Drug Database
LE

leuprolide acetate (Leupronax)

✓ Approved

Nanox · GNRH1 · Small Molecule

What is leuprolide acetate?

leuprolide acetate is a small molecule developed by Nanox. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesLeupronax
CompanyNanox
Drug ClassSmall Molecule, Polypeptide
Molecular TargetGNRH1
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Nanox

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

leuprolide acetate acts on 1 molecular target:

GNRH1gonadotropin releasing hormone 1 (GNRH, LHRH)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

leuprolide acetate is developed for 4 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)Breast cancer✓ Approved
Reproductive system and breast disordersEndometriosis✓ Approved
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)Prostate cancer✓ Approved
Reproductive system and breast disordersUterine fibrosis✓ Approved

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Essawy Asmaa Saeed AS, Taha Medhat M, Abubakr Sara S, Arida Dina Abdalla DA et al.

Lead is a widespread environmental contaminant that induces multi-organ toxicity primarily through oxidative damage and inflammatory responses. Salivary glands particularly the parotid are increasingly recognized as vulnerable targets of metal-induced injury, with significant implications for oral and digestive health. This study investigated the protective effect of silymarin, a flavonolignan antioxidant extracted from milk thistle seeds, against lead acetate-induced parotid gland damage in rats. Forty adult male Wistar rats were allocated into four groups: untreated controls, silymarin only (100 mg/kg), lead acetate only (50 mg/kg), and a combined treatment group receiving silymarin (100 mg/kg) and lead acetate (50 mg/kg). Treatments were administered orally for six consecutive weeks. Parotid tissues were evaluated using histology, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, qRT-PCR, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Lead acetate exposure caused extensive tissue injury, including acinar vacuolation, ductal dilation, and vascular congestion, accompanied by elevated lipid peroxidation, depletion of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, and upregulation of pyroptotic, apoptotic, and ferroptotic markers. TEM revealed swollen mitochondria with fragmented cristae in lead-exposed glands, hallmarks of ferroptosis. Fibrotic remodeling with collagen accumulation was also evident. Silymarin co administration was associated with significant attenuation of these pathological alterations, correlating with enhanced antioxidant defenses, reduced inflammatory mediators, lowered expression of markers linked to multiple programmed cell death pathways, and decreased fibrosis. TEM confirmed silymarin preserved mitochondrial cristae integrity. In summary, these findings suggest that silymarin may exert broad cytoprotective effects against lead induced parotid gland injury, potentially involving coordinated effects on oxidative stress, inflammation, cell death pathways, and fibrotic responses. This points to its potential therapeutic value in heavy metal toxicity, pending further validation.

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PubMedEnvironmental microbiology reports2026-07-25

Metabolic Flux and Growth Profiling of Megasphaera cerevisiae for Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis.

Sabra Wael W, Villotti Sonia S, Fensterle Joachim J, Zeng An-Ping AP et al.

Megasphaera cerevisiae is a well-known beer spoilage organism, capable of producing undesirable flavours and turbidity. Although the biosynthesis of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) has been extensively studied in different Megasphaera species, the metabolic behaviour of M. cerevisiae in controlled environments remains largely unexplored. This study examines the MCFAs production from diverse substrates and reports flux analyses of core metabolism for the first time using a genome-scale model. The results suggest that acetate stimulates butyrate production but not caproic acid production. Butyrate supplementation, either alone or in combination with acetate, promoted CA synthesis. Lactate supplementation primarily led to the formation of propionic acid and acetic acid. The metabolic network model was manually curated and validated against the different experimental data. The metabolic flux results showed that butyrate production facilitated via the reverse β-oxidation (RBO) pathway, with a minor contribution from the fatty acid synthesis (FAS) pathway. Conversely, CA synthesis was mainly synthesised through the FAS pathway, irrespective of the substrate used. The pathway analyses results highlighted the critical role of hydrogen production in M. cerevisiae metabolism, particularly under conditions where lactate is utilised. Collectively, these findings offer novel insights into the metabolic versatility and pathway preferences of M. cerevisiae.

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PubMedSmart molecules : open access2026-07-25

Visible-light-promoted catalyst-free benzylic C-H oxidation using molecular oxygen as a green oxidant.

Li Jianing J, Wang Suwen S, Sun Huinan H, Liu Zhunchao Z et al.

