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influenza vaccine

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Sinovac Biotech · Vaccine · Vaccine

What is influenza vaccine?

influenza vaccine is a vaccine developed by Sinovac Biotech. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others).

Drug Profile

CompanySinovac Biotech
Drug ClassVaccine, Large Molecules
RouteInjectable (Others)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Sinovac Biotech

Related Research Articles

PubMedScientific reports2026-05-24

Influenza A/PR8 virus infection in mice suppresses basal and Oncostatin M-induced IL-33 expression in vivo and in vitro.

Somani-Davis Leila L, Dubey Anisha A, Botelho Fernando F, Buder Lily L et al.

Influenza A virus (IAV) infection typically induces both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. IL-33, an "alarmin" cytokine with pro-inflammatory effects, may have roles in IAV infection. IL-33 can be upregulated by the gp130 cytokine Oncostatin M (OSM), which induces Th2-skewed inflammation (eosinophils, Arg1 + Macrophages, IL-33, IL-4, eotaxin-2) in mouse lungs. We here examined both OSM and IL-33 regulation by the IAV-H1N1/PR8 strain. Female C57BL/6 mice infected intranasally with H1N1/PR8 showed time-dependent elevation of OSM expression but a reduction in lung IL-33 protein and mRNA. Since this suggested active suppression of IL-33 by H1N1/PR8, we assessed H1N1/PR8 superinfection in mice with established Th2-skewed inflammation induced by Adenoviral vector overexpressing OSM administered 7 days prior. H1N1/PR8 markedly reduced eosinophil and Arg1 + macrophage accumulation, IL-33, IL-4, and eotaxin-2 expression 5-days post infection. IFNγ partially inhibited OSM-induced IL-33 protein in mouse lung epithelial (C10) cells in vitro, and both basal and OSM-induced IL-33 expression were markedly suppressed by direct H1N1/PR8 infection of C10 cells, whereas TIMP-1 or OSMRβ were not. Collectively, IL-33 was selectively suppressed by H1N1/PR8 infection in part by direct effects of virus on IL-33-expressing epithelial cells. Thus, although influenza infection induces OSM, IAV also selectively suppresses IL-33 and IL-33-mediated downstream Th2-skewed inflammation.

PMID 42177219
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PubMedVeterinary microbiology2026-05-24

NS1-A53D enhances HA stability to coordinate viral entry with vRNP export and replication during adaptation of H1N1 canine influenza virus.

Zhu Min M, Wang Rang R, Li Xiaolong X, Zhou Yefan Y et al.

Eurasian avian-like H1N1 influenza A viruses that have reassorted with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus pose a potential public health threat. We previously reported that synergistic mutations in HA and NS genes enhanced the virulence of a mouse-adapted EA H1N1 canine influenza virus (CIV), yet the underlying mechanisms remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the adaptive mutations NS1-A53D and NEP-R42K synergistically promote viral replication by enhancing viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) nuclear export, while NEP-R42K alone boosts polymerase activity. Critically, we uncover a novel synergy between HA mutations (N198D and A227E) and NS1-A53D, but not NEP-R42K, in facilitating early viral entry, including attachment and internalization. Mechanistically, NS1-A53D significantly enhances HA protein stability without altering receptor binding specificity, thereby compensating for the intrinsic antagonism between the two HA mutations that impairs receptor binding affinity. These findings reveal that HA and NS genes cooperate through distinct but complementary mechanisms: NS1-A53D stabilizes HA to promote entry, while NS1-A53D and NEP-R42K collaboratively enhance vRNP export, collectively driving mammalian adaptation and pathogenicity.

PMID 42176433
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PubMedVaccine2026-05-24

Nationwide survey for household preparedness and vaccination acceptance during a novel influenza pandemic scenario in Japan, 2025.

Okubo Yusuke Y, Honjyo Risa R, Uda Kazuhiro K, Miyairi Isao I

Pandemics and associated mitigation measures can disrupt children's daily lives and shift substantial burden to households. However, families' actionable preparedness for future pandemics remains insufficiently understood, including caregiving capacity and vaccination acceptance. We conducted an anonymous nationwide online cross-sectional survey in November 2025 among Japanese parents residing with at least one child aged 0-18 years (N = 4961). Respondents were presented with standardized hypothetical influenza pandemic scenarios and asked to report anticipated impacts of school/childcare closures and willingness to receive a novel influenza pandemic vaccine with profiles varying in effectiveness, out-of-pocket cost, and type. We used latent profile analyses to classify households' preparedness and examined factors associated with vaccination acceptance using generalized estimation equations. In the school/childcare closure scenario, 43.6% reported being able to maintain children's learning activities, 40.5% physical activity, 41.9% emotional support, and 52.9% restrict non-essential outings. Latent profile analysis identified three preparedness profiles (high 36.1%, moderate 47.2%, low 16.7%), with a monotonic gradient across the four items. Low preparedness was more common among households with younger children, lower income, and among dual full-time working parents. Out-of-pocket cost (4000 JPY) was inversely associated with willingness to vaccinate (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.75-0.79), whereas recent influenza vaccination history was positively associated with willingness (RR 1.58, 95% CI 1.51-1.66). Household pandemic preparedness appears to be constrained by time and financial constraints, leading to systematic gaps. Policymakers should prioritize reducing financial barriers and reinforcing importance of seasonal influenza vaccination to reduce annual morbidity and mortality and prepare for future pandemics.

