Drug Database
IN

insulin (Rinsulin R)

✓ Approved

GeroPharm · INSR · Recombinant Proteins

What is insulin?

insulin is a recombinant proteins developed by GeroPharm. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection or intravenous (iv) or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesRinsulin R
CompanyGeroPharm
Drug ClassRecombinant Proteins
Molecular TargetINSR
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection, Intravenous (IV), Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, GeroPharm

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

insulin acts on 1 molecular target:

INSRinsulin receptor (CD220, HHF5)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

insulin is developed for 2 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 1 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedPediatric blood & cancer2026-07-25

Improving Outcomes in Paediatric Patients With Posterior Fossa Tumours: The Rapid Assessment Pathway in Resource-Limited Settings.

Tariq Quratulain Q, Sindhu Irfana Ishaq II, Anis Saad Bin SB, Ali Eisha Abid EA et al.

Posterior fossa tumours present substantial clinical challenges due to their deep anatomical location and proximity to vital neurovascular structures. Limited awareness and diagnostic delays remain major obstacles to early detection of paediatric brain tumours. For the last two decades, the 5-year overall and event-free survival of children with posterior fossa tumours has been doubled due to the improvement in the diagnostic tools and the advances in the surgical techniques approaching total or near-total resection. This retrospective comparative cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care cancer hospital in Pakistan, following approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB). The study included paediatric patients with posterior fossa tumours treated between January 2021 and February 2025 and compared two cohorts: the Regular Pathway and the Rapid Assessment Pathway (RAPT). Collected variables included demographic characteristics, duration of symptoms, time interval from initial symptom onset to acceptance for treatment (from walk-in clinic), surgical intervention, frequency of shunt or external ventricular drain insertion and initiation of adjuvant therapy. Data were analysed using SPSS version 27. A total of 59 patients were included, 30 patients in the Regular Pathway (January 2021-December 2023) and 29 patients in RAPT (January 2024-February 25).  In the Regular Pathway, the mean duration of acceptance after initial presentation was 15 days, as compared to RAPT, which was 5 days (p ≤ 0.001). The frequency of shunt insertion was reduced significantly in RAPT compared to Regular Pathways. A total of 83% of patients in RAPT were operated within 72 h of acceptance as compared to Regular Pathway cohorts, in which 55% patients had surgery within 4 weeks (p ≤ 0.001). The average duration of the start of adjuvant therapy in the RAPT cohort was within 6 weeks, while in the Regular Pathway cohort, it was 7 weeks. RapidRAPT has demonstrated a significant improvement in the timeliness of care for paediatric patients diagnosed with posterior fossa tumours. Early intervention facilitated by RAPT contributes to better outcomes and reduced treatment delays.

PMID 42499263
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PubMedJournal of environmental sciences (China)2026-07-25

Role of macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activation in real-ambient particulate matter-induced abnormal hepatic glucose metabolism.

Wu Dong D, Zhang Zhen Z, Chen Sixin S, Chen Haoran H et al.

Evidence regarding the effects of particulate matter (PM) exposure on hepatic glucose metabolism and insulin resistance is limited, and its mechanisms remain unclear. Macrophages, as key regulators of the liver microenvironment, may mediate PM-induced metabolic processes. This study used an individually ventilated cage (IVC)-based real-ambient PM exposure system mouse model, co-cultured macrophages and hepatocytes, and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (Nlrp3)-knockdown model to investigate the impact of macrophages on hepatic insulin resistance (IR) and glucose metabolism under PM exposure. Our findings revealed that glycogen storage was impaired, insulin signaling was suppressed, the mRNA expression of glucose metabolism-related genes was altered, and the number of macrophages increased in the mouse liver after 15 weeks of PM exposure. Additionally, PM exposed mice exhibited reduced glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. In the transwell co-culture model, macrophages exposed to PM for 72 h exhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β release, which were associated with lysosomal damage and cathepsin B release, accompanied by inhibition of insulin signaling and abnormal expression of glucose metabolism-related genes in hepatocytes. In vitro inhibition of NLRP3 and in vivo knockdown of Nlrp3 significantly attenuated these effects of PM exposure. Additionally, IL-1β inhibition improved glucose metabolism abnormalities. These findings reflect specific effects on insulin signaling and glucose metabolism mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome or IL-1β. These results suggest that PM exposure leading to macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β release is an important cause of abnormal hepatic glucose metabolism, providing new insights into the underlying mechanisms of PM-related hepatic glucose metabolism and IR.

