Drug Database
EP

epinephrine (epinephrine, Dey / EpiPen / epinephrine, Mylan)

✓ Approved

Mylan · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is epinephrine?

epinephrine is a small molecule developed by Mylan. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others).

Drug Profile

Brand Namesepinephrine, Dey, EpiPen, epinephrine, Mylan
CompanyMylan
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteInjectable (Others)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Mylan

Therapeutic Indications

epinephrine is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Immune system disordersAnaphylactic reaction✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedActa paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)2026-11-11

Management and Outcome of Paediatric Septic Shock Requiring Vasoactive Therapy: A Multicentre Prospective Observational Study.

Üdürgücü Muhammed M, Yener Nazik N, Akyüz Betül Demir BD, İnce Büşra Daştan BD et al.

Although vasoactive drugs are recommended for paediatric septic shock requiring vasoactive therapy (PSSRVT), evidence on optimal agent selection remains limited. This study aimed to describe clinical characteristics, vasoactive drug use, adjunctive treatments, and outcomes of patients with PSSRVT. This multicentre, prospective study was conducted between 1 October 2024 and 30 April 2025, across 16 Paediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs). The study included 225 PSSRVT patients treated with vasoactive agents, with a PICU frequency of 5%. Normal saline was administered in 93% of cases (mean 29.6 ± 14.0 mL/kg). A single vasoactive drug was used in 23% of patients, while 45% received two. Epinephrine was the most common first-line drug (70%), followed by norepinephrine (27%). Corticosteroids were used in 53% of vasopressor-resistant cases, with a median vasoactive inotrope score (VIS) of 60 (40-100). Among patients requiring intubation due to escalating sepsis severity, the median (IQR) VIS at the time of intubation was 50 (30-70). Overall mortality was 59%. Multiple vasoactive drugs were required in most patients, with usage patterns differing from previous reports. The median VIS at corticosteroid initiation was close to the VIS threshold associated with increased mortality. Further studies are needed to optimize vasoactive agent selection and sequencing.

PMID 43012742
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PubMedEuropean annals of allergy and clinical immunology2026-11-10

Management of anaphylaxis: a cross-sectional study of competence and barriers in use of epinephrine autoinjectors in northern Italy.

Manzotti G G, Di Paolo C C, Mileto P P, Cinquini M M et al.

Background. Epinephrine autoinjectors (EAIs) are the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis, and they are recommended in guidelines on anaphylaxis management. Despite these clear indications, EAIs remain largely underused, with an alarming rate of incorrect administration. This study evaluates patients' ability of self-administration of EAIs, the most common mistakes made, and patients' availability of their own device. Methods. We included patients already in follow-up at the ASST Spedali Civili in Brescia and the Casa di Cura Beato Palazzolo in Bergamo, between February and September 2025. Results. Of 258 patients, 64% performed the self-administration procedure incorrectly. The most frequent mistakes were not removing the safety cap (34%) and removing the device from the site of injection before 10 seconds (24%). The only statistically significant predictive factor associated with the correct use of the device was the physical availability of the autoinjector during the visit. There were no significant correlations with gender, education level, device type, years of adrenaline possession or previous anaphylactic episodes after EAI prescription. When considering new anaphylactic events occurred after the first EAI prescription, 50% of the patients did not use their device due to the lack of recognition of necessity, while 36% did not have their device available. Conclusions. These data confirm that underutilization and misuse of EAI are widespread and persistent problems. Even now, persistent educational path with "face to face" training and a written action plan, to be repeated at each check-up, is not enough to help patients in accepting and managing correctly adrenaline auto-injectors. Scientific community should think of additional or different types of training, maybe considering also the psychological aspects of patients' anaphylactic experience.

PMID 43006886
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PubMedPediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology2026-11-10

Burden of food allergy on daily life and emotions in children and parents: Insights from the IPAA French Cohort.

Plat Anne-Bénédicte AB, Abdelwahab Aly A, Dunn Galvin Audrey A, Boudard Ly Van Tu Gabrielle G et al.

