FGFR2 (lirafugratinib), FGFR4 (BLU9931), or corresponding vehicle. The excitability of the noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) and serotonergic (5-HT) neurons of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) was assessed using the single-unit in vivo electrophysiology under chloral hydrate anesthesia. We found that FGF2 stimulated the burst firing of noradrenergic neurons and inhibited the burst firing of 5-HT neurons. PD173074 decreased the density of the spontaneously active noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus, whereas BLU9931 had a stimulatory effect on the burst activity of 5-HT neurons. The psychoactive effects of the FGF2 might be mediated, at least in part, via its interaction with the central monoaminergic circuits. The FGF2-catecholaminergic interactions are putatively mediated via FGFR1, and FGF2-5-HT-crosstalk-via FGFR4. These two receptors can be thus potential targets for the future CNS drugs.

PMID 42499486
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PubMedTransfusion and apheresis science : official journal of the World Apheresis Association : official journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis2026-07-25

RHD genotyping of serological weak D phenotypes among blood donors in Eastern Iran.

Shamahmood Mobina Nakhaei MN, Oodi Arezoo A, Anani Sarab Gholamreza G, Sajjadi Seyed Mehdi SM et al.

Qualitative and quantitative alterations of the D antigen, including weak D and partial D phenotypes, may lead to hemolytic transfusion reactions and hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN). Among these variants, the Partial DLO phenotype is clinically significant due to its potential to induce anti-D formation upon exposure to RhD-positive red blood cells. This study aimed to determine, for the first time, the prevalence of RHD variants in eastern Iran. Between October 2024 and October 2025, fifteen blood samples exhibiting weak D antigen expression from blood donors in eastern Iran were analyzed. Serological phenotyping for D, C, c, E, and e antigens was performed. Molecular assessment of RHD variant alleles was conducted using PCR-SSP, Real-time PCR, and DNA sequencing. The analysis of samples with serologically weak D expression revealed three different partial D alleles. The highest prevalence was observed for the Partial DLO allele (80%), followed by the Partial type 11 allele (13.3%) and the Partial DV type 2 allele (6.7%). Additionally, the Partial DLO phenotype was predominantly associated with the DCce antigen profile, with fewer cases showing the DCe profile. The high prevalence of the Partial DLO phenotype (80%) among weak D individuals despite being reported as rare in most populations worldwide highlights a potentially unique genetic pattern in eastern Iran. These findings underscore the importance of implementing molecular RHD genotyping to improve transfusion safety in this region.

PMID 42497722
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PubMedThe Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association2026-07-25

Correlates of Rural Naloxone Possession Among People Who Use Drugs: A Multi-State Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Moore P Quincy PQ, Mixson L Sarah LS, Bolinski Rebecca R, Colston David C DC et al.

Naloxone administration by laypersons is proven to reduce opioid overdose mortality. Despite legislative advances, people who use drugs (PWUD) in rural settings face unique barriers to naloxone possession. This study aims to examine naloxone possession and identify its correlates among a large, geographically diverse sample of people who either use opioids or inject drugs in rural areas. We performed a cross-sectional analysis using Rural Opioid Initiative (ROI) data from rural counties of ten US states. Study sites administered a harmonized survey instrument of 3048 PWUD recruited from January 2018 to March 2020. The primary outcome was current naloxone possession. Potential correlates were identified through review of the literature. Data were collected on demographics, drug use behaviors, overdose experiences, access to care, and addiction treatment. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, bivariate associations, and multivariable prevalence ratios. Among 3008 participants included in the analysis, 36.4% reported possessing naloxone. Naloxone possession was associated with younger age, illegal income sources, past 30-day opioid use, personal history of overdose, witnessing an overdose, knowing someone who died from an overdose, current injection drug use, and receiving syringes from syringe service programs (SSPs). No association was found between access to care and naloxone possession. Only 36% of high-risk rural PWUD possessed naloxone. Factors such as injection drug use, overdose history, and SSP access increased the likelihood of naloxone possession. These findings highlight the need for targeted naloxone distribution strategies in rural areas, considering the unique barriers faced by rural PWUD.

PMID 42499285
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PubMedACS omega2026-07-24

Hydrates-Based Separation of CH4/N2 Gas Using Copper Foam and Chemical Promoters.

Wang Lanyun L, Lv Zecheng Z, Mu Shifang S, Xu Yongliang Y et al.

