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erythropoietin (Epocain / Epokine)

✓ Approved

HK inno.N · EPOR · Recombinant Proteins

What is erythropoietin?

erythropoietin is a recombinant proteins developed by HK inno.N. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intravenous (iv) or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesEpocain, Epokine
CompanyHK inno.N
Drug ClassRecombinant Proteins
Molecular TargetEPOR
RouteInjectable (Others), Intravenous (IV), Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, HK inno.N

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

erythropoietin acts on 1 molecular target:

EPORerythropoietin receptor (EPO-R)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

erythropoietin is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Blood and lymphatic system disordersAnaemia✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedThe Canadian journal of cardiology2026-07-25

Impact of Ventricular Stroke Work on Outcomes After Tricuspid Transcatheter Edge-to-Edge Repair.

Hanses Ulrich U, Diehl Kathrin K, Alo Shiyar S, Kerniss Hatim H et al.

Tricuspid transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (T-TEER) is an effective treatment for severe tricuspid regurgitation (TR), but predictors of outcome and clinical benefit after T-TEER remain limited. In 144 patients with severe symptomatic TR undergoing T-TEER, left and right ventricular stroke work indices (LVSWI, RVSWI) were calculated from invasive hemodynamics by right heart catheterization. Patients were stratified by median values (LVSWI 27 cJ/m2, RVSWI 6 cJ/m2) into four subgroups. The primary endpoint was one-year all-cause mortality. After T-TEER, all-cause mortality was 28%. Outcomes differed significantly across subgroups: LVSWI high, RVSWI high: 15%, LVSWI high, RVSWI low: 15%, LVSWI low, RVSWI high: 55%, and LVSWI low, RVSWI low: 31% (Kaplan-Meier, log-rank p = 0.00027). Patients with low LVSWI but high RVSWI had the poorest survival, characterized by elevated pulmonary artery pressures, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and left ventricular transmural pressure. In univariate Cox regression, LVSWI below the median predicted mortality (≤ 27 cJ/m2; HR 4.73, 95% CI 2.07-10.8; p < 0.001), whereas RVSWI did not. LVSWI remained an independent predictor after adjusting in multivariate analysis (HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.27-0.71; p < 0.001). LVSWI is a robust, independent prognostic marker after T-TEER, whereas RVSWI alone lacks predictive value. A discordant profile of low LVSWI with high RVSWI identifies a particularly high-risk subgroup with >50% mortality within one year. Incorporating stroke work indices into pre-procedural assessment may refine risk stratification and optimize management strategies in T-TEER candidates.

PMID 42497985
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PubMedCureus2026-07-25

Assessment of Maternal Health Literacy and Its Association With Pregnancy Outcomes Among Women.

Ahsan Parsa P, Fatima Mahnoor M, Malik Beenish B, Awan Asghar A

Background Maternal health literacy is a key factor in helping women acquire, understand, and utilize health information during pregnancy. Poor health literacy may impede effective decision-making and impact maternal and newborn health. The objective of this study was to assess maternal health literacy and its association with pregnancy outcomes among postnatal women in Lahore, Pakistan. Methodology This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 374 postnatal women at the University of Lahore, Pakistan, between January 1, 2025, and June 30, 2025. The Maternal Health Literacy and Pregnancy Outcome Questionnaire recorded data, socio-demographic data, and obstetric data. IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY), was used for statistical analyses. Data did not satisfy the assumption of normality, so nonparametric tests were used to explore associations among the study variables. Results Women with live births demonstrated significantly higher maternal health literacy scores than those reporting neonatal deaths (Mann-Whitney U = 214.5, p < 0.001). Pregnancy outcomes were significantly associated with educational status, household income, parity, neonatal birth weight, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, APGAR score, and maternal comorbidities (all p < 0.05). Conclusions Maternal health literacy was positively associated with favorable pregnancy outcomes. Further prospective studies are required to determine whether interventions aimed at improving maternal health literacy can improve maternal and neonatal outcomes.

PMID 42500794
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PubMedCureus2026-07-25

Clinicopathological Spectrum of Ovarian Tumors and Diagnostic Utility of Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125): An Observational Study From Eastern India.

Choudhary Akanksha A, Paswan Manoj K MK, Jamaiyar Anshu A

Background Ovarian neoplasms represent a heterogeneous category of tumors with different histogenesis, clinical behavior, and prognosis, thus presenting a major challenge in gynecological oncology. The most popular biomarker in ovarian cancer is serum cancer antigen 125 (CA-125). Hence, the purpose of our study is to assess the diagnostic accuracy of serum CA-125 to differentiate between benign and malignant ovarian tumors using clinicopathological correlation in a tertiary care institution. Methods This is an observational study, retrospective in nature, carried out in the Department of Pathology at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Ranchi, over 18 months. A total of 76 histopathologically confirmed ovarian tumor cases with available clinical, radiological, and serum CA-125 data were included. Preoperative serum CA-125 levels were measured using a cutoff value of 35 U/mL. Tumors were categorized as benign, borderline, or malignant based on histopathological criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Version 27, Armonk, NY). Results Out of 76 ovarian tumors, 55 (72.4%) were benign, two (2.6%) were borderline, and 19 (25.0%) were malignant. Epithelial tumors (46, 60.5%) were the most common histological type. Serous cystadenoma (16, 21.1%) was the most frequent subtype. Elevated CA-125 levels were observed in all malignant tumors (19, 100%), while most benign tumors (49, 89.1%) showed normal levels. Serum CA-125 demonstrated sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 87.7%, positive predictive value of 73.1%, negative predictive value of 100%, and overall diagnostic accuracy of 90.7%. Conclusion The present study indicates that ovarian tumors are mainly benign, and most histological subtypes are epithelial tumors. Serum CA-125 demonstrated an excellent sensitivity in the detection of malignant tumors of the ovary, with all the malignant tumors portraying high levels of CA-125. These results show that CA-125 is a useful biomarker for identifying malignant ovarian tumors. However, its interpretation should be made in conjunction with clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings.

