Drug Database
LE

leuprolide acetate (Leupronax)

✓ Approved

Nanox · GNRH1 · Small Molecule

What is leuprolide acetate?

leuprolide acetate is a small molecule developed by Nanox. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesLeupronax
CompanyNanox
Drug ClassSmall Molecule, Polypeptide
Molecular TargetGNRH1
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Nanox

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

leuprolide acetate acts on 1 molecular target:

GNRH1gonadotropin releasing hormone 1 (GNRH, LHRH)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

leuprolide acetate is developed for 4 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)Breast cancer✓ Approved
Reproductive system and breast disordersEndometriosis✓ Approved
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps)Prostate cancer✓ Approved
Reproductive system and breast disordersUterine fibrosis✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedInternational journal of analytical chemistry2026-11-11

Role of Solvent Polarity in the Extraction and Electrochemical Behavior of Antioxidants From Ziziphus jujuba Leaves.

Kalsoom Umme U, Hussain Zahid Z, Khan Salman S, Ahmad Naveed N et al.

Ziziphus jujuba is a medicinal plant known for its rich content of antioxidants including flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, and triterpenoids. This study determines the effect of solvent polarity on the extraction yield and investigates phytochemical distribution of the extracts and its electrochemical behavior. Reflux extraction was used for the preparation of crude extracts, using methanol, ethanol, and water. The ethanolic extract was selected for solvent fractionation, using n-hexane, dichloromethane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. Among the extraction solvents, ethanol produced the highest crude yield (6.0% w/w). Following solvent-solvent fractionation, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest recovery among all fractions (0.30% w/w). The presence of flavonoid and saponin fractions was confirmed by phytochemical screening. The highest absorbance was observed in ethyl acetate fraction through UV visible spectrophotometric analysis, A = 0.711 for flavonoids at 415 nm and 0.330 for saponin at 406 nm. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) for ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions showed oxidation peaks at 0.50 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyzed functional groups of flavonoids and saponins. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) identified major flavonoids, that is, vicenin II, spinosin, kaemferol (glycoside), and saponins (jujubosides). The result stated that the polarity of solvents plays a vital role in extracting redox-active antioxidants from the leaves of Z. jujuba. Furthermore, it stated that ethyl acetate is the most effective fractionation solvent. This study gives analytical framework for extraction and characterization of antioxidant-rich fraction of Z. jujuba leaves along with emphasis on the role of solvent polarity in phytochemical recovery.

PMID 43011746
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PubMedDental traumatology : official publication of International Association for Dental Traumatology2026-11-11

Effect of Different Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Brands Used for Customized Mouthguards on Athlete Preferences, Wearability, Willingness to Pay, Clinical Performance, and Structural Deformation in Elite Soccer Players: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Clinical Trial.

Siqueira Luiz Felipe Rodrigues LFR, Pereira Ângelo Caetano Rodrigues Mathias ÂCRM, Fernandes Bruno Felipe BF, Perazzo Matheus de França MF et al.

Custom-made mouthguards are widely used to prevent sports-related dentoalveolar injuries, but evidence comparing commercial ethylene-vinyl acetate materials under real sporting conditions remains limited. This randomized crossover clinical trial evaluated whether three commercial ethylene-vinyl acetate brands (BioArt, Proform, and Polyshok) influence wearability, athlete preference, willingness to pay, clinical performance, and structural deformation in elite soccer players. Fourteen athletes were randomized to six sequences of three customized mouthguards in a double-blind crossover design. Each mouthguard underwent one week of clinical adjustment followed by four weeks of sports use. Wearability and preference were assessed using a questionnaire, willingness to pay by an auction method, and clinical performance by adaptation, retention, and stability. Structural deformation was evaluated before and after use by three-dimensional optical scanning and digital superimposition. Inferential comparisons were performed using Friedman and Wilcoxon tests, whereas categorical outcomes were summarized descriptively. Eleven athletes completed all phases. Overall wearability did not differ significantly among brands, although breathing differed among the three materials. Proform was the most preferred brand (72.7%), whereas Polyshok showed the highest median willingness to pay (70 United States dollars). Deformation was greatest at the occlusal/incisal surface in several sectioning regions, but occlusal/incisal deformation did not differ significantly among brands. Most mouthguards remained adequately adapted after use. Descriptively, BioArt showed the highest final retention, whereas Proform showed the lowest final retention and was the only brand with reduced stability over time. The commercial ethylene-vinyl acetate brand did not significantly influence overall wearability or occlusal/incisal deformation, whereas athlete preference and willingness to pay varied among brands. Customized mouthguards showed measurable structural deformation after sports use while most remained adequately adapted, supporting material selection based on athlete-centered outcomes together with periodic clinical monitoring.

