Drug Database
EP

epinephrine (epinephrine, Dey / EpiPen / epinephrine, Mylan)

✓ Approved

Mylan · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is epinephrine?

epinephrine is a small molecule developed by Mylan. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others).

Drug Profile

Brand Namesepinephrine, Dey, EpiPen, epinephrine, Mylan
CompanyMylan
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteInjectable (Others)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Mylan

Therapeutic Indications

epinephrine is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Immune system disordersAnaphylactic reaction✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedCanadian Association of Radiologists journal = Journal l'Association canadienne des radiologistes2026-09-05

CT-Guided Inferior Rectal Nerve Block for Postoperative Pain Management After Hemorrhoidectomy.

Chang Ching-Di CD, Lee Sieh-Yang SY, Chen Chi-Cheng CC, Chen Yun-Ting YT et al.

Hemorrhoidectomy is among the most painful procedures in colorectal surgery. Effective postoperative pain management remains an unmet clinical need. To evaluate the efficacy, duration of analgesia, and safety of CT-guided inferior rectal nerve block (IRNB) for postoperative pain management following hemorrhoidectomy. This retrospective study enrolled 69 patients with grade III or IV mixed hemorrhoids undergoing hemorrhoidectomy between April 2024 and March 2026. Patients who elected to receive IRNB were assigned to Group 1 (n = 38); those who declined formed Group 2 (n = 31, standard analgesia). Group 1 received bilateral CT-guided IRNB on postoperative day 1 using a mixture of triamcinolone acetonide, 0.5% bupivacaine HCl, normal saline, and epinephrine. Pain intensity was assessed using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS, 0-10) at baseline and on postoperative days 1 to 10, 14, and 28. Analgesic use and complications were also recorded. Group 1 showed significantly lower median NRS scores than Group 2 on postoperative day 1 (2 [1-5] vs 5 [4-7]; P < .001), with sustained superiority through day 14 (1 [0-1] vs 2 [0-3]; P < .05). A secondary pain peak occurred in Group 1 on day 4 (4 [2-5]), consider pharmacological attrition and pain rebound. Both groups reached near-complete pain resolution by day 28. Complication rates did not differ significantly between groups. CT-guided IRNB may provides effective and safe postoperative analgesia following hemorrhoidectomy, with significant pain control over the first 2 postoperative weeks.

PMID 42698285
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PubMedAllergy and asthma proceedings2026-09-05

A biscotti-based milk and egg ladder using stepwise oral food challenges: A retrospective study in high-risk children.

Altas Ugur U, Cevik Seda S, Alkaya Halil H, Altas Zeynep Meva ZM et al.

Background: Cow's milk and hen's egg allergy are the most common immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated food allergies in childhood. Current oral immunotherapy protocols use the native raw allergen, with severe anaphylaxis reported. Objective: The objective was to retrospectively evaluate the safety and clinical outcomes of a biscotti (twice baked cake) based milk and egg ladder by using stepwise oral food challenges in children at high risk. Methods: In this single-center retrospective review (June 2024 to April 2025), records of 33 children with IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy (n = 11) or hen's egg allergy (n = 22) were reviewed. The milk ladder comprised seven steps over 12 weeks and progressed from 3-, 2-, and 1-hour second-bake biscotti to a single-bake cake, tempered yogurt soup, yogurt, and pasteurized milk. Yogurt, rather than liquid milk, served as the dairy matrix until the final pasteurized-milk step. The egg ladder comprised six steps with an analogous structure ending at boiled egg. At each step, a five-step in-hospital oral food challenge was performed on the first day. Results: The median age was 19.0 months (milk) and 14.0 months (egg). The median baseline specific IgE levels to milk and egg were 49.7 kUA/L and 19.85 kUA/L, respectively. All adverse reactions were mild. Gastrointestinal reactions clustered in the first three biscotti steps, whereas cutaneous reactions were concentrated in later steps. No reactions were observed at the cake or soup steps, and no anaphylaxis or epinephrine requirement occurred. At the end, 33 of 33 patients tolerated pasteurized milk or boiled egg. Conclusion: This biscotti-based milk and egg ladder, structured according to cooking duration, was implemented with a mild adverse-reaction profile and achieved clinical desensitization in all 33 patients. Adaptation of the biscotti approach to egg allergy and the use of yogurt as the dairy matrix in place of liquid milk are original design contributions; findings are hypothesis-generating and warrant randomized controlled prospective validation.