PMID 42500789
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PubMedTurkish journal of medical sciences2026-07-25

Skin cancer surgery under local anesthesia: clinicopathologic characteristics and age-stratified outcomes in 533 patients.

Kastamoni Başkan Menekşe M, Çeçen Süleyman S, Akin Selçuk S, Balaban Adim Şaduman Ş et al.

Skin cancer is the most common malignancy worldwide, particularly among elderly individuals. Many lesions are detected at an early stage because of their visibility and can be excised under local anesthesia, thereby avoiding the risks associated with general anesthesia or sedation. This study aimed to evaluate patient- and tumor-related characteristics in skin cancer surgery performed under local anesthesia, with particular emphasis on age-related outcomes. This retrospective study included 533 patients with 613 histopathologically confirmed skin cancers excised under local anesthesia between 2019 and 2024. Demographic, histopathological, and surgical variables were recorded, including age, sex, tumor location, measured tumor area, histologic subtype, surgical margin status, reconstruction technique, and comorbid conditions. Patients were stratified into three age groups (<60, 60-80, and >80 years) for subgroup analyses. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test, chi-square test, and Spearman correlation analysis (SPSS version 26.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The mean patient age was 68.5 years. Most lesions (86.1%) were located in the head and neck region. Basal cell carcinoma (65.4%) and squamous cell carcinoma (21.0%) were the predominant histopathological diagnoses. Primary closure (43.8%) and full-thickness skin grafting (25.0%) were the most frequently performed reconstruction methods. Larger tumor area was significantly associated with positive surgical margins (p < 0.01), and tumor type was significantly associated with both surgical margin status and reconstruction method (p < 0.0001). Age showed a statistically significant positive correlation with tumor area (p = 2.22 × 10-7) and with the presence of comorbidities (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis demonstrated a higher proportion of squamous cell carcinoma and a larger mean tumor area in patients older than 80 years. No local anesthesia-related complications occurred. Skin cancer surgery performed under local anesthesia appears to be safe and effective across age groups, including elderly and comorbid patients. Tumor type and tumor area were significantly associated with surgical margin status and reconstruction method. These findings support age-conscious and anesthesia-sparing approaches in oncologic dermatologic surgery.

PMID 42499443
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PubMedCureus2026-07-25

Factors Influencing Blood Component Availability: The Views of Transfusion Service Leaders in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

AlShammari Abdullah A AA

Maintaining the availability of blood components remains a major challenge for transfusion services and healthcare institutions. Blood shortages can disrupt clinical care, complicate prioritization decisions, and place substantial operational pressure on transfusion services. Limited attention has been given to the perspectives of transfusion service personnel directly involved in shortage management, particularly within tertiary healthcare settings in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted using a structured survey designed to assess respondent and institutional characteristics, perception of blood component shortage, practices implemented during shortage, barriers affecting shortage management, and perceived strategies to improve blood component availability. A total of 94 responses were collected from transfusion service personnel working in healthcare institutions in Riyadh. Of these, 64 respondents who were directly involved in shortage management were included in the principal analytical sample. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic, institutional, and item-level response patterns. Composite domain scores were calculated, and reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to age, years of experience, academic qualification, and role in shortage management. Blood component shortage was perceived as a meaningful and recurrent operational challenge. The mean composite scores were 3.68±0.90 for shortage perception, 4.03±0.52 for practices during shortage, 3.69±1.06 for barriers and constraints, and 4.44±0.73 for improvement strategies. The most strongly endorsed shortage-related experiences were the need for regular coordination with clinical departments and hospital leadership and the prioritization of patients or procedures during shortage periods. The most frequently reported practices included intensification of donor recruitment, close monitoring of blood inventory, and recall of repeat donors. Major perceived barriers included limited donor availability, high workload, insufficient staffing, high transfusion demand, and limited decision-making authority. Respondents showed the strongest agreement regarding improvement strategies, particularly increasing public awareness of blood donation, implementation of patient blood management programs, and establishment of a national blood service system. Postgraduate-qualified respondents demonstrated significantly higher shortage perception and stronger recognition of selected barriers. Blood component shortage in tertiary healthcare settings in Riyadh is perceived not merely as a donor supply issue but as a broader system-level challenge shaped by operational demands, workforce capacity, governance limitations, and institutional coordination requirements. These findings support the need for integrated interventions combining donor awareness, patient blood management, workforce strengthening, and system-level coordination to improve the resilience and sustainability of blood component availability.

PMID 42500751
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PubMedCurrent pharmaceutical design2026-07-24

Corrigendum to: Recent Advances in Possible Treatment Options Including Herbal Remedies for the Management of Cholelithiasis.

Chabru Afridi Shafik AS, Das Ankita A, Sree Amoolya A, Chakraborty Payel P et al.

The publisher identified, after publication of this article, that Reference No. 100 was incomplete in the reference list. This error has now been corrected. The original article can be found online at: https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/150286 We regret the error and apologize to readers. Details of the correction: Original [100] Costa CJ, Nguyen MTT, Vaziri H, Wu GY. Genetics of gallstone disease and its clinical significance: A narrative review. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2024; 000(000): 000. http://dx.doi.org/10.14218/JCTH.2023.00563 PMID: 38426197 Corrected [100] Costa CJ, Nguyen MTT, Vaziri H, Wu GY. Genetics of gallstone disease and its clinical significance: A narrative review. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2024; 12(3): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.14218/JCTH.2023.00563 PMID: 38426197.

PMID 42494099
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