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verapamil (verapamil, Mylan / verapamil SR, Mylan / verapamil ER)

✓ Approved

Mylan · CACNA1C · Small Molecule

What is verapamil?

verapamil is a small molecule developed by Mylan. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand Namesverapamil, Mylan, verapamil SR, Mylan, verapamil ER
CompanyMylan
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetCACNA1C
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Mylan

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

verapamil acts on 1 molecular target:

CACNA1Ccalcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C (CACNL1A1, CACNA1C-IT2)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

verapamil is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Vascular disordersHypertension✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedFrontiers in pharmacology2026-09-18

Extracts from Eryngium heterophyllum Engelm. [Apiaceae] enhance paclitaxel cytotoxicity in A549 lung cancer cells.

Hernandez Solano Blanca Elizabeth BE, Castañeda-Espinoza Joel Daniel JD, Salas-Vidal Enrique E, Guerrero-Alonso Araceli A et al.

Chemotherapy resistance is a critical bottleneck in lung cancer treatment, significantly limiting the clinical efficacy of drugs like paclitaxel. This study investigated the cytotoxic and chemosensitizing potential of hexane, acetone, and hydroalcoholic extracts from Eryngium heterophyllum Engelm. [Apiaceae] to enhance therapeutic response in A549 lung cancer cells. Extracts were obtained by maceration and their antiproliferative activity was determined using crystal violet assays. Synergistic interactions between extracts and paclitaxel were quantified using the Chou-Talalay combination index. Mechanistic studies included DAPI staining for nuclear fragmentation, immunofluorescence for P-glycoprotein expression, and flow cytometry to assess functional doxorubicin retention. Chemical profiling was performed via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The hexane extract exhibited the highest intrinsic cytotoxicity (IC50 = 25.1 ± 1.1 μg/mL). Notably, combining sub-cytotoxic concentrations of the extracts with paclitaxel reduced the drug's IC50 by 10 to 14-fold, with the acetone extract showing the strongest synergism. These combinations induced significant apoptotic nuclear fragmentation. Furthermore, all extracts increased intracellular doxorubicin retention to levels comparable to the reference inhibitor verapamil, suggesting potent inhibition of P-gp mediated efflux. These findings demonstrate that E. heterophyllum extracts exhibit a dual biological effect by providing direct antiproliferative activity while also enhancing the response of A549 cells to paclitaxel. The observed effects may be associated with modulation of drug transport-related mechanisms, including increased intracellular doxorubicin retention and changes in P-gp associated activity. This species represents a promising source of plant-derived metabolites as complementary agents for improving chemotherapy response in lung cancer cells.

PMID 42756142
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PubMedEnvironmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)2026-09-17

Unexpected Synergy: Calcium Channel Blockers and Residual Chlorine Cooperatively Accelerate Antibiotic Resistance Dissemination in Water Systems.

Ye Chengsong C, Chen Yidan Y, Yu Xin X

The dissemination of antibiotic resistance driven by non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals is an emerging concern warranting further investigation. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs), frequently detected in aquatic environments, have rarely been studied for their role in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study examines the impact of two representative CCBs, amlodipine (AML) and verapamil (VER), on conjugative horizontal gene transfer (HGT) under low-level chlorine conditions. A bacterial conjugation system was established using Escherichia coli harboring the conjugative plasmid RP4, under simulated residual chlorine exposure typical of water distribution networks (0.3 mg/L). Conjugation assays revealed that, in the absence of residual chlorine, AML and VER at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.01-100 μg/L) exerted negligible effects on ARG conjugative transfer. Similarly, residual chlorine alone did not significantly enhance HGT. However, the co-occurrence of CCBs and residual chlorine synergistically promoted HGT, yielding a maximal 15.2-fold increase in conjugation frequency. This promotional effect was not mediated by increased cell membrane permeability but was driven by elevated reactive oxygen species production, upregulation of efflux pumps and outer membrane porins, and modulated transcription of conjugation-related genes. Notably, the oxidative stress response gene rpoS was upregulated by over 20-fold, while korA/korB (negative regulators) and kilA/kilB (repressors of vertical transfer) were both downregulated, collectively relieving the repression on conjugative transfer. These findings demonstrate that environmental non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals can synergistically promote ARG dissemination under residual chlorine in water supply systems. This study provides a scientific basis for refining risk assessment frameworks for pharmaceutical contaminants in water.

PMID 42754197
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PubMedNeurosurgery practice2026-09-16

Utilization of the PK Papyrus Covered Stent for the Treatment of Direct Carotid Cavernous Fistulas: A Case Series.

Schwartz Lindsey M LM, Gupta Paras P, Kumar Shourya S, Guerrero Jaime R JR et al.

Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) pose significant challenges in management. Traditional treatment modalities including endovascular embolization, surgical ligation, and even stereotactic radiosurgery, are often limited by their inability to effectively seal arteriovenous shunts while preserving perforating vessels. In recent years, covered stents have been investigated as a possible treatment option for various intracranial vascular pathologies, including CCFs, offering the potential to occlude sites of shunting or hemorrhage. Traditional covered stents were noted to be stiff and difficult to navigate in tortuous vessels, and complications such as endoleaks, vasospasm, restenosis, and thrombosis have also hindered their widespread adoption. We present a retrospective, single-institution case series of 4 adult patients with direct CCFs treated with the PK Papyrus covered stent (Biotronik Inc.). By leveraging the unique properties of the PK Papyrus stent, we demonstrate its potential as a safe and effective therapeutic option for challenging CCF cases. Four patients with Barrow Type A CCFs were successfully treated with the PK Papyrus stent. Complete obliteration of the CCF was noted in all cases. Intraoperative complication included only 1 incidence of vasospasm of the distal internal carotid artery that resolved with intra-arterial verapamil. All 4 patients have completed long-term follow-up angiograms demonstrating persistent fistula obliteration without signs of endoleak, in-stent thrombosis, or stenosis. The Papyrus covered stent is a viable option in treating direct CCFs. Future multicenter studies are needed to investigate the long-term efficacy of these devices for treatment of CCFs.

PMID 42746429
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PubMedExperimental and therapeutic medicine2026-09-15

Preventive administration of verapamil attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice.

Ota Natsuki N, Sato Keisuke K, Tatsunami Ryosuke R

Inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease, is a chronic immune-mediated disorder characterized by relapsing gastrointestinal inflammation. UC is an idiopathic chronic relapsing-remitting inflammatory disorder affecting the colon, characterized by diarrhea and rectal bleeding. Verapamil, a phenylalkylamine-class L-type calcium channel blocker, has long been used to treat cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, angina and arrhythmia. The present study aimed to investigate whether verapamil ameliorates UC symptoms in a murine model. In addition, the effects of verapamil on i) inflammatory cytokines, ii) the intestinal microbiota and iii) the intestinal mucosal barrier, all of which are implicated in UC pathogenesis, were investigated. UC was induced in mice by administering 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in the drinking water. Preventive oral administration of verapamil (10 mg/kg/day) initiated 7 days before DSS exposure attenuated body weight loss, diarrhea, and bloody stools in mice with DSS-induced colitis. Verapamil also reduced colonic inflammatory cytokine levels, partially reversed DSS-associated alterations in the intestinal microbiota, and preserved the expression of selected tight junction-related proteins and colonic glutathione levels. These findings suggested that verapamil may exert protective effects in this experimental model of colitis; however, further studies are needed to determine its potential clinical relevance in UC.

PMID 42741192
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PubMedChemico-biological interactions2026-09-13

Construction of a human placental brush border membrane vesicle model for evaluating the effect of antenatal drugs on OCTN1/2 transport function.

Qi Qifan Q, Liang Chenmeizi C, Yao Bingyi B, Zhao Luping L et al.

Organic cation transporters novel 1 and 2 (OCTN1/2) localize specifically to the brush border membrane of human placentas, where they facilitate transmembrane delivery of vital substrates including ergothioneine and l-carnitine to sustain placental antioxidant balance and fetal energy metabolism. Multidrug regimens are frequently administered to manage gestational complications, yet these therapeutics may unintentionally impair placental OCTN1/2 activity and perturb bidirectional maternal-fetal nutrient trafficking. Herein, we established and fully validated a human placental brush border membrane vesicle (BBMV) model. Morphological and biochemical characterization confirmed structural integrity, high purity, and a predominantly right-side-out orientation (ROV), with stable OCTN1/2 expression. Substrate uptake experiments with ergothioneine and l-carnitine revealed classical saturable concentration-dependent kinetics, which were substantially suppressed by verapamil. This validated BBMV model was applied to assess the modulatory actions of 11 widely prescribed antenatal medicines on OCTN1/2 transport function. Most antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and tocolytic drugs exhibited minimal impact on OCTN1. However, metformin, glibenclamide, and labetalol moderately inhibited OCTN2, which could hinder placental l-carnitine uptake. Notably, fluoxetine exerted inhibitory effects on both OCTN1 and OCTN2, implying elevated risks of impaired placental antioxidant defense and energy substrate transfer. These findings elucidate the transport characteristics of placental OCTN1/2 and identify unintended inhibitory effects of common antenatal drugs, providing critical experimental references for rational clinical medication during pregnancy.

PMID 42731662
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PubMedSurgery in practice and science2026-09-10

Corrigendum to "Effects of verapamil on intestinal injury in a rat model of acute mesenteric ischemia" [Surgery in Practice and Science; Volume 21, June 2025, 100286].

Wilken Silvana N SN, Rodrigues Diego V Santos DVS, Price Colin C, Jacobs Julia J et al.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.sipas.2025.100286.].

PMID 42719688
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