PMID 42498412
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PubMedRevista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia2026-07-25

Metformin + Insulin vs. Insulin for GDM and T2DM during pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Hallack Christiano C, Nogueira Bernardo Vieira BV, Bomfim Maressa M, Meireles Nathália N et al.

Evaluate the effectiveness and safety of adding metformin to insulin (M+I) versus insulin alone for pregnant women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), focusing on stillbirth as the primary outcome. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central were searched. No date limits. Last search: January 2025. Randomized clinical trials including women with T2DM or GDM were eligible. Trials restricted to type 1 diabetes were excluded. Two reviewers extracted maternal and neonatal outcomes and assessed risk of bias with the Cochrane RoB 2 tool. Evidence certainty was graded using GRADE. Data were pooled with random-effects models and reported as risk ratios (RRs) or mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals. Nine RCTs (2,420 women) were included, most with GDM and some with T2DM. Moderate-quality evidence indicated reduced stillbirth risk with M+I (6 RCTs, 2,196 participants; RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.14-0.90; NNT 111). Low-quality evidence suggested lower risks of gestational hypertension (4 RCTs; RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.48-0.97) and neonatal hypoglycemia (7 RCTs; RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.30-0.80). No significant differences were found for cesarean section, preterm delivery, or other neonatal outcomes. Heterogeneity, baseline imbalances, and small samples limited certainty. M+I may reduce stillbirth and some adverse outcomes compared with insulin alone, but most evidence remains low certainty. Further high-quality RCTs are needed.Registered in PROSPERO: CRD42024617330.

PMID 42500179
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PubMedFrontiers in physiology2026-07-25

Functional signatures of the gut microbiome in middle-aged regular runners: insights from a metagenomic study.

Ai Xu X, Liu Ruijie R, Lv Yongling Y, Chen Li L et al.

Exercise influences host metabolism and inflammation, but its functional effects on the gut microbiome in middle-aged populations remain unclear. This study used shotgun metagenomics to investigate the associations between long-term endurance running and the gut microbial ecosystem and its functional potential in middle-aged adults. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis comparing 33 middle-aged regular runners with 33 sedentary controls. No significant differences in age, BMI, dietary intake between groups. Fecal samples underwent metagenomic sequencing at an average depth of 10.97 Gb per sample. Following stringent quality control, taxonomic profiling, diversity analyses, and differential abundance testing were performed. Functional potential was annotated using GO, eggNOG, KEGG, CARD, VFDB, and CAZy databases. The gut microbiota of middle-aged regular runners (RG, n = 33) and sedentary controls (CG, n = 33) was compared using metagenomic sequencing. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of age, BMI, or self-reported dietary patterns. Although no significant differences in α-diversity or β-diversity were found, taxonomic profiling revealed differences in microbial community composition between the groups. Runners exhibited an increased relative abundance of carbohydrate-fermenting and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing species, including Prevotella copri, Lachnospira eligens, and Collinsella intestinalis. KEGG functional analysis revealed enrichment of genes associated with antibiotic biosynthesis pathways in runners, whereas the control group was enriched in genes related to lipid metabolism and xenobiotic degradation. The total abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors (VFs) was significantly lower in runners. Carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy) profiling further indicated that runners harbored higher abundances of carbohydrate-binding modules and glycosyltransferase families, while controls were enriched in complex polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. Nonetheless, the cross-sectional design, qualitative dietary assessment, residual sex imbalance, and lack of metabolomic validation limit causal inference. Longitudinal intervention studies incorporating metabolomic analyses are warranted to confirm these associations and elucidate the directional adaptation of the gut microbiota to long-term regular exercise.