PMID 43010137
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PubMed3 Biotech2026-11-11

Enterococcus duransstrain AMA1 prohibiting free radicals, colon cancer and methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus.

Arafat Hussam H HH, Shoulkamy Mahmoud A MA, Imam Mohamed M MM, Ali Amany M A AMA

This research was conducted to determine bioactivity of ethyl acetate extract of our strain Enterococcus durans AMA1 that was previously isolated from bovine yoghurt. The study includes detecting of antimicrobial efficiency against Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus ATCC 33591 (MRSA), antibiofilm, antioxidant activity, anti-colon cancer activity and cytotoxicity. We also investigated the bioactive polyphenols in E. durans extract, which are widely documented in plants, fungi and Actinomycetes, but not well-discovered in enterococci. The isolate E. durans strain AMA1 showed high antimicrobial potency towards MRSA with antibiofilm activity of 90.58% at a concentration (75% of MBC), while the least recorded effect was 58.15% at a concentration of (25% of MBC). Scavenging activities of free radicals were (30.9%) and (91.0%) at concentrations of (1.95 µg/mL) and (1,000 µg/mL) respectively, while Ascorbic ranged from (42.0%) to (98.2%) at the same concentrations. Ethyl acetate extract caused toxicity of 97.19% to normal cells at 1,000 µg/mL, but no serious effect (0.46%) was recorded at 125 µg/mL. It was also highly toxic to colon cancer with percentage of 96.64% at 1,000 µg/mL, and was still effective at 125 µg/mL with toxicity of 58.60%. Using HPLC technique, it was detected that gallic acid was the major one (511.75 µg/mL), followed by catechin (378.67 µg/mL), naringenin (372.10 µg/mL), coumaric acid (174.40 µg/mL) and methyl gallate (145.87 µg/mL). The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-026-05109-y.

PMID 43011007
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PubMedAfrican journal of laboratory medicine2026-11-11

Antibacterial activity of mangrove-derived Streptomyces pseudogriseolus NELs-50 against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Qin Yutian Y, Wang Wenqing W, Rajaofera Mamy Jayne Nelly MJN

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) represents a growing healthcare threat, necessitating novel antimicrobial agent development. Mangrove-derived Streptomyces species offer promising potential as sources of bioactive compounds against drug-resistant pathogens. To isolate and characterise a mangrove-derived Streptomyces isolate with anti-MRSE activity and identify its bioactive metabolites. Mangrove soil samples were screened for anti-MRSE activity. Isolate NELs-50 was identified through morphological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Fermentation parameters were optimised, bioactive metabolites extracted with organic solvents, and characterised using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and stability assessments were conducted. NELs-50 was identified as Streptomyces pseudogriseolus (99% sequence similarity) with potent anti-MRSE activity (28.67 mm inhibition zone). Culture conditions were optimised for maximum antimicrobial production. Ethyl acetate extract showed highest activity (28.83 mm). The extract retained 41% activity at 121 °C, tolerated pH 2-12, and resisted enzymatic degradation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified nine compounds, with major components being pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine derivatives (100% peak area), and 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol (12.64%). Minimum inhibitory concentration against MRSE was 125 µg/mL. S. pseudogriseolus NELs-50 shows promising anti-MRSE activity and produces putative bioactive metabolites with broad pH tolerance but reduced activity at elevated temperatures, supporting its potential as a source of antimicrobial lead compounds. This study reports the isolation and characterisation of S. pseudogriseolus NELs-50 from Hainan mangroves. The ethyl acetate extract showed broad pH tolerance but was heat-sensitive at elevated temperatures, retaining only 41% activity after treatment at 121 °C. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified nine putative metabolites, suggesting that NELs-50 may serve as a promising source of antimicrobial lead compounds against multidrug-resistant pathogens.