Food allergy (FA) in children not only affects medical outcomes but also wellbeing, social activities, and family dynamics. Despite recent therapeutic advances, the psychosocial burden of FA remains poorly documented in France. To assess the social, emotional, and daily-life consequences of FA in children and their parents, and to identify factors associated with an increased burden. This multicentre cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted in four pediatric allergy departments in the Paris area. Children and parents completed shortened questionnaires adapted from previously used French versions of the multidimensional, study-specific APPEAL survey instrument. These adapted versions were focused on emotional distress, social exclusion, and daily constraints related to FA. The questionnaires were delivered during day-hospital visits. Clinical and demographic data were also collected, such as child's sex, age at inclusion, family structure, and presence of siblings. Medical data comprised personal or first-degree family history of atopy, and presence of non-atopic chronic diseases. FA-related variables included allergen type, number of avoided foods, age at first FA diagnosis, number of allergic reactions, history of epinephrine use, and severity of the initial reaction. FA management data included multiple-food elimination diet, possession of an emergency kit containing epinephrine, presence of an individualized action plan at school, requirement for a packed meal from home, permission to consume foods with precautionary allergen labeling, treatment with OIT and/or biologics, and participation in a FA educational programme. 250 families were included, representing 344 respondents (102 children and 242 parents). Children were mainly boys (62.8%), with a median age of 6 [3;10] years (mean 6 ± 4.48; min-max 0-17). Children frequently reported feeling different from others (88.2%) and frustrated (62.4%), while 34.4% reported feeling lonely because of their food allergy to some degree. Limitations in daily choices were common, particularly regarding social events (85.3%), and FA often required additional planning in daily life (81.3%) and for special activities (77.2%). Among parents, 85.5% reported daily stress related to their child's FA, and 78.5% reported frustration. Requirement for a packed meal from home, hen's egg allergy and cow's milk allergy were associated with greater burden in selected domains, according to univariate analyses with correction for multiple comparisons. Children with FA and their families still experience a substantial psychosocial burden. These findings highlight the importance of integrating psychological support, adapted education, and increased societal awareness into comprehensive allergy management.

PMID 43004538
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PubMedJournal of endodontics2026-11-10

Efficacy of Preoperative High-Power Diode Laser Irradiation in Reducing Local Anesthetic Volume: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Leonardi Renato de Toledo RT, Berbert Fabio Luiz Camargo Villela FLCV, Aranda Jesus J, Herrera Henry H et al.

Local anesthesia is fundamental in dental practice to ensure patient comfort and pain control during invasive procedures. This study evaluated whether preoperative high-power diode laser (HPDL) irradiation reduces the volume of local anesthetic required to achieve effective anesthesia during endodontic treatment of teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (SIP) without compromising clinical efficacy or patient comfort. Sixty patients (ASA I-II, aged 18-60 years) diagnosed with SIP in mandibular posterior teeth were randomly allocated into two groups (n = 30): Control Group (CG)- 1.8 mL 4% articaine with epinephrine, and Experimental Group (EG)- HPDL irradiation (810 nm; 1.2 W) at the puncture site prior to administering a volume of 0.9 mL. Primary outcomes were anesthetic success rate and onset latency. Pain intensity (VAS 0-10) was measured during needle insertion, coronal access, and instrumentation. In the CG, mean VAS scores were 4.27 at puncture, 2.74 during coronal access, and 1.56 during instrumentation. Anesthetic success was achieved in 76.7% of CG, with 23.3% requiring supplemental anesthesia. The EG demonstrated a 100% anesthetic success rate with 0% requiring supplemental reinforcement (P< .05). Mean VAS scores in the EG were significantly lower: 2.33 at puncture, 1.50 during coronal access, and 0.20 during instrumentation. Profound anesthesia onset within 3 minutes was observed in 60% of EG compared to 40% in CG. Preoperative HPDL irradiation effectively halves the required local anesthetic volume while maintaining 100% clinical efficacy and superior patient comfort during endodontic treatment of mandibular teeth with SIP.

PMID 43008848
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PubMedBMC anesthesiology2026-11-09

Postoperative outcomes of jaw surgery under general anesthesia using a standardized dexamethasone and local anesthesia protocol: a prospective observational study.

