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enfenamic acid (Tromaril / enfenamic acid)

✓ Approved

Unichem · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is enfenamic acid?

enfenamic acid is a small molecule developed by Unichem. It is approved for therapeutic indications.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesTromaril, enfenamic acid
CompanyUnichem
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Unichem

Therapeutic Indications

enfenamic acid is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Hepatobiliary disordersHepatitis✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedOncogene2026-05-24

Lactic acid induces dendritic cell pyroptosis through MCT-1 to promote tumor immune evasion.

Yang Shengrui S, Lin Liyuan L, Zheng Xiang X, Li Jie J et al.

Elevated metabolites in the tumor microenvironment (TME), particularly lactic acid, create an immunosuppressive milieu that promotes immune escape and tumor progression. Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal in initiating and regulating immune responses against tumors. However, the impact of lactic acid on DC death in the TME remains unclear. Our study reveals that lactic acid induces dose-dependent pyroptosis of bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) through GSDMD cleavage. Mechanistically, this process involves monocarboxylate transporter 1(MCT1)-mediated signaling via the K+/NLRP3/GSDMD axis, facilitating immune evasion and cancer progression. Furthermore, inhibiting MCT1 attenuated lactic acid-induced DC pyroptosis both in vitro and in vivo. These findings offer mechanistic insights into how lactic acid-mediated DC pyroptosis contributes to tumor immune evasion, suggesting potential targets for enhancing cancer therapies.

PMID 42177282
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PubMedPoultry science2026-05-24

Dietary alpha‑lipoic acid, sprouted wheat, and multi‑enzyme supplementation improve yolk fatty acid profile and antioxidant status in laying hens.

Fazlollah Farbood F, Ghazanfari Shokoufe S, Sharifi Seyed Davood SD, Nobari Karim K et al.

In a completely randomized trial, we investigated the individual and combined effects of sprouted wheat (SW, 5%), a multi‑enzyme blend (ME; 500 mg/kg), and alpha‑lipoic acid (ALA; 300 mg/kg) on yolk fatty acid composition and cholesterol content, blood biochemical indices, and oxidative‑stress‑related parameters in SuperNick laying hens, using 10 dietary treatments (n = 200; five replicates of four hens each) over a 60‑day period. Experimental diets containing 5% wheat or wheat sprout produced only modest changes in dietary fatty acid composition, with all diets remaining high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and low in trans‑fatty acids. Wheat slightly improved the PUFA to saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio and the proportion of long‑chain n‑3 PUFA, while both wheat and sprouted wheat marginally reduced the excessively high n‑6 to n‑3 and linoleic / alpha‑linolenic acid ratios compared with the corn‑based control. In egg yolk, dietary treatments significantly modified saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles (P < 0.001). Alpha‑lipoic acid was the main driver of changes in SFA, lowering total SFA primarily through reductions in palmitic, myristic, and heptadecanoic acids, and increasing very‑long‑chain SFA. Yolk monounsaturated fatty acids were also affected, with ALA decreasing palmitoleic and oleic acids but increasing erucic acid, whereas wheat form and ME exerted smaller, more specific effects such as increased nervonic acid with sprouted wheat. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic, alpha‑linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids, were enhanced by ALA, especially in corn + ALA and wheat + ME + ALA diets, resulting in improved yolk n‑3 content and n‑3 to n‑6 ratio. Blood metabolites and antioxidant indices were strongly influenced by diet (P < 0.001), with ALA consistently lowering total cholesterol and triglycerides, modifying lipoprotein fractions, increasing superoxide dismutase activity, and reducing malondialdehyde, while sprouted wheat and ME alone showed limited but favorable effects on lipid peroxidation. Overall, ALA supplementation, especially in combination with wheat‑based diets and ME, beneficially modulated yolk fatty acid profile and systemic oxidative status, with only minor alterations in basal dietary lipid composition.

PMID 42176580
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PubMedBioresource technology2026-05-24

Identification of a thermotolerant strain of Aureobasidium melanogenum DA22 and functional analysis of Spt23 as a key transcriptional regulator in high-temperature polymalic acid fermentation.

Yang Yu Y, Dai Linbing L, Odoline Ndabacekure N, Li Fulin F et al.

Industrial application of Aureobasidium pullulans in organic acid production is limited by mesophilic characteristics under thermal stress. Physiological screening of 120 wild-type isolates identified a naturally robust strain, Aureobasidium melanogenum DA22, which maintained near-optimal growth and preserved 93.8% of its maximum polymalic acid titer (24.55 g/L, calculated as l-malic acid) at 35°C. To confer thermotolerance to a high-yield chassis, candidate thermoprotective genes-including heat shock proteins, antioxidant enzymes, and transcription factor-were identified from strain DA22. Overexpression of the membrane-associated transcription factor gene SPT23 increased cell growth by 20.0% and enhanced malic acid production by 37.7% (reaching 39.86 g/L) at 35°C in shake flasks. Scale-up batch fermentations in 5-L bioreactors achieved 56.08 g/L of l-malic acid at 35°C. In contrast, SPT23 deletion caused morphological defects and metabolic repression. RT-qPCR analysis and physiological indicators also indicated that SPT23 overexpression coordinately upregulated genes involved in lipid and ergosterol biosynthesis to maintain membrane integrity under thermal stress and elevated key enzymes in the reductive tricarboxylic cycle to redirect carbon flux toward polymalic acid synthesis. Engineering with Spt23 presents an effective synthetic biology strategy to construct a thermotolerant microbial cell factory suitable for organic acid production under industrial thermal-stress conditions.

PMID 42176819
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PubMedEnvironmental monitoring and assessment2026-05-24

Identification and quantification of PFAS in the tap water of a French City, Besançon.

