Drug Database
TE

testosterone (TBS1 / Natesto / TBS 1)

✓ Approved

HyundaiPharm · AR · Steroids

What is testosterone?

testosterone is a steroids developed by HyundaiPharm. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled or intranasal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesTBS1, Natesto, TBS 1
CompanyHyundaiPharm
Drug ClassSteroids, Small Molecule
Molecular TargetAR
RouteInhaled, Intranasal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, HyundaiPharm

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

testosterone acts on 1 molecular target:

ARandrogen receptor (DHTR, AR8)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

testosterone is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Endocrine disordersHypogonadism✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedFrontiers in endocrinology2026-11-11

The improvement effect of androgen priming on fertility in patients with diminished ovarian reserve and its impact on in vitro fertilization outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Li Xuanling X, Sui Chenlin C, Zhang Baofang B, Bai Yuquan Y et al.

Evaluate the effect of using androgen supplements (including transdermal testosterone gel and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)) to priming androgens in the body and improve fertility in patients with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR). Electronic searches were conducted on seven databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Springer, VIP Information, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), to search for studies published as of July 5, 2026. Randomized controlled trails (RCTs) and non-randomized controlled trails of using androgen supplements (i.e. dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and transdermal testosterone gel (TTG)) to intervene in improving fertility and IVF outcomes in patients with DOR were embodied. The study applied systematic review and meta-analysis methods to systematically summarize the main outcome measures, including FSH, AMH, AFC, retrieved oocytes, and clinical pregnancy rate. In addition, indicators such as the number of fertilized embryos, top-quality day-3 embryos, live birth rate and miscarriage rate were also evaluated. The meta-analysis included 14 studies with 2132 participants. Analyses of RCTs and non-randomized controlled trials were conducted separately. A comprehensive analysis of existing evidence indicated that androgen supplementation, including DHEA and TTG, can improve count of retrieved oocytes [RCTs (MD = 0.79, 95% CI [0.50,1.09], p<0.00001)]. A retrospective analysis of non-randomized controlled trials showed that androgen supplementation can significantly increase the number of Top-quality day-3 embryos (MD 0.47, [95% CI: [0.28, 0.66], p < 0.00001), the count of fertilized embryos (MD 0.78, [95% CI: [0.49, 1.06], p < 0.00001), and clinical pregnancy rate (OR = 2.23, 95% CI [1.49,3.36], p = 0.0001). Besides, androgen supplementation showed Intervention with androgen supplements for 2 months was beneficial for retrieving more oocytes (p < 0.05) through the results in RCT. And also showed a more significant improvement in retrieved oocytes and metaphase II oocytes in DOR patients with an average age of over 40 years (p < 0.05). The subgroup analysis results indicated that the application of GnRH antagonists as IVF stimulation protocol was more beneficial in increasing the number of retrieved oocytes than the adopt of GnRH agonists.The sensitivity analysis concludes that our conclusion is robust. Androgen priming (including DHEA and TTG) may be beneficial for improving the fertility of DOR patients undergoing IVF, enhancing their ovarian response, mainly manifested as an increase in oocyte retrieval. However, whether this therapy can improve the clinical pregnancy rate and other outcome indicators of DOR women undergoing in vitro fertilization remains to be further determined by more randomized controlled trials. More high-quality and large sample RCTs are still needed in the future to clarify whether they have an auxiliary effect on improving the fertility outcomes of DOR. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD420261438943.

PMID 43010994
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PubMedChemSusChem2026-11-11

Ion Transport in Polymer-Rich Soft Phases Offering Insights Into Soft-Gel Electrode Batteries.

Zhang Kaiqiang K, Xi Haoning H, Yang Shengtao S, Yang Qinhan Q et al.

