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chloral hydrate (Escre suppositories)

✓ Approved

Hisamitsu · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is chloral hydrate?

chloral hydrate is a small molecule developed by Hisamitsu. It is approved for therapeutic indications via rectal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesEscre suppositories
CompanyHisamitsu
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteRectal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Hisamitsu

Therapeutic Indications

chloral hydrate is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Nervous system disordersEpilepsy✓ Approved
Psychiatric disordersInsomnia✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedThe journal of physical chemistry letters2026-05-24

Redesign to Mechanism: Interpretable AI Reveals Determinants of Protein Hydrate Binding.

Zhang Nan N, Ba Teer T, Li Yan-Nan YN, Liu Jun-Jie JJ et al.

Natural antifreeze proteins (AFPs) demonstrate exquisite structure-function relationships, while in silico designs often struggle to achieve a balance among structural stability, expression efficiency, and functional activity. This study establishes a computational framework integrating deep learning, molecular dynamics simulations, and interpretable machine learning for the rational design of the AFPs. The Chill+ algorithm showed that 83.4% of the designed peptides exhibited superior hydrate inhibition activity relative to wild-type Tenebrio molitor AFP (TmAFP). XGBoost and SHAP analyses revealed that spatially defined structural features more accurately predicted inhibitory activity than statistical sequence features. Asn29 stabilizes the hydrate lattice via bifunctional hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic guest mimicry, while Ser4-Ile17 mutations optimize the hydrophilic water ordering and hydrophobic anchoring. Val mutations further revealed two functional regions within the hydrate-binding site: an ordered anchoring region and a dynamic perturbation region. This work establishes an interpretable and generalizable framework for engineering high-performance AFPs.

PMID 42175929
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PubMedScientific reports2026-05-24

Analyzing climate change trends and projection of their effects on wood equilibrium moisture content using CMIP6 models under SSP scenarios in Iran.

Helali Jalil J, Mohammadi Ghaleni Mehdi M, Kalantari Zahra Z, Brischke Christian C et al.

This study investigates the influence of climate variables, specifically temperature and relative humidity, on the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of wood-a critical quality parameter. Using data from 100 synoptic stations across Iran (1987-2019), we analyzed trends in temperature, humidity, and EMC through the Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope methods. Future projections (2020-2049) employed CMIP6 models-CanESM5, CanESM5-CanOE, CNRM-CM6-1, CNRM-ESM2-1, and IPSL-CM6A-LR-under SSP scenarios, with model selection based on RMSE, Scatter Index, and R². Scenarios SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 were used to project future climatic conditions and corresponding EMC values. The CanESM5-CanOE model exhibits the lowest monthly relative humidity estimation errors in Iran, with errors ranging from 10.1% to 15.0% across different climate zones. Increasing EMC is most frequent under SSP1-2.6 (20%-92% of stations) and SSP5-8.5 (34%-100%). Decreasing trends are significant under SSP2-6.5 (66%-100%) and SSP5-8.5 (45%-88%). Monthly variations: -4.74% to + 3.71%; seasonal: -2.87% to + 2.45%; annual: -1.17% to + 1.00%. Significantly decreasing EMC trends are under SSP2-6.5, increasing trends under SSP5-8.5. Over a 30-year span, EMC varied from 0.06 to 0.62% in winter, from - 1.14 to -1.23% in spring, from - 0.84 to -0.89% in summer, and from - 0.80 to -1.34% in autumn, with most changes being statistically significant. These findings suggest climate change will substantially impact on wood EMC, underscoring the importance of revising future EMC standards accordingly.

PMID 42177218
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PubMedJournal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews2026-05-23

"Dealer's Choice": Univalve Location Effect on Skin Surface Pressures in Long Leg Casts.

Quinn Ryan R, Baker Christopher C, Ditmars Hayley H, Ignacio Gian G et al.

Fiberglass long leg casting is often used to treat specific lower extremity fracture patterns in children. However, cylindrical casting limits swelling, increasing risk of compartment syndrome. To account for edema, casts are frequently univalved, but it remains unclear whether univalve location affects skin surface pressures (SSPs) in long leg casts. We hypothesized that a lateral univalve would decrease anterior SSP, whereas univalve location would not affect posterior SSP in long leg casts. A 100-mL saline bag attached to a pressure transducer was placed along the anterior or posterior compartment of a volunteer underneath 20 and 26 long leg casts, respectively. The casts were randomly assigned to receive either lateral or medial univalve. The bag was insufflated with water to 100 mm Hg, and change in SSP was recorded with univalve (stage I), univalve with 3-mm spacer (stage II), univalve with 6-mm spacer (stage III), and bivalve (stage IV). Statistical analysis was done to detect an SSP difference of 10 mm Hg. In the anterior and posterior compartments, no notable differences were found in SSP change within any stage between lateral and medial univalve. Comparing stage I and stage IV, a notable SSP change was found across all anterior and posterior compartment groups (P < 0.001, 95% confidence). No notable difference was found in anterior or posterior SSP in long leg casts with either medial or lateral univalve. Our data support a "dealer's choice" that the practitioner may select either medial or lateral univalve to reduce anterior and posterior SSP.