PMID 42176440
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PubMedNature communications2026-05-24

Dairy cows infected with influenza A(H5N1) reveals low infectious dose and transmission barriers.

Lee Carolyn C, Tarbuck Natalie N NN, Cochran Hannah J HJ, Foreman Bryant M BM et al.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus exhibits a strong tropism for the bovine mammary gland, challenging our understanding of influenza A virus host range and tissue specificity. We performed experimental studies with an influenza A(H5N1) B3.13 genotype virus in female lactating dairy cattle to define the infectious dose, routes of exposure, and factors linked to morbidity and mortality. Here, we demonstrate that intramammary inoculation with as few as 10 TCID50 establishes a robust infection and shedding of high-titer virus in milk. Despite this low infectious dose, H5N1 does not readily transmit via contaminated milking equipment and close contact with infected animals. High-dose intramammary exposure results in severe disease and mortality, while respiratory and oral exposures are less likely to establish productive infection and associated morbidity. This study challenges current hypotheses of H5N1 transmission on dairy farms, raising important questions about potential agent, host, or environmental cofactors contributing to viral spread.

PMID 42177170
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PubMedVaccine2026-05-24

Consultation report - gonococcal immunoassays and standards for vaccine development.

MacLennan C A CA, Davis P P, Gottlieb S L SL, Seib K L KL et al.

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection with adverse outcomes for sexual, reproductive and neonatal health. Additionally, the bacterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, has demonstrated increasing resistance against multiple classes of antimicrobials, making combatting gonorrhoea a priority for the World Health Organization. An effective vaccine would have substantial global public health benefit and a major impact on the silent pandemic of antimicrobial resistance. Several candidate gonococcal vaccines, representing a number of vaccine platforms, are in pre-clinical development. In addition, a number of clinical studies are underway to assess the efficacy of the meningococcal group B vaccine, 4CMenB, against gonorrhoea. A major challenge in comparing gonococcal vaccine candidates and vaccine-induced immune responses is the lack of standardised and harmonised immunoassays. At present, immunogenicity of the different vaccine formulations is measured through assays which have been developed independently in different laboratories. As the development of candidate gonococcal vaccines moves into clinical trials, improved harmonisation in the measurement of immunogenicity is key for comparing vaccine responses across trials. This requires international standards, including an international serum standard for gonococcal immunoassays, and a panel of standard target strains, which are currently lacking. A further complication is the lack of knowledge about immune correlates of protection against gonorrhoea, and, therefore, the most appropriate assays to use to assess the immune response to a candidate vaccine. As further data are gathered from clinical studies exploring protection against gonorrhoea provided by 4CMenB, it may be possible to discern correlates of protection, but this also requires standardised assays. A workshop was held at Keble College, Oxford, United Kingdom in April 2024, with participation from vaccine developers, regulators and assay standardisation specialists. Its goal was to advance discussions on gonococcal immunoassay standardisation priorities, including generation of a gonococcal international reference serum. The meeting discussion, outcomes and recommendations are outlined in this report.

PMID 42176439
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PubMedFish & shellfish immunology2026-05-24

Evaluation of the Immunological Efficacy of EsxA Subunit Vaccine and DNA Vaccine against Streptococcus iniae in golden pompano (Trachinotus anak).

Huang Zhiyuan Z, Sun Heng H, Wang Haoyu H, Jia Xinlei X et al.

Streptococcus iniae represents an important bacterial agent responsible for streptococcosis in marine fish, leading to substantial economic impacts in aquaculture worldwide. The development of effective vaccines is therefore a critical priority. EsxA, a conserved early-secreted and homolog of antigenic target six (ESAT-6), is involved in bacterial virulence and mediates interactions between the pathogen and its host via the type VII secretion system. In this work, EsxA was examined as a prospective vaccine antigen in golden pompano (Trachinotus anak) using both subunit and DNA vaccination strategies. Recombinant EsxA protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and administered intraperitoneally as a subunit vaccine, either alone or formulated with the oil-based adjuvant Montanide ISA 763A. Concurrently, a DNA vaccine was developed by cloning the complete esxA gene into the pVAX1 vector. Vaccinated fish were subjected to challenge with S. iniae at 8 weeks post-immunization to evaluate protective efficacy and assess the host's innate and adaptive immune responses. A high level of protection against S. iniae challenge was achieved with the EsxA-based subunit vaccine, particularly when formulated with adjuvant ISA 763A, whereas the DNA vaccine elicited moderate yet statistically significant protection. Immunological profiling revealed robust antigen-specific IgM production following subunit vaccination, while DNA vaccination significantly upregulated transcription of key immune-related genes associated with antigen presentation and cellular immunity, including MHC class I and CD8α. Furthermore, nonspecific immune parameters, including catalase, lysozyme, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase activity and superoxide dismutase, were significantly elevated following vaccination, indicating potent activation of innate immune defense. Collectively, EsxA is a promising vaccine candidate against S. iniae in T. anak, and different vaccine platforms elicit distinct immune response profiles that may inform future vaccine optimization in marine aquaculture.

PMID 42176785
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