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chloral hydrate (Escre suppositories)

✓ Approved

Hisamitsu · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is chloral hydrate?

chloral hydrate is a small molecule developed by Hisamitsu. It is approved for therapeutic indications via rectal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesEscre suppositories
CompanyHisamitsu
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteRectal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Hisamitsu

Therapeutic Indications

chloral hydrate is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Nervous system disordersEpilepsy✓ Approved
Psychiatric disordersInsomnia✓ Approved

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PubMedAdvanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)2026-11-11

Scalable Hydrogel-Programmed Porous Photonic Cement for Passive Daytime Cooling.

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Cement is among the most widely produced materials on Earth, yet its strong solar absorption causes building envelopes to act as heat sources, increasing cooling energy demand. Here, we structurally program cement hydration to transform conventional cementitious materials into passive cooling interfaces. Through hydrogel-confined mineralization of cement clinker, we construct a robust, hierarchically porous calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) network that integrates broadband light scattering, vapor transport and thermal insulation. By regulating the composition and crystallinity of the hydrates, the material achieves ∼95% solar reflectance and ∼98% infrared emissivity without the use of additional photonic fillers. The hygroscopic nature of the network further enables sustained evaporative cooling under humid or cloudy conditions where radiative cooling alone becomes inefficient. Life-cycle analysis indicates that this strategy provides a pathway to transform high-emission cement into carbon-mitigating materials integrated within opaque building envelopes, enabling the scalable deployment of daytime radiative cooling across the built environment.

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Sivelestat sodium hydrate is a selective neutrophil elastase inhibitor that attenuates neutrophil-mediated alveolar-capillary injury and is used in some East Asian countries for acute lung injury/ARDS. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of sivelestat in sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and explored whether disease severity, baseline mortality risk, and treatment background modify the mortality effect. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, and ClinicalTrials.gov from database inception to August 27, 2026. Eligible studies were adult studies of sepsis-induced ARDS comparing a sivelestat-containing regimen with an otherwise comparable regimen without sivelestat. COVID-19-only cohorts, non-septic ARDS, mixed-etiology studies without a separable sepsis subgroup, and comparisons in which both groups received sivelestat were excluded. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality; secondary outcomes included P/F ratio, duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU length of stay, organ-function scores, inflammatory markers, and adverse events. Mortality was pooled as odds ratios (ORs) using a random-effects model with restricted maximum likelihood; Hartung-Knapp intervals were used for the primary and study-design analyses. This review was prospectively registered in PROSPERO. Fourteen studies were eligible for qualitative synthesis, and 10 studies (943 patients) provided extractable 2 × 2 mortality data. Deaths occurred in 73/431 patients receiving sivelestat and 125/512 controls. Sivelestat was associated with lower mortality (OR=0.55, 95% CI 0.36-0.84; I2 = 0%). The signal persisted in randomized trials (OR=0.37, 95% CI 0.16-0.86; I2 = 0%). Study-level point estimates appeared more favorable in cohorts with baseline P/F < 100 mmHg and control mortality >30%; however, interaction tests were not statistically significant and severity analyses were ecological. Leave-one-out analyses were stable. Egger testing did not detect significant small-study asymmetry (P = 0.197), although power was limited. Baseline-stratified treatment effects by IL-6, PCT, CRP, or neutrophil elastase were unavailable for quantitative effect-modification analyses. In an updated and etiologically strict evidence synthesis, sivelestat was associated with lower mortality in sepsis-induced ARDS, including in randomized trials. Severe hypoxemia and high baseline risk remain plausible enrichment factors, but current aggregate evidence is insufficient to support a validated phenotype-guided prescribing rule. Co-intervention reporting was sparse, and residual confounding by prone positioning, sedation, neuromuscular blockade, and steroid background cannot be excluded. PROSPERO CRD420261541158.

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