leuprolide acetate (Leupronax)

Correction: p-Coumaric Acid Attenuates Lead Acetate-induced Neurotoxicity in Rats by Improving Behavioral Dysfunction and Suppressing Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, Apoptosis, and Plasticity-related Molecular Alterations.

Karaarslan Tuba T, Bolat Merve M, Bolat İsmail İ, Orhan Betul B et al.

Effects of neutral detergent fiber content and its source on growth performance, rumen characteristics, digestibility, and methane concentrations in Hanwoo heifers.

Cho Hyunjin H, Jeong Sinyong S, Kang Kyewon K, Lee Mingyung M et al.

This study investigated the effects of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content and NDF source (forage- or concentrate-derived) on growth performance, rumen characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and methane (CH4) concentrations in growing Hanwoo heifers. Thirty heifers (296 ± 25.7 kg body weight [BW]; 10 months old) were blocked by BW and assigned to three treatments: high forage-to-concentrate ratio (42.5:57.5) with high-energy concentrate (HFHC), low forage-to-concentrate ratio (30:70) with low-energy concentrate (LFLC), and low forage-to-concentrate ratio (30:70) with high-energy concentrate (LFHC). NDF-level effects were assessed by contrasting HFHC and LFLC with LFHC, whereas the NDF-source contrast compared HFHC with LFLC at similar total NDF levels. Dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily and BW every four weeks. Rumen fluid and fecal samples were collected, and CH4 concentrations measured, after 12 weeks. Average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio were unaffected by NDF level or source (P > 0.05), whereas DMI tended to increase with lower NDF (P = 0.099). Lower NDF reduced NDF digestibility and increased total volatile fatty acid concentration (P < 0.05), decreased acetate proportion and acetate-to-propionate ratio, and increased propionate and butyrate proportions (P < 0.001). NDF source did not affect nutrient digestibility (P > 0.05). In the NDF-source contrast, LFLC had lower acetate and propionate and higher butyrate proportions than HFHC (P < 0.05). Lower NDF also decreased CH4 concentration per DMI and ADG (P < 0.05). LFLC had lower CH4 concentration per ADG than HFHC, whereas CH4 concentration per DMI did not differ. Dietary NDF level was associated with broader changes in ruminal fermentation, NDF digestibility, and CH4 concentration per DMI and ADG, whereas NDF source had more limited effects, primarily on VFA proportions and CH4 concentration per ADG. Neither NDF level nor source significantly affected growth performance in growing Hanwoo heifers.

Sishen wan modulates gut microbial and short-chain fatty-acid imbalances and ameliorates behavioral and inflammatory abnormalities in mice with chronic sleep deprivation.

Jiao Yu Y, Zhao Yichun Y, Zhang Zhongqiang Z, Sun Hui H et al.

Chronic sleep deprivation (CSD) disrupts mood-related behavior, gut microbial ecology, and inflammatory homeostasis. Sishen Wan (SSW), a medicinal plant formula used clinically for chronic diarrhea, has shown microbiota- and inflammation-modulating effects in colitis models, but its protective effects under sleep-deprivation conditions remain unclear. The chemical profile of SSW was characterized by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Male C57BL/6 J mice underwent CSD using a modified multiple-platform method and received three doses of SSW or fluoxetine. Behavioral performance, histopathology, gut microbiota composition, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in feces, serum, and hippocampal tissue were assessed. Fecal material from Control, Model, and high-dose SSW (SSW-H) donors was transplanted into antibiotic-pretreated recipients. Serum untargeted metabolomics, hippocampal transcriptomics, RT-qPCR, and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging were used to characterize metabolic, transcriptional, and brain-function changes. CSD reduced sucrose preference and open-field activity, prolonged immobility in the tail-suspension and forced-swim tests, aggravated colonic and hippocampal injury, and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines. SSW-H produced the most consistent improvements. CSD also reduced gut microbial richness and diversity, altered community composition, and lowered fecal acetate, propionate, and butyrate and serum acetate. SSW-H shifted the community toward the Control profile, increased Akkermansia, reduced several Model-enriched taxa, and increased major fecal SCFAs and serum acetate. Recipients of Model-donor feces developed reduced sucrose preference and activity, prolonged immobility, and colonic and hippocampal abnormalities. In contrast, recipients of SSW-H-donor feces showed milder behavioral and histological changes and a microbial profile distinct from that of FMT-Model recipients. SSW-H was also associated with partial normalization of lipid-, amino-acid-, and one-carbon-metabolism-related serum features, modulation of hippocampal immune pathways involving chemokines, cytokines, and NF-κB signaling, and attenuation of several CSD-associated regional brain abnormalities. SSW alleviated CSD-associated behavioral abnormalities, tissue injury, and inflammation, with the high dose showing the most consistent effects. These improvements were accompanied by changes in gut microbial composition and SCFA profiles.

Preparation of chain-extended poly(lactic acid)/poly(vinyl acetate) composite nanofoams via supercritical CO2 foaming with DFT approach.

Zhu Xiaoji X, Fan Yuyuan Y, Sun Wenbo W, Lv Jingwen J et al.

Biodegradable nanocellular poly(lactic acid) (PLA) foams have emerged as a key alternative to traditional petroleum-based foams due to their environmental friendliness, lightweight properties, and thermal insulation capabilities. In this study, PLA was chain-extended using ethylene-acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer as a chain extender, and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) was introduced to prepare CEPLA/PVAc blends. Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) was used to prepare nanobimodal cellular foams via a solid-state foaming method. In parallel, density functional theory was employed to quantitatively investigate local CO2 density and associated parameters in the vicinity of various heterogeneous interfaces. Theoretical results indicated that the abundant ester groups in PVAc exhibited high affinity for CO2, leading to higher local CO2 density near these groups, which facilitated the preparation of nanobimodal cellular PLA foams. Foaming experiments indicated that the optimal process conditions for this study were 125 °C and 25 MPa. The CEPLA/PVAc-3.0 foam exhibited the highest volume expansion ratio of 2.03 and displayed a nanobimodal cellular structure comprising large cells (average 796 nm) and small cells (average 270 nm), with corresponding cell densities of 3.3 × 1012 and 7.9 × 1012 cells/cm3, respectively. Moreover, its thermal conductivity reached a minimum value of 0.084 W/(m·K). By combining theoretical simulations with experimental data, the controllable preparation of nanobimodal cellular PLA foams was achieved to a certain extent, thereby improving their foaming and thermal insulation properties. This work provides experimental and theoretical support for the research and development of biodegradable nanocellular foam materials.