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aztreonam lysine (Cayston / Corus 1020 / AZLI)

✓ Approved

Gilead Sciences, Inc. · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is aztreonam lysine?

aztreonam lysine is a small molecule developed by Gilead Sciences, Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesCayston, Corus 1020, AZLI
CompanyGilead Sciences, Inc.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteInhaled
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Gilead Sciences, Inc.

Therapeutic Indications

aztreonam lysine is developed for 3 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Infections and infestationsRespiratory tract infection✓ Approved
Infections and infestationsPneumonia pseudomonal✓ Approved
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersBronchiectasisPhase III

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Martins Luis A LA, Suesca Edward E, García-Briega María Inmaculada MI, Tatay Palmira P et al.

The aim of this study is to investigate the process by which multilayer polyelectrolyte microcapsules rupture under the action of enzymes to which the polyanion or polycation is sensitive. The capsules were prepared using a template of alginate microspheres cross-linked with calcium ions, which liquefy after the capsule has formed. The capsules are obtained via a layer-by-layer, LbL process using poly-l-lysine (PLL) as the polycation and hyaluronic acid (HA) as the polyanion. The rupture process of the capsules has been studied in media containing pronase, to which PLL is sensitive, hyaluronidase, to which HA is sensitive, or a mixture of both. The kinetics of capsule rupture are monitored by observation and counting the remaining microcapsules under a stereomicroscope or by quantifying the release of alginate into the medium. At the same time, the change in size of the microcapsules that remain intact is measured through optical microscopy, noting that the elasticity of the membrane produced by LbL allows them to swell to double their diameter before rupturing.

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Nagarajan Prabakaran P, Martin Caden J CJ, Keller Andrea R AR, Akkaya-Colak Kübra B KB et al.

Stem cells are critical for the development and maintenance of tissue integrity. An important example is intestinal stem cells (ISCs) that generate all epithelial cell types necessary for formation of the intestinal lining. HAT1 is a histone acetyltransferase that acetylates newly synthesized histone H4 molecules on lysine residues 5 and 12 during replication-coupled chromatin assembly. Within the intestine, HAT1 is specifically expressed in intestinal stem and progenitor cells. We generated an inducible deletion of the HAT1 gene in intestinal epithelial cells. Following loss of HAT1, intestinal crypts became elongated, with an increase in stem and progenitor cell proliferation and an increase in the population of OLFM+ cells. Loss of HAT1 also resulted in alterations in intestinal stem cell differentiation, including an increase in the number of Goblet cells and the mislocalization of Paneth cells into villi. HAT1 is specifically responsible for the acetylation of histone H4 lysine 5 (H4K5ac) in intestinal stem cells. Genome-wide characterization of HAT1-dependent H4K5ac in intestinal crypt cells indicates that the most significant loss of H4K5ac occurs regions of the genome that correspond to in lamina-associated domains (LADs), as defined in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Loss of H4K5ac is accompanied by an increase in histone H3 K9 tri-methylation, indicating that HAT1 regulates genome-wide histone modification patterns in intestinal crypt cells. A direct role for HAT1 in intestinal stem cell function was demonstrated using organoids in culture. HAT1 is required for differentiation in organoids and for the maintenance of Lgr5+ stem cells. These results indicate that HAT1 is required for the proper regulation of intestinal stem cell renewal and differentiation.

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a rising public health issue that compromises human, animal and environmental health. This study assessed AMR in the swine production chain in Costa Rica using commensal Escherichia coli as an indicator microorganism. Sampling of feces, carcass and lymphoid tissue at exporting swine abattoirs yielded 269 presumed E. coli isolates identified by lactose-positive growth on MacConkey agar and indole production. A subset of isolates (n=40) was confirmed as E. coli by VITEK® 2 GN testing. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 18 antibiotics was performed using the antibiotic disk agar diffusion method in 242 recovered isolates, and resistance to all antimicrobial classes evaluated was detected. The highest resistance levels were observed for ampicillin, cefazolin and chloramphenicol, and notable resistance to quinolones, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and β-lactam combination agents. Resistance to clinically-important drugs including ceftazidime, cefepime, aztreonam and imipenem was observed, as well as selected β-lactamase genes. Overall, 50 distinct AMR profiles were identified, and more than half of the isolates displayed multidrug-resistance. A subset of isolates (n=30) underwent uidA PCR and ERIC-PCR analysis, revealing evidence of fecal and cross-contamination as plausible routes for dissemination of resistant bacteria during slaughter. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by VITEK®2 automated system and whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 27 isolates further characterized phenotype-genotype concordance, AMR determinants, virulence factors, serotypes and sequence types of public health relevance. These findings provide insight into current AMR trends in the Costa Rican swine production system and highlight the role of abattoir-level contamination in AMR transmission, supporting targeted interventions to mitigate the emergence and dissemination of AMR along the pork production chain.

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Castanheira Mariana M, Doyle Timothy B TB, Deshpande Lalitagauri M LM, Sader Helio S HS

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A N-methylated antimicrobial peptide targets the fructose transporter FruA of Staphylococcus aureus.

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