PMID 43011134
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PubMedWater environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation2026-11-11

Effect of pH on the Optical, Structural, Morphological, and Photocatalytic Properties of CdS Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition.

Haji Sozan A SA, Mohammed Raghad Y RY

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) thin films were deposited by chemical bath deposition (CBD) using cadmium acetate as the cadmium source, thiourea as the sulfur source, ammonium acetate as a buffering agent, and ammonium hydroxide as a complexing agent and pH controller. The bath pH was adjusted to 7, 8, 9, and 10 using NH₄OH solution at 80°C for 30 min; no film formation occurred at pH 6, establishing pH 7-10 as the viable deposition window for this system. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data revealed that the films at pH 7 and 10 are amorphous, whereas films at pH 8 and 9 exhibit mixed cubic zinc blende and hexagonal wurtzite crystal structures. The morphological analysis showed that the average particle sizes increased from 22.35 to 38.8 nm with increasing bath pH from 7 to 9, and decreased at pH 10 to 25.69. The optical bandgap decreased from 2.39 to 2.26 then to 2.18 eV for pH 7, 8, and 9, respectively, consistent with the increase in crystallite size and reduced quantum confinement, before reverting to 2.32 eV at pH 10, alongside a corresponding decrease in film thickness. Photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) dye under UV irradiation (254 nm, 25 W) demonstrated the highest mean efficiency of 25.31% ± 2.35% (k = 0.0048 ± 0.0005 min-1) at pH 8, based on triplicate testing, attributed to its optimal crystallinity, surface morphology, and favorable bandgap of 2.26 eV. The pH 8 film also retained approximately 90.5% of its initial photocatalytic activity after three reuse cycles, confirming good stability. Unlike previous studies that examine these properties in isolation, this work provides an integrated structural, optical, morphological, compositional, and photocatalytic investigation of pH-dependent CBD-grown CdS thin films, further supported by reusability testing and triplicate reproducibility validation across four pH conditions.

PMID 43010836
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PubMedJournal of agricultural and food chemistry2026-11-11

Allelo-Labdane Diterpenoids from Abies fabri Targeting CYP707A2 to Inhibit Arabidopsis Seed Germination.

Cui Xiaoyun X, Lu Chunhua C, Hu Zhanxing Z, Shen Yuemao Y

Gymnosperm plants are rich in allelochemicals that can be used as ideal eco-friendly alternatives to chemical herbicides. Petroleum ether and ethyl acetate crude extracts from the leaves of Abies fabri (Mast.) Craib (Pinaceae) inhibited seed germination of Arabidopsis thaliana. Twenty-four terpenoids were isolated and identified by chromatographic separation and NMR spectral analysis. Compounds 7 and 14-17 showed germination inhibitory activity, among which 7, namely 13-epitorreferol, was selected for mechanistic investigation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in stress response and plant hormone signaling, especially abscisic acid (ABA) pathways. The results of the in vitro enzyme activity assay and mutant phenotypic analysis indicated that CYP707A2 (ABA 8'-hydroxylase) was one of the targets mediating the inhibitory activity of 7 on seed germination. This work expands allelochemical resources, offering a tool for investigating ABA signaling and providing leads for the development of eco-friendly herbicides.

PMID 43012708
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