Arun Funda F, Taskin Emine E, Kucukkolbasi Hasan H

Postoperative recovery after jaw surgery is often compromised by pain, swelling, and trismus. Although corticosteroids are commonly used, there is a need for clinical protocols that reduce the reliance on prolonged systemic analgesics. This study evaluates the efficacy of a multimodal protocol combining intraoperative local anesthesia with a weight-based single dose of IV Dexamethasone. This prospective clinical study included 60 patients (ASA I-II) undergoing cyst enucleation or impacted tooth extraction under general anesthesia. A standardized protocol of a local anesthetic block (Articaine + Epinephrine) and weight-based IV Dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg) was administered intraoperatively. Outcomes included VAS scores, facial swelling (Daniel Lim's method), and trismus on days 1, 2, and 7. Total analgesic consumption during the first 24 h and the subsequent week was recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS v20.0. Normality was tested via Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Changes over the follow-up period were evaluated using repeated-measures analysis, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. The protocol achieved excellent pain control, with mean VAS scores of 2.3 at 30 minutes and 0.8 at 6 hours. Notably, 95% of patients required no rescue analgesia during post-anesthesia care. While 81.7% of patients required oral analgesics at home within the first 24 hours, no further medication was needed thereafter. Facial swelling and trismus were minimal and resolved rapidly, with 78.3% of patients showing no functional restriction by Day 1. In this observational cohort, combining intraoperative local anesthesia with 0.1 mg/kg IV Dexamethasone showed an 'analgesic-sparing' effect. However, the lack of a control group in this single-arm observational study limits definitive conclusions about causality. This protocol not only enhances patient comfort but also notably decreases the need for systemic analgesics during the early postoperative phase. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06787196. Registered December 27, 2024. Retrospectively registered.

PMID 43000278
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PubMedBMC emergency medicine2026-11-09

Prehospital endotracheal intubation and return of spontaneous circulation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients: a retrospective cohort study based on prehospital emergency registry data.

Yuan Ye Y, Pan Sangai S, Shen Runkun R, Wang Lin L et al.

The optimal airway strategy during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains uncertain. This study investigated the association between prehospital endotracheal intubation (ETI) and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) using a regional emergency medical services registry. This retrospective cohort study analyzed 6,162 adult non-traumatic OHCA patients treated by emergency medical services between October 2023 and November 2024. Patients were categorized into an ETI group (n = 1,448) and a basic airway (BA) group (n = 4,714). The primary outcome was prehospital ROSC. Long-term survival and neurological outcomes were not available in the registry. Multivariable logistic regression and propensity score-matched sensitivity analysis were used to evaluate the association between ETI and ROSC while accounting for measured confounders. Airway strategy was selected by on-scene physicians during routine EMS care, and rhythm-stratified unadjusted analyses were performed to describe whether the ETI-ROSC association differed by initial rhythm category. ROSC occurred more frequently in the ETI group than in the BA group (21.1% vs. 3.8%, P < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, ETI was strongly associated with ROSC (OR = 7.61, 95% CI: 6.07-9.53, P < 0.001). Shockable initial rhythm (OR = 5.42, 95% CI: 3.80-7.74, P < 0.001) and defibrillation (OR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.37-2.42, P < 0.001) were also positively associated with ROSC, whereas longer response time and epinephrine administration were negatively associated with ROSC. In 1:1 propensity score-matched analysis, the association between ETI and ROSC remained significant (OR = 6.33, 95% CI: 4.72-8.47, P < 0.001). Rhythm-stratified analyses showed that the unadjusted association was strongest in non-shockable and other/unknown rhythm strata and was not statistically significant in the shockable rhythm stratum. In this retrospective prehospital registry cohort, ETI during OHCA resuscitation was strongly associated with higher ROSC rates. Because airway timing relative to collapse and ROSC, survival to discharge, and neurological outcomes were not captured, these findings should be interpreted as an association with immediate resuscitation success rather than evidence of a causal survival benefit. The observed association may also reflect physician selection of airway strategy and other unmeasured resuscitation factors, and should therefore be considered hypothesis-generating. Not applicable.

PMID 43000245
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