PMID 42698161
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PubMedScientific reports2026-09-04

Effect of repeated exposure to an identical multi-user virtual reality anaphylaxis scenario on paramedic trainee performance: a randomized controlled trial.

Giese Julian J, Ehlers Jan P JP, Weichert Olaf O, Nitsche Julia J

Immersive virtual reality (VR) may provide reproducible environments for training time-critical emergency workflows, but evidence in paramedic education remains limited. In this single-center randomized controlled trial, 125 German paramedic trainees participated in dyadic simulations after allocation to either one standardized multi-user VR anaphylaxis scenario (VR-C, n = 61) or repeated exposure to the identical scenario (VR-I, n = 64). The common assessment scenario was VR2. Scenario performance was assessed jointly for each dyad using a guideline-derived 62-item checklist and separate time metrics for correct working diagnosis and first intramuscular (IM) epinephrine administration. In VR2, the VR-I group achieved higher total scores than the VR-C group (42.6 vs. 31.1 of 62 points; mean difference 11.5, 95% CI, 9.8 to 13.3) and reached the working diagnosis (1.45 vs. 2.90 min) and first IM epinephrine administration (4.58 vs. 7.43 min) earlier. Knowledge test scores did not show corresponding between-group differences. VR-related symptoms were generally mild, and no simulation was discontinued. Repeated exposure to an identical VR anaphylaxis scenario was associated with improved subsequent scenario-specific, guideline-based performance within the VR environment. The findings support VR as a reproducible tool for deliberate rehearsal, but do not establish transfer to novel cases, real-world care, or superiority over conventional simulation. Trial registration: This trial was retrospectively registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF) prior to journal submission. Data collection was completed at the time of registration. The registration includes the analysis plan and outcome definitions used for this manuscript. Analyses not specified in the registration are labeled exploratory. Registered at the OSF, registration DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/V8XME, registration date: 6 February 2026.

PMID 42693168
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PubMedCureus2026-09-04

Suspected Biphasic Anaphylaxis Following the First Known Dose of Tirzepatide: A Case Report and Brief Review of Reported Hypersensitivity Reactions.

Al-Rashid Abdulmuhsun H AH, Ali Fatima F

Tirzepatide is a dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist increasingly used for type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic weight management. Although generally well tolerated, serious systemic hypersensitivity reactions may occur. We report a 37-year-old woman who developed anaphylaxis shortly after administering her first known subcutaneous dose of tirzepatide. She presented with facial and periorbital angioedema, nasal congestion, generalized urticaria, bronchospasm, hypoxemia, and hypotension. She was treated with intravenous fluids, nebulized bronchodilators, and two doses of intramuscular epinephrine, resulting in complete clinical resolution. Approximately one hour later, she developed recurrent generalized urticaria, facial angioedema, and chest tightness without further exposure to the suspected trigger. Although no objective respiratory or hemodynamic compromise was documented during the recurrent episode, the recurrence was considered suggestive of a possible biphasic reaction. Her symptoms resolved following treatment with intravenous hydrocortisone and chlorphenamine. Acute and baseline serum tryptase levels were unavailable, and validated allergy testing for tirzepatide was not performed; therefore, the underlying immunological mechanism could not be established. This case highlights the importance of early recognition and prompt treatment of tirzepatide-associated anaphylaxis, as well as continued pharmacovigilance and detailed reporting of severe hypersensitivity reactions.

PMID 42694337
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PubMedEBioMedicine2026-09-04

Discovering repurposable drugs for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias: target trial emulation using decentralised real-world data.

Wu Qiong Q, Li Lu L, Lei Yuqing Y, Zhou Ting T et al.

Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) affect nearly 6.9 million Americans, with the number expected to triple by 2050, while disease-modifying therapies remain unavailable. Drug repurposing, which identifies new indications for already approved medications, offers a more efficient and cost-effective pathway to accelerate development of effective therapies for ADRD. The aim of this study is to identify potential drug repurposing signals by systematically screening routinely prescribed drugs for associations with progression from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to ADRD. We conducted a multi-site target trial emulation using electronic health record (EHR) data from four decentralised databases: INSIGHT Clinical Research Network, OneFlorida + Clinical Research Consortium, the University of Pennsylvania Health System, and Yale New Haven Health System. We performed an independent validation using EHR data from the TriNetX Research Network and a genetic risk-stratified sensitivity analysis in the Penn Medicine BioBank (PMBB) database. Eligible participants were adults aged 50 years or older at the time of MCI diagnosis, with no prior diagnosis of ADRD and no prior use of the trial drugs. Initiation of each of 181 routinely prescribed drugs was compared with two active control groups defined by initiation of supplements or cardiovascular medications. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs were estimated using a federated target trial emulation framework (LATTE) with stabilised inverse probability of treatment weighting and Poisson regression. A total of 122,972 eligible patients were identified from the four decentralised databases, 335,506 patients identified from the TriNetX network for validation and 898 from PMBB database. Federated, multi-site target trial emulation identified 20 drug repurposing hypotheses with statistically significant protective effects, including anti-inflammatory and pain-modulating agents (celecoxib: RR 0.43; 95% CI: 0.23-0.81; dexamethasone RR 0.46; 95% CI: 0.29-0.73; gabapentin: RR 0.55; 95% CI: 0.36-0.83; ketorolac: RR 0.50; 95% CI: 0.31-0.80; methylprednisolone: RR 0.43; 95% CI: 0.24-0.76; prednisone: RR 0.48; 95% CI: 0.28-0.83; pregabalin: RR 0.53; 95% CI: 0.35-0.79), antimicrobial and microbiome-associated agents (cefazolin: RR 0.62; 95% CI: 0.45-0.84; clavulanate: RR 0.56; 95% CI: 0.44-0.71; fluconazole: RR 0.36; 95% CI: 0.23-0.58), neuromodulators and adrenergic agents (epinephrine: RR 0.42; 95% CI: 0.31-0.56; propranolol: RR 0.56; 95% CI: 0.37-0.85; salmeterol: RR 0.49; 95% CI: 0.32-0.74; tizanidine: RR 0.29; 95% CI: 0.14-0.57), vascular, metabolic, and hormonal modulators (empagliflozin: RR 0.29; 95% CI: 0.17-0.50; oestradiol: RR 0.47; 95% CI: 0.28-0.81; ezetimibe: RR 0.69; 95% CI: 0.52-0.91; sodium bicarbonate: RR 0.49; 95% CI: 0.29-0.84; spironolactone: RR 0.43; 95% CI: 0.31-0.60), and histamine-related and gastrointestinal agents (famotidine: RR 0.64; 95% CI: 0.55-0.74). Results were consistent in the independent validation using TriNetX network and sensitivity analysis in PMBB database. 20 widely used medications may be associated with reduced progression from MCI to ADRD and represent promising candidates for clinical evaluation as repurposed therapies for dementia. National Institutes of Health.

PMID 42697072
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PubMedEnvironmental science & technology2026-09-03

Elephant Seal Blubber Under Multiple Stressors: Persistent Organic Pollutants, Stress Hormones and Hydrostatic Pressure Alter Transcriptome, Lipolysis and Leptin Secretion.

Pirard Laura L, Khudyakov Jane I JI, Martin Manon M, Vanoost Louise L et al.

Anthropogenic stressors represent major threats to marine mammals. Yet, their combined effects on health remain poorly understood. To address this, precision-cut adipose tissue slices (PCATS) from weaned northern elephant seal (NES - Mirounga angustirostris) blubber were exposed to three treatments: (i) epinephrine (acute stress), (ii) cortisol, persistent organic pollutants (Aroclor 1254, BDE-47, BDE-99 and 4,4'-DDE) and variations of hydrostatic pressure mimicking NES diving conditions (chronic stress), and (iii) a combination of acute and chronic stressors. Compared to controls, acute, chronic and combined stressors altered the expression of 4854, 1544, and 8930 genes, respectively. Acute stress upregulated the expression of genes associated with inflammation and hypoxia and downregulated genes involved in lipid and xenobiotic metabolism. Chronic stressors activated inflammation, hypoxia and xenobiotic metabolism genes in exposed PCATS. Combined stress exerted the greatest impact on PCATS transcriptome, uniquely altering 4870 genes and regulating genes involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation and hypoxia. Epinephrine also stimulated PCATS lipolysis, while reducing leptin secretion. This study highlights how multiple stressors disrupt blubber metabolic functions, which are crucial for maintaining homeostasis during energy-demanding periods in marine mammals.

PMID 42686635
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