Crini Grégorio G, Mongioví Chiara C, Bradu Corina C, Audonnet Nicolas N et al.

In France, information on per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in residential tap water is still limited or non-existent. In this study, we conducted a local survey to compare human exposure to PFAS in 28 private family households in a medium-sized French city (Besançon). We present the results on the identification and quantification of 65 PFAS substances in residential tap water. Concentrations of PFAS were assessed by a French accredited laboratory. A total of 74 tap water samples were analyzed, revealing the presence of 12 individual molecules, 8 of which are among the 20 regulated substances. Forty-one samples contained a mixture of 2 to 10 different PFAS substances, the most frequently quantified molecules being trifluoroacetic acid (100%), perfluorooctanoic acid (48.6%), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (44.6%), perfluorobutanoic acid (27.0%), perfluoropentanoic acid (50.1%), and perfluorohexanoic acid (23.0%). The corresponding cumulative concentrations (sum of 65 substances) ranged from 440 ng/L to 3,805 ng/L, showing significant variability. However, in terms of regulations, all values were below the 100 ng/L limit for the sum of the 20 molecules. Trifluoroacetic acid, which is not on the regulatory PFAS list, was systematically found in all the water samples analyzed and the results clearly highlighted the dominance of this PFAS. In tap water, trifluoroacetic acid was quantified at concentrations ranging from 440 to 3,800 ng/L (average value of 1096 ± 575 ng/L), i.e., 4 to 38 times higher than the regulatory threshold of 100 ng/L. This study underlines the need to monitor not only the 20 substances listed in the European Directive, transposed into French law, but also other PFAS, and, above all, to include trifluoroacetic acid.

PMID 42176034
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PubMedFood chemistry2026-05-24

Fenugreek gum/casein edible gel film based on polycarboxylic acid cross-linking: Performance characterization, cross-linking mechanism and application.

Liang Shengnan S, Song Jia J, Zheng Tianhang T, Zhang Guofang G et al.

This study comprehensively evaluated the regulatory effects of citric acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid on the properties of FG-CN cross-linked films. The results show that the citric acid-cross-linked FG-CA-CN film exhibited the best overall performance: tensile strength reached 6.90 ± 0.47 MPa, elongation at break was 45.91 ± 2.58%, water vapor barrier property was 35.39 ± 1.34 g/m2·24h, and it exhibited good thermal stability. Structural analysis confirmed the formation of a dual - site cross-linking network involving ester and amide bonds. Application experiments demonstrated that this film effectively delayed protein loss, with no significant difference from the control group within 9 d (p > 0.05), lipid oxidation, and other deterioration processes in packaged cheese. This research provides an effective strategy for developing sustainable food packaging materials.

PMID 42176485
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PubMedPhytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology2026-05-24

Cinchonain Ia inhibits uric acid reabsorption by binding to the TRP-459 residue of the GLUT9 protein.

Li Kai K, Jin Fanglin F, Tan Songsong S, Zeng Xiang X et al.

Hyperuricemia, a chronic metabolic disorder resulting from purine metabolism abnormalities, imposes a substantial burden on patients, their families, and society. Consequently, discovering more efficient prevention strategies and treatment drugs is of crucial importance. Polygonum capitatum (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) H. Gross is a plant belonging to the Polygonaceae family and Polygonum genus. Polygonum capitatum can reduce uric acid levels and alleviate gouty arthritis; However, whether its aqueous extract contains other uric acid-lowering active components besides quercetin and gallic acid still requires further research. This study aims to investigate the protective effects and potential mechanisms of Polygonum capitatum aqueous extract on liver and kidney function, while also identifying new potential pharmacologically active components for hyperuricemia within the extract. This study established a hyperuricemia rat and mice model and a uric acid-induced renal injury cell model. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was employed to analyze the active components of Polygonum capitatum aqueous extract. The target was analyzed by proteomics. Metagenomics and spatial metabolome were used to analyze gut microbes and metabolites associated with liver and kidney injury. Finally, SPR, DARTS, and CETSA were used to assess the binding potential of active components to targets. Additionally, mutant plasmids were constructed to analyze the binding sites between pharmacologically active components and their targets. The aqueous extract of Polygonum capitatum significantly reduced serum uric acid levels and alleviated renal injury in the hyperuricemia rat model, with no apparent damage on liver tissue morphology or hepatic function indicators. Metagenomic and spatial metabolomics analyses demonstrated that the extract increased the relative abundance of beneficial gut microbiota and decreased that of harmful bacteria. It also modulated the levels and distribution of renal metabolites such as l-arginine and N-acetylglucosamine, reduced lipid oxidation in the kidney. Proteomics analysis suggests that renal GLUT9 may be one of the action targets of this extract. LC-MS/MS analysis indicated that the chemical composition of the extract underwent significant changes after entering rat blood and undergoing renal metabolism. Specifically, serves as a new active component in Polygonum capitatum aqueous extract, Cinchonain Ia was found to bind to the TRP-459 residue of GLUT9, inhibiting its expression and thereby reducing uric acid reabsorption in vivo and in vitro, and alleviated oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue damage. However, overexpression of GLUT9 markedly reversed the inhibitory effects of Cinchonain Ia on inflammation and injury. The aqueous extract of Polygonum capitatum prevents liver damage and alleviates kidney injury by regulating gut microbiota and renal metabolites. Furthermore, Cinchonain Ia, as one of its active components, can bind to the TRP-459 residue of the GLUT9 protein and inhibit its expression, thereby suppressing uric acid reabsorption and lowering serum uric acid levels.

PMID 42176511
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