PMID 42500599
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PubMedMetabolism: clinical and experimental2026-07-25

Differential mirroring between in vivo insulin secretion and ex vivo islet function in individuals with and without diabetes.

Di Giuseppe Gianfranco G, Gliozzo Giulia G, Carciero Lorenzo L, Puzzangara Maria Carmen MC et al.

Insulin secretion measured in vivo reflects the integrated output of pancreatic islets within a multi-organ regulatory network, whereas ex vivo stimulation of isolated human islets captures intrinsic, islet-autonomous secretory competence. Whether these two levels of β cell function mirror each other in humans remains unclear. We studied 63 individuals undergoing partial pancreatectomy who underwent preoperative OGTT with model-based assessment of β cell function and provided pancreatic tissue for ex vivo islet isolation and glucose stimulation. Ex vivo function was quantified as the stimulation index at 16.7 mmol/L glucose (SI16.7) and related to in vivo indices of insulin secretion. SI16.7 was reduced in islet from people with T2D but showed marked inter-individual variability with overlapping distributions between individuals with and without T2D. In non-diabetic individuals, no significant associations were detected between SI16.7 and OGTT-derived indices. In contrast, in people with T2D, SI16.7 was positively associated with multiple measures of glucose-driven insulin secretion and inversely with potentiation. In multivariable analysis, a composite index of intrinsic glucose-dependent β cell competence remained independently related to SI16.7. These findings indicate that a direct correspondence between systemic β cell function and intrinsic islet secretory capacity emerges only in T2D. This state-dependent alignment suggests that loss of network-mediated regulation may unmasks islet-intrinsic defects, allowing ex vivo islet performance to better reflect in vivo insulin secretion and supporting integrated in vivo-ex vivo phenotyping as a tool for functional stratification of T2D.

PMID 42498076
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PubMedMedicine2026-07-25

Perioperative nursing care for a patient undergoing image-guided planned autologous islet transplantation after total pancreatectomy: A case report.

Yang Jianwen J, Qi Xuefeng X, Xu Qin Q, Qian Weiming W

Total pancreatectomy (TP) often leads to insulin-deficient diabetes, including unstable "brittle diabetes." Autologous islet transplantation during or after TP can prevent or treat diabetes by reinfusing functional islets into the portal vein. This case report details the perioperative nursing strategies for a patient undergoing image-guided planned autologous islet transplantation following TP. A 64-year-old male with pancreatic cancer, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension underwent TP and initial autologous islet transplantation but required a second transplantation due to poor graft function. Preoperatively, he exhibited fluctuating blood glucose (8.9-14.5 mmol/L) and anxiety about surgical outcomes. The patient was diagnosed with recurrent pancreatic cancer post-TP and chemotherapy, compounded by insulin-dependent diabetes and suboptimal islet function necessitating secondary transplantation. A multidisciplinary approach included meticulous preoperative islet quality control, intraoperative portal vein catheterization under ultrasound guidance, and dynamic monitoring of portal pressure. Postoperative care featured anticoagulation (heparin/low-molecular-weight heparin), glycemic management via insulin micropump, and thromboprophylaxis using intermittent pneumatic compression. Psychological support and preoperative education alleviated patient anxiety. Posttransplantation, blood glucose stabilized (3.9-7.7 mmol/L), enabling discontinuation of exogenous insulin. The patient was discharged on day 18 without complications such as thrombosis or hemorrhage. Multidisciplinary collaboration, tailored nursing interventions, and rigorous complication prevention ensured successful outcomes. This case highlights the critical role of structured perioperative care in achieving insulin independence after complex islet transplantation.

PMID 42499104
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