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GR

griseofulvin (Grisol)

✓ Approved

Transdermal · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is griseofulvin?

griseofulvin is a small molecule developed by Transdermal. It is approved for therapeutic indications via topical.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesGrisol
CompanyTransdermal
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteTopical
StatusApproved

Therapeutic Indications

griseofulvin is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
InvestigationsDermatologic examination✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedJournal of pharmaceutical sciences2026-05-09

Predicting surfactant effects on drug permeation across hollow fiber membrane.

Patel Roshni P RP, Murray Jack D JD, Griffin Brendan T BT, Polli James E JE

The hollow fiber membrane (HFM) system is a potential combined dissolution/permeation in vitro tool to predict oral solid dosage form performance. However, drug permeability interpretation in the presence of surfactants remains mechanistically challenging, particularly when surfactants are present in both the donor and receiver compartments. A model denoted the reduced resistance model was recently employed to explain enhanced drug permeability when surfactant was present in the receiver. The objective was to re-examine previously published HFM flux of griseofulvin and meloxicam to consider the reduced resistance model as an additional contributing mechanism impacting drug flux. Published HFM data under all four surfactant experimental scenarios (i.e., no surfactant, surfactant in the receiver only, surfactant in the donor only, and surfactant in both donor and receiver) were re-analyzed. For the latter two most complex scenarios, there were six competing permeation models. For these two scenarios, the best predictive model for griseofulvin was the reduced resistance model for total donor drug concentration; meanwhile, for meloxicam, which was much less micelle incorporated, the best predictive model was the simple free drug permeation model. Overall, these findings demonstrate that drug permeation across HFM in surfactant-containing systems is governed by the interplay between donor-side micellar sequestration and receiver-side resistance reduction.

PubMedPharmaceutical research2026-05-06

Raman Imaging-based Analysis of Drug Powder Dissolution on Calu-3 Cell Monolayers as a Mechanistic Predictor of Nasal Absorption.

Furubayashi Tomoyuki T, Tanaka Akiko A, Tatsuta Ryosuke R, Fujiwara Maako M et al.

Intranasal powder formulations offer advantages in terms of stability and portability; however, their absorption is critically dependent on dissolution within the limited fluid volume of the nasal cavity. Conventional dissolution tests, originally developed for oral medicines, fail to adequately capture dissolution dynamics under nasal conditions, making the prediction of bioavailability after intranasal powder administration (BAp) particularly challenging. A Raman spectroscopy-based approach was established to directly monitor the time-dependent dissolution of drug particles in Calu-3 cell layers. Dissolution rate constants derived from particle size reduction were integrated with the nasal mean residence time (MRT) and bioavailability after intranasal solution administration (BAs) to define a predictive metric, the dissolution-MRT-BAs (DTB) parameter. Model drugs exhibited distinct dissolution profiles: rapid (antipyrine and atenolol), intermediate (acyclovir and levofloxacin), and limited (norfloxacin and griseofulvin). The DTB parameter was strongly correlated with BAp (R = 0.983, p < 0.001), and the enhancement of norfloxacin dissolution by lactose was also captured by this metric. The DTB parameter, which integrates dissolution kinetics, nasal residence time, and bioavailability, serves as a rational tool for predicting the absorption behavior of nasal powder formulations. This study highlights the potential of Raman spectroscopy as a quantitative method to support formulation design and establish in vitro-in vivo correlations in nasal drug delivery.

PubMedCurrent microbiology2026-05-02

In Vitro Terbinafine Response and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration-Squalene Epoxidase Mutation Correlation in Tinea Cruris and Corporis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Kumari Anita A, Das Shukla S, Singh Praveen Kumar PK, Rai Gargi G et al.

Chronic and recalcitrant dermatophytosis has become an increasing therapeutic challenge, particularly in India, where widespread antifungal misuse and environmental factors contribute to persistent infections. This study investigated the clinical patterns, antifungal susceptibility, and molecular mechanisms underlying terbinafine resistance in patients with tinea corporis and tinea cruris. A total of 105 clinically diagnosed and KOH-positive patients were enrolled. The majority were male (60%) with a mean age of 34 years and an average disease duration of 13 months. Most cases involved multiple sites, with the groin, thighs, and buttocks most frequently affected. Phenotypic and molecular identification revealed Trichophyton mentagrophytes/interdigitale complex (Tm/TiC) as the predominant pathogen (97%), followed by rare isolates of Trichophyton rubrum (2%) and Trichophyton indotineae (1%). Antifungal susceptibility testing (CLSI M38-A2) showed high MIC values for fluconazole (MIC₅₀/₉₀: 64 µg/ml), terbinafine (MIC₅₀: 0.5 µg/ml, MIC₉₀: 16 µg/ml), and griseofulvin (MIC₅₀: 2 µg/ml, MIC₉₀: 8 µg/ml), while itraconazole exhibited the best in vitro activity (MIC₅₀: 0.25 µg/ml, MIC₉₀: 0.5 µg/ml). Notably, 33% of isolates demonstrated high terbinafine MICs (≥ 1 µg/ml). SQLE gene sequencing identified mutations, particularly F397L, strongly associated with elevated terbinafine MICs and prior drug exposure. These findings highlight the alarming rise of terbinafine resistance among dermatophytes and underscore the role of inappropriate antifungal use in driving resistance. Regular antifungal susceptibility testing, careful drug selection based on prior exposure, and strict patient compliance are essential for improving outcomes. Until clinical breakpoints are established, treatment should be continued until both clinical and mycological cure are achieved.