Hydrate-based gas separation (HBGS) offers a safe and promising route for capturing low-concentration coalbed methane (CH4). Herein, the formation behavior of CH4 hydrates promoted by 1,3-dioxolane (1,3-DIOX) and porous copper foam (CF) was systematically investigated. Experimental results demonstrated that the combined use of CF (60 PPI) and 5.56 mol % 1,3-DIOX under a coupled spraying-stirring mode markedly accelerates hydrate formation, yielding a maximum gas storage capacity of 0.1733 mol CH4 per mole H2O at 3.0 MPa, which is 10.1 times higher than that of the static pure water system. At 4.0 MPa, the maximum capacity is 0.1244 mol CH4/mol H2O, which is 3.7 times higher than that of the static pure water system. Furthermore, due to the higher thermodynamic driving force, the induction time for the 10% CH4 system is shorter than that of the 5% system. Specifically, the induction time with 0.3 wt % l-leucine was 21.31%-40.38% shorter than that of the combined CF and 1,3-DIOX system. After single-stage separation, the CH4 content was effectively enriched from 5% to 8.0%-10.25% and from 10% to 17.9%-21.7%. Compared to l-leucine, the system containing sodium lignosulfonate demonstrated a higher CH4 concentration in the hydrate phase, indicating superior selectivity. The CH4 recovery rates for the feeding gas systems with 10% and 5% CH4 were approximately 40% and 50%, respectively. Comparing to the reported results in smaller reactors of 58-1000 mL, the comparable CH4 recovery here is realized in a much larger scale reactor of 3927 mL, which is really a great improvement. These findings confirm that the proposed CF/1,3-DIOX system is an effective strategy for the enrichment of low-concentration CBM, providing a viable technical route for multistage industrial separation processes.

PMID 42495277
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PubMedEFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority2026-07-24

Assessment of the feed additive consisting of zinc chelate of amino acids hydrate (3b606) for all animal species for the renewal of its authorisation (Zinpro Animal Nutrition (Europe), Inc.).

EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Villa Roberto Edoardo RE, Azimonti Giovanna G, Bonos Eleftherios E et al.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the assessment of the application for renewal of authorisation of zinc chelate of amino acids hydrate as a feed additive for all animal species. The applicant has provided data demonstrating that the additive currently in the market complies with the conditions of authorisation. There is no new evidence that would lead the FEEDAP Panel to reconsider its previous conclusions. Thus, the FEEDAP Panel concludes that the additive remains safe for the target species and consumers. Regarding user safety, the additive is an eye irritant. It is also considered a skin and respiratory sensitiser. Exposure of users by any route is considered a risk and should be minimised. The FEEDAP Panel is not in a position to conclude on the environmental safety of the additive. The conclusions of the forthcoming opinion on the environmental risk assessment of trace elements are expected to be directly applicable to the present assessment and will inform the final evaluation. There is no need to assess the efficacy of the additive in the context of the renewal of the authorisation.

PMID 42494835
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PubMedJournal of paediatrics and child health2026-07-24

Investigating the Relationship Between Sensory Processing, Pain and Toe Walking Gait: A Survey Study.

Donne Jack H JH, Pacey Verity V, Polt Desiree D, Powell Jennifer A JA et al.

This study aimed to examine sensory processing patterns, the frequency and impact of parent-reported pain in children who toe walk across a range of diagnoses using validated caregiver-report tools. An online cross-sectional survey was distributed internationally between July 2024 and March 2025. Parents of children who toe walk aged 3-14 years, regardless of diagnosis, completed the Short Sensory Profile (SSP) and the Child Activity Limitations Interview-9 (CALI-9). The survey collected responses from 176 parents of 187 children with toe walking gait. Sensory processing challenges were frequently reported, particularly in children with autism spectrum disorder (98%). Nearly half (48% of 187) of children were reported to experience pain, most frequently in the feet/ankles, lower legs, and hips/thighs. Most parents (94%) and their child's medical professional (81%) attributed their child's pain to toe walking. Parents of children experiencing pain described significantly greater limitations in activities such as sports (OR 3.10, p < 0.001), running (OR 3.46, p < 0.001), and social participation (OR 2.43, p < 0.001). Sensory processing differences and pain were frequently reported among children who toe walk in this sample. Routine assessment of sensory processing and pain in clinical practice may guide targeted interventions to improve participation, function, and quality of life.

PMID 42493851
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