Herein, we report a catalyst- and additive-free strategy for the visible-light-promoted carbonylative oxidation of benzylic C-H bonds employing molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant. This operationally simple protocol enables the conversion of a broad range of aromatic alkanes into valuable ketones, including complex drug derivatives and intermediates under mild conditions using ethyl acetate as a green solvent. Mechanistic studies reveal that the reaction proceeds via a substrate-oxygen charge-transfer (CT) complex upon photoexcitation, generating reactive oxygen species (singlet oxygen and superoxide anion) and a key benzylic radical. Interestingly, the carbonyl product can further accelerate the transformation by participating in a separate CT complex with the starting material. To address the scalability limitations, a novel solvent-free continuous-flow photoreactor was developed, which demonstrated a significant efficiency enhancement of over 150-fold compared to batch processes. This work presents a green, practical, and scalable method for benzylic oxidation, underpinned by a detailed mechanistic understanding of the photoinduced CT process.

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PubMedJournal of environmental sciences (China)2026-07-25

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Zhu Xin X, Qian Mengmeng M, Li Juan J, Zhu Weiwei W et al.

This study challenges the view that glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs) solely hinder phosphorus removal in wastewater treatment. We investigated how GAOs influence phosphorus recovery in biofilm sequencing batch reactors (BSBRs) under varying carbon-to-phosphorus (C/P) ratios (20-40 mg-COD/mg-P) and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels (4-6 mg/L). By adjusting C/P and DO, we established systems with GAOs abundances ranging from 21.02 % to 2.49 % and polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) abundances from 8.21 % to 25.73 %. Surprisingly, high GAOs abundance (21.02 %) correlated with superior phosphorus recovery (> 80 mg/L) and >95 % removal efficiency, contradicting conventional EBPR models. Metagenomic analysis revealed GAOs enhanced glycogen degradation and PHA synthesis, supporting energy-intensive phosphorus accumulation. Reduced GAOs abundance impaired acetate uptake and PHB polymerization, lowering system performance. GAOs also maintained microbial diversity and stabilized functional gene expression. We conclude that GAOs play a beneficial metabolic role in biofilm systems by optimizing carbon use for phosphorus enrichment, enabling stable recovery even when GAOs outnumber PAOs.

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PubMedDental traumatology : official publication of International Association for Dental Traumatology2026-07-25

Longitudinal Deterioration of Custom-Made Mouthguard Fit During 12 Months of Use in Athletes: Implications for Traumatic Dental Injury Prevention.

Sugimoto Arisa A, Gonda Tomoya T, Maeda Yoshinobu Y, Ikebe Kazunori K

To investigate longitudinal changes in fit and user-reported outcomes of custom-made ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) mouthguards during 12 months of athletic use, and to explore implications for traumatic dental injury prevention. This prospective 12-month longitudinal observational study included 41 athletes using custom-made EVA mouthguards during training and competition. Mouthguard fit was evaluated at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months using a validated intraoral silicone weight method. User-reported outcomes were assessed using visual analogue scale questionnaires. Changes over time were analyzed using the Friedman test. Fit-checking material weight increased significantly over time, representing a 48% relative increase at 12 months compared with baseline (p < 0.05), indicating progressive loss of fit. In contrast, most user-reported comfort and function scores showed no significant changes across time points. Custom-made EVA mouthguards show progressive fit deterioration over time despite stable user-reported comfort. These findings suggest that subjective perception alone may not accurately reflect changes in mouthguard fit, highlighting the importance of objective fit assessment during routine sports dental care.

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PubMedSpectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy2026-07-25

Carboxymethyl micro-nanocellulose enhanced cellulose-based fluorescent membranes for the selective detection of Cu2+ and Hg2.

Han Jingjing J, Hao Hongying H, Li Mengyao M, Yin Manyi M et al.

A CA-CMCNF-CDs fluorescent sensing membrane was developed by incorporating carboxymethylated micro/nanocellulose (CMCNF) and carbon dots into a cellulose acetate (CA) matrix for the selective detection of Cu2+ and Hg2+ in water. The incorporation of an appropriate amount of CMCNF significantly improved the fluorescence intensity, mechanical properties, and sensing performance of the membrane by generating an interconnected porous structure that facilitated metal-ion transport. The proposed sensing membrane exhibited a wide linear detection range (0-10 mg/L), low detection limits of 0.040 mg/L for Cu2+ and 0.034 mg/L for Hg2+, together with excellent selectivity and anti-interference capability. Mechanistic studies revealed that oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups served as the primary coordination sites for Cu2+ and Hg2+. Fluorescence quenching was dominated by static quenching through the formation of ground-state coordination complexes, whereas Hg2+ additionally involved dynamic quenching, as confirmed by fluorescence lifetime analysis. The sensing membrane exhibited satisfactory accuracy and precision for the determination of Cu2+ and Hg2+ in real water samples, demonstrating its potential as a rapid and reliable fluorescent sensing platform for environmental heavy metal monitoring.

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