Drug Database
EP

epinephrine (epinephrine, Dey / EpiPen / epinephrine, Mylan)

✓ Approved

Mylan · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is epinephrine?

epinephrine is a small molecule developed by Mylan. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others).

Drug Profile

Brand Namesepinephrine, Dey, EpiPen, epinephrine, Mylan
CompanyMylan
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteInjectable (Others)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Mylan

Therapeutic Indications

epinephrine is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Immune system disordersAnaphylactic reaction✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedJA clinical reports2026-05-25

Refractory anaphylactic shock complicated by acute right heart failure during anesthetic induction in a patient with a left ventricular assist device: a case report.

Kaneko Shohei S, Matsumoto Sojiro S, Ichinomiya Taiga T, Higashijima Ushio U et al.

Anaphylaxis in patients with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) may critically reduce LVAD flow, particularly when the right ventricular function is impaired. A 51-year-old man with a HeartMate III LVAD developed bronchospasm, profound hypotension, and decreased LVAD flow during anesthetic induction for endoscopic sinus surgery. The shock remained refractory despite epinephrine boluses and continuous infusions of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and vasopressin. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed severe right ventricular dilatation, leftward septal shift, and reduced left ventricular size, findings consistent with acute right heart failure (RHF). Treatment was escalated to include dobutamine, olprinone, and inhaled nitric oxide, achieving recovery of blood pressure and LVAD flow. Elevated serum tryptase supported the diagnosis of anaphylaxis, and a positive intradermal test identified remimazolam as the cause. Successful anaphylaxis management in LVAD recipients may require rapid recognition and treatment of acute RHF in addition to standard treatment including epinephrine.

PMID 42183913
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PubMedFrontiers in veterinary science2026-05-25

Lumbosacral epidural administration of 4% articaine with epinephrine in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius): anatomical and clinical evaluation.

Misk Tarik N TN, Almubarak Adel Ibrahim AI, Elkhidr Rasha Yassin RY, Elseory Abdelrahman M A AMA et al.

Epidural analgesia is commonly performed in camels via the first intercoccygeal space. However, the use of lumbosacral epidural injection has not been previously described in camels, and articaine hydrochloride (HCl) is rarely used in veterinary practice. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of lumbosacral epidural administration of 4% articaine HCl with epinephrine in camels. An anatomical study was performed on six cadaveric trunks of male camels (age 5-10 years) to identify the depth, dorsal, and ventral width of the lumbosacral space. An anesthetic study was performed on six dromedary camels (three males and three females), aged 7-15 years and weighing 382 ± 152.4 kg. A 0.22 mg/kg dose of 4% articaine HCl with epinephrine (0.01 mg/mL) was administered epidurally. Analgesia and degree of ataxia were evaluated using numeric analgesic and ataxia scoring systems. The onset of analgesia and ataxia and the time to unaided standing after recovery were recorded. Cardiorespiratory parameters were also monitored. The spinal cord was located at a depth of 9.72 ± 0.58 cm from the skin. The dorsal length of the lumbosacral space was 9.32 ± 0.62 cm, while the ventral length was 4.33 ± 0.29 cm. Rapid onset of analgesia in the tail was observed at 4.6 ± 0.6 min. Recumbency began at 8.6 ± 2.7 min, and camels regained unaided standing after 228 ± 19 min. Alterations in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were recorded. Lumbosacral epidural administration of 4% articaine HCl with epinephrine in camels provided rapid onset, mild analgesia (median analgesic score 1-2) in the tail, perineal, umbilical, and flank regions; moderate analgesia in the inguinal region (median analgesic score 2-2.5); and moderately deep analgesia in the hind limbs (median analgesic score 2-3). This was accompanied by long-lasting recumbency and minimal clinically relevant cardiorespiratory changes.

PMID 42182913
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PubMedAsia Pacific allergy2026-05-25

Drug-induced anaphylaxis: Molecular pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management.

Fetarayani Deasy D, Kahdina Mega M, Sandra Debi Yulia DY, Sutanto Henry H

Drug-induced anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially fatal hypersensitivity reaction triggered by various pharmacologic agents, including antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and biologics. It involves a spectrum of immunologic and nonimmunologic mechanisms, ranging from classical IgE-mediated pathways to complement activation and direct mast cell stimulation via receptors such as Mas-related G-protein-coupled receptor member X2 (MRGPRX2). The clinical heterogeneity of anaphylaxis presents significant diagnostic challenges, often requiring a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory biomarkers (eg, serum tryptase and histamine), in vitro tests (eg, basophil activation test and specific IgE test), skin testing, and in some cases, a gold-standard drug provocation test, to establish a definitive diagnosis. Emerging insights into phenotypes and endotypes-such as cytokine-release reactions and bradykinin-mediated responses-enable a more complex understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms, facilitating precision diagnostics and targeted interventions. Accurate risk stratification considers both drug-related and patient-related factors, including genetic polymorphisms and comorbidities. Management hinges on the prompt administration of intramuscular epinephrine, with supportive therapies tailored to the underlying mechanism. In select patients, desensitization and delabeling strategies may allow continued treatment with essential medications. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the current knowledge on the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for drug-induced anaphylaxis and highlights areas for future research aimed at improving patient safety and therapeutic outcomes.

PMID 42182606
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PubMedThe World Allergy Organization journal2026-05-25

Pediatric IgE mediated food allergies and ethnic group inequalities: A scoping review.