PMID 42175675
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PubMedScientific reports2026-05-23

Bioactivity assessment and LC-MS/MS-based phenolic characterization of Gypsophila pilosa.

Açıkgöz Ali A, Türkmen Musa M, Koçer Oguzhan O, Uysal İmran İ et al.

In this study, the antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antiproliferative activities, and phenolic compound profile of ethanol extracts of Gypsophila pilosa were comprehensively evaluated. Plant samples were collected from Şanlıurfa province, Türkiye, and after shade-drying under laboratory conditions, they were extracted with ethanol using a Soxhlet apparatus at 50 °C. The antioxidant capacity results revealed that total antioxidant status was 3.528 ± 0.085 mmol/L, total oxidant status (TOS) was 10.248 ± 0.072 µmol/L, and oxidative stress index was 0.291 ± 0.009. In addition, DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were determined as 92.317 ± 2.336 mg TE/g and 128.016 ± 2.480 mg TE/g, respectively, indicating a strong antioxidant potential. In anticholinesterase assays, the extract exhibited inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), with IC₅₀ values of 160.163 ± 2.155 µg/mL and 223.903 ± 1.049 µg/mL, respectively. The antiproliferative activity was evaluated on A549 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, as well as the HaCaT normal cell line. The extract demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability in cancer cell lines, while comparatively lower cytotoxic effects were observed in normal cells at lower concentrations, suggesting a degree of selective activity. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of several bioactive phenolic compounds, including catechin hydrate, caffeic acid, gallic acid, and kaempferol, which are known for their antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. These compounds may contribute to the observed biological activities through overlapping and complementary mechanisms. In conclusion, G. pilosa exhibits notable antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and antiproliferative activities, which may be associated with its phenolic composition. However, further studies are required to clarify its selectivity and underlying mechanisms before potential pharmaceutical applications can be considered.

PMID 42174022
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PubMedBMC infectious diseases2026-05-23

Cytokine gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B virus infection in familial clusters from Iran: a cross-sectional study.

Aghcheli Bahman B, Behboudi Emad E, Naderi Malihe M, Hosseini Seyed Masoud SM et al.

This study investigated the associations between specific polymorphisms in the Interleukin-10 (IL-10), Interleukin-18 (IL-18), Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) cytokine genes and susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB) in Iranian families with a history of the disease. This cross-sectional study involved 90 CHB patients, 18 individuals with Recovered hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and 30 healthy intrafamilial controls matched for age and sex. Genotyping of the IL-10 (-1082 G > A), IL-18 (-137 G > C), IL-1β (-511 C > T), and TNF-α (-308 G > A) polymorphisms was conducted via polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP). Associations with CHB susceptibility were assessed via multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age and sex across multiple genetic models. To address potential non-independence of observations from the same family, we conducted a sensitivity analysis using a generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach with an exchangeable correlation structure, clustering by family. A significant association was identified between the IL-10-1082 AA genotype and CHB. This genotype was present in 84.4% (76/90) of the CHB patients (p < 0.0001), suggesting an increased likelihood of chronic HBV infection. This association remained in the GEE sensitivity analysis (p < 0.001). For the IL-18-137 G > C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), the heterozygous GC genotype was associated with a significantly greater risk of chronicity (p = 0.001). The significance of this finding was retained in the GEE model (p = 0.001). The IL-1β-511 CC genotype was less common in CHB patients (6.7%) than in controls (16.7%), suggesting a potential protective effect. No significant association was found for the TNF-α -308 G > A polymorphism. Our findings indicate that genetic variations in IL-10 (-1082 G > A) and IL-18 (-137 G > C) are significant predictors of susceptibility to chronic HBV infection in these familial Iranian clusters. These observational findings suggest a possible role for cytokine gene polymorphisms in the persistence of HBV infection and underscore the need for further studies to explore their utility in genetic screening for high-risk families.

PMID 42174460
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PubMedTurkish journal of chemistry2026-05-22

Nucleophilic cyclization of N-propargylated pyrazole-5-carboxylates: synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazin-4(5H)-one derivatives.

Mengeş Melik Fırat MF, Tan Uygun Meltem M

Cyclization reactions are among the most important and widely used methods for synthesizing biologically active fused heterocyclic compounds. In the present study, pyrazolopyrazinone derivatives (10a-i) were synthesized from N-propargylated pyrazoles via nucleophilic cyclization with hydrazine hydrate under a nitrogen atmosphere. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral analyses confirmed that ring closure proceeded in a manner consistent with the formation of a six-membered pyrazinone moiety. In addition, the pyrazolotriazepinone derivative 15c was synthesized using an alternative approach. In this method, substitution with chloroacetone was first carried out, followed by ring closure with hydrazine hydrate, affording a seven-membered triazepinone system. Comparison of the NMR spectra of the resulting compounds clearly revealed structural differences between the two systems.

PMID 42170630
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