Soft-gel electrodes, composed of polymer-rich matrices, function as both redox-active media and dynamic ion-conducting networks. Their unique microstructure, including hydrated polymer chains, soft-gel domains, and interconnected ionic pathways, critically governs ion transport, redox kinetics, and electrochemical stability. This review summarizes ion transport mechanisms in polymer-rich soft phases, emphasizing the roles of polymer chain dynamics, crosslinking, network connectivity, hydration, and polymer-ion interactions. Microstructural features such as soft-gel domains, porosity, swelling, and interface engineering are discussed in relation to polarization, voltage stability, and cycling performance. Design strategies inspired by gel polymer electrolytes, including dual-network architectures, water confinement, polymer functionalization, and interface optimization, are highlighted. Finally, challenges in understanding local ion transport, scaling to practical systems, and integrating high-voltage or multivalent chemistries are outlined, providing a roadmap for next-generation soft-gel electrode batteries with enhanced energy density, cycling stability, and safety.

PMID 43010195
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PubMedBMC oral health2026-11-11

Comparison of salivary fluoride levels following the application of rice-based and commercial fluoride gels: a randomized crossover trial.

Yingpukdee Natdanai N, Ariyakriangkai Watcharaphong W, Korwanich Kanyarat K, Okonogi Siriporn S et al.

Salivary fluoride concentration is commonly used as an indicator of short-term fluoride exposure and clearance following topical fluoride application. Rice-based fluoride gels, formulated as rice-starch-HEC hybrid gels, may serve as alternative delivery systems; however, data regarding their salivary fluoride retention compared with standard commercial formulations remain limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the salivary fluoride retention of two novel fluoride rice-based gels in comparison with a commercial acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel following professional application using a tray delivery method. A randomized, single-blind (participants), three-period crossover clinical trial was conducted in 32 healthy participants aged 18-30 years. Each participant received three different fluoride gel applications in a randomized sequence: a commercial APF gel (control), a fluoride non-glutinous rice-based gel, and a fluoride glutinous rice-based gel, with a 7-day washout period between treatments. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected at baseline and at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min post-application. Fluoride concentration was measured using an ion-selective electrode. The area under the curve (AUC) and fluoride half-life (t½) were calculated to assess fluoride bioavailability and clearance rates. All three fluoride gel formulations produced an immediate increase in salivary fluoride concentration, with mean concentrations at 0 min ranging from 345.99 to 404.53 ppm, followed by a rapid decline over time. Salivary fluoride concentrations changed significantly over time (p < 0.001), whereas no significant overall effect of gel formulation, gel-by-time interaction, sequence effect, or period effect was observed. AUC values did not differ significantly among the three formulations. At 60 min, mean salivary fluoride concentrations ranged from 4.94 to 5.62 ppm. The k and t½ also showed no statistically significant differences among formulations. The two rice-based APF gels showed short-term salivary fluoride concentration-time profiles, AUC values, and fluoride clearance parameters (k and t½) that did not differ significantly from those of the commercial fluoride gel. Salivary fluoride concentrations remained above the reference threshold for at least 60 min. However, further studies are needed to evaluate enamel fluoride uptake, CaF₂-like reservoir formation, acid resistance, and clinical anticaries efficacy. This study was registered in the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR; registration number TCTR20240707002) on 7 July 2024. The full registration details are available at: https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20240707002 .

PMID 43009938
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PubMedThe journal of vascular access2026-11-11

Comparative short-term effects of topical piroxicam gel, diclofenac gel, and EMLA cream on pain reduction during intravenous cannulation: A randomized clinical trial.

Amini Nazanin N, Mohammadi Elham E, Babaei Parvin P, Modir Hesameddin H et al.

Intravenous (IV) cannulation is a common invasive procedure associated with pain and discomfort. This study compared the short-term effects of topical Piroxicam gel, Diclofenac gel, and EMLA cream on pain during IV cannulation. This participant- and outcome assessor-blinded randomized clinical trial included 123 hospitalized patients randomly allocated to three equal groups receiving topical Diclofenac gel, Piroxicam gel, or EMLA cream (n = 41/group). Pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale immediately after cannulation and at 5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 min. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models, with Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn and Friedman tests performed as sensitivity analyses. Categorical variables were analyzed using Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests. Baseline characteristics were comparable among groups (all p > .05). The linear mixed-effects model showed significant effects of treatment group (p = .002), time