PubMedGenetics and molecular biology2026-04-27

All you need is fungi: Exploring secondary metabolites as a source of novel amoebicidal agents.

João Maria Eduarda Deluca MED, Moura Deisiane Santos DS, Rocha Alexandra Azevedo AA, Braga Matheus Lopes ML et al.

Free-living amoebae (FLAs) of the genus Acanthamoeba are opportunistic protozoa found in diverse environments. They can cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis, especially in immunocompromised individuals, and Acanthamoeba keratitis, a painful corneal infection frequently associated with contact lens wearers. Effective treatments for Acanthamoeba infections are limited, with nitroimidazoles as the main pharmacological option, a class of drugs generally associated with side effects. Given the limited availability of vaccines and the low efficacy of existing drugs, the search for new therapeutic strategies is crucial. Interactions between fungi and predatory amoebae have driven the production of defensive fungal secondary metabolites (SMs) with potent amoebicidal properties. The evolutionary pressure from predatory amoebae has equipped fungi, particularly from the Aspergillus, Beauveria, and Fusarium genera, to produce a wide variety of defensive bioactive compounds, including non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, and terpenes. Some examples of fungal-derived SMs include cephalosporins, mycophenolic acid, griseofulvin, pleuromutilins and lovastatin. Furthermore, gliotoxin and trypacidin from Aspergillus fumigatus exhibit amoebicidal activity by impairing key protozoan functions like phagocytosis. These findings highlight the potential of fungal SMs as novel amoebicidal agents. Exploring fungal biodiversity could lead to the discovery of innovative medicines, harnessing natural compounds to combat infections caused by Acanthamoeba species and other protozoan pathogens.

PubMedThe Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology2026-04-14

Compaction of co-amorphous griseofulvin/amino acid powders at elevated temperatures and their "in-tablet" stability.

Partheniadis Ioannis I, Tsouka Maria M, Nikolakakis Ioannis I

Equimolar griseofulvin (GRI) co-amorphous systems (CAMS) with amino-acids (AAs) were prepared by hot-melt-extrusion and evaluated for compactibility and "in-tablet" stability at ambient (21-23°C), intermediate (43-46°C), and high temperature [87-92°C, near CAMS' glass transition (Tg)]. Compression was studied by "in-die" measurements. Tablet strength and morphology were evaluated by diametrical compression and electron microscopy, moisture uptake by dynamic sorption, and solid-state stability by X-ray powder diffraction and micro-spatially offset low-frequency Raman spectroscopy. CAMS powders exhibited lower Heckel yield pressure (Py) and compaction work (Wc) but higher elastic recovery than crystalline physical mixtures (PMs). However, the strength of PM and CAMS tablets prepared at low or intermediate temperatures were comparable, due to balancing the effects of deformability (Py) and surface interaction (Wc). Compression near CAMS' Tg gave weak tablets. CAMS tablets exhibited low moisture sorption and remained amorphous after 90 days at 45°C/75% relative humidity, confirming excellent stability, whereas tablets of amorphous drug recrystallized after 30 days. Low-frequency Raman spectroscopy revealed details that escaped crystallography. Isolated residual drug crystals were detected, suggesting further finer-tuning for optimal GRI/AA ratio. These findings indicate the potential of GRI/AA CAMS for direct compression providing that adequate flowability is assured.

PubMedFoods (Basel, Switzerland)2026-03-28

Diversity of Mycotoxigenic Penicillium and Associated Mycobiota in Dry-Cured Meat (Cecina, León, Spain) Revealed by a Polyphasic Approach.

de Zaldivar Ribeiro Daniela Cristina Solo DCS, Pintor-Cora Alberto A, Alegría Ángel Á, Santos Jesús A JA et al.

Cecina de León is a traditional Spanish dry-cured beef product whose surface, as in other similar meat products, becomes heavily colonised by fungi during ripening, raising concerns related to possible mycotoxin contamination. This study aimed to characterise the mycobiota associated with cecina and its production environment, with particular emphasis on mycotoxigenic Penicillium species. Seventy-eight cecina samples and 26 air samples were collected from meat-processing plants and local markets in the province of León (Spain) and analysed for fungal counts, water activity and pH. A total of 101 mould isolates and 16 yeasts were recovered, with Penicillium accounting for 88% of all moulds. Sixteen Penicillium species were identified using a polyphasic approach integrating macro- and micromorphological analysis, extrolite production, molecular markers (BenA, CaM and ITS), and MALDI-TOF MS. Mycotoxin screening by HPTLC and HPLC-PDA targeted cyclopiazonic acid, ochratoxin A, patulin, citrinin, griseofulvin and mycophenolic acid, revealing that 51% of the Penicillium isolates were mycotoxin producers, mainly P. commune. The proposed polyphasic strategy, including MALDI-TOF MS as a rapid complementary tool, offers a practical framework for the surveillance of fungal communities and mycotoxin risk in meat-processing environments.

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