Alzughaibi Bashayr H BH, Michaelis Louise J LJ, Pearce Mark S MS, Fairley Andrea A et al.

The prevalence of pediatric food allergy ranges between 8% and 10% depending on age, geographic location, and the diagnostic criteria. There is considerable variation in clinical manifestation, with disparities in symptoms and phenotypes related to race, ethnic group, and coexisting allergic disease(s). The current evidence on ethnic group and racial differences remains limited and inconsistent. This scoping review aimed to explore the existing evidence on ethnic group and race health inequalities in pediatric IgE mediated food allergies in high-income countries. We conducted a systematic search using MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL, inclusive of grey literature from database inception to November 2024. Observational and qualitative studies reporting data for children aged 0-19 years with professional diagnosis of IgE-mediated food allergy, and ethnic group or race in high-income countries, without language restrictions, were included. Screening and data extraction were performed independently in duplicate. Results were mapped thematically and reported descriptively. The review was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews and reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Searches identified 4373 results, and 37 studies were included reporting pediatric IgE mediated food allergy and ethnic group data. Only 17 studies explicitly reported ethnic group differences, with most studies focused on prevalence. Nine studies examined prevalence differences, generally showing higher rates of food allergy among Black and Asian children compared with White children. Three studies examined differences in access to care and management between Black and Hispanic/Latino children and White children. Patterns showed White children had greater access to allergen-free foods and were over-represented in oral immunotherapy and more likely to receive epinephrine. Five studies examined health outcome severity, with some evidence suggesting Black children had the highest rates of food-induced anaphylaxis, and greater odds of asthma and allergic rhinitis compared with White children. Evidence to-date suggests there are ethnic group and racial differences among children with IgE-mediated food allergy related to prevalence, access to care and management, and health outcomes. However, there is incomplete and inconsistent reporting of ethnicity. Only 17 of the 37 included studies that included ethnic group and race data analyzed and reported ethnic group differences. This limits the field's capacity to understand inequalities and additional care requirements for minoritized and racialized ethnic groups. Further research is vital to inform the development of allergy services for children to ensure they have equitable access to care and treatment, as well as optimal health outcomes, regardless of ethnic group and race.

PMID 42179758
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PubMedScientific reports2026-05-24

Comparison of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine and 4% articaine with epinephrine in local anesthesia of maxillary molars affected by molar incisor hypomineralization: a randomized controlled trial.

Haidar Mai M, Raslan Nabih N

The use of local anesthesia is essential for pain control during the treatment of MIH-affected molars. This study aimed to compare injection-related pain and anesthetic efficacy between 2% lidocaine with epinephrine (LE) and 4% articaine with epinephrine (AE) in the MIH-affected maxillary molars of pediatric patients. Twenty-six children aged 6 to 12 years requiring restorative treatment of MIH-affected maxillary molars were enrolled. Participants randomly received one of the two anesthetic solutions (LE or AE) at the first visit; the other solution was administered at the second visit. Injection-related pain and anesthetic efficacy were evaluated subjectively using the Wong-Baker Faces® pain rating (WBF) scale and behaviorally using the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) scale. No statistically significant difference was found between LE and AE in injection-related pain on either scale (P > 0.05). Similarly, no statistically significant difference was recorded between the two solutions in the anesthetic efficacy for MIH-affected maxillary molars, according to both scales (P > 0.05). These findings indicate that both LE and AE provide comparable clinical outcomes, supporting the use of either solution as a local anesthetic for MIH-affected maxillary molars in pediatric patients.

PMID 42177334
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PubMedSpectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy2026-05-24

An EuL13 with multi-recognition site used as luminescent biosensors for efficiently monitoring exercise therapy for depression.

Liu Guoliang G, Li Yulong Y, Liu Ai A, Yao Lanyuan L et al.

Depression is a mental disorder characterized by high mortality and recurrence rates, with diagnosis primarily relying on various scales and lacking a gold standard. Neurotransmitters such as dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), epinephrine (E), and norepinephrine (NE) are established biomarkers for depression. Therefore, there is a significant need to develop real-time, sensitive sensors for these compounds. Due to the complexity of biological environments, improving the sensitivity of biosensors remains a critical challenge in this field. To enhance sensor sensitivity, we introduced pyridyl groups-capable of forming π-π stacking, cation-π and hydrogen bonding interactions with these biomarkers-onto β-diketone ligands, which can undergo nucleophilic interaction with amino groups. The resulting ligands were then coordinated with lanthanide ions through directed self-assembly, forming single-nuclear lanthanide sensors with multiple reactive sites. The mononuclear structure improves the sensor's solubility, compared with the benzene-ring-based sensor EuL23, the pyridine-incorporated sensor EuL13, featuring additional interaction sites, reduces the detection limit for DA from 12.71 nM to 4.49 nM and shortens the response time from 0.41 s to 0.25 s. The enhanced intermolecular interaction between EuL13 and the biomarker is verified by 1H NMR and NOESY spectroscopy. Furthermore, we applied this sensor to evaluate the intervention effects of moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) in alleviating depression-like behaviors in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced mice. When hippocampal and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) homogenates were added to the EuL1₃ solution, the luminescence intensity of EuL1₃ significantly decreased, yielding results consistent with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These results demonstrates the potential of EuL1₃ for application in depression diagnosis and therapeutic efficacy assessment.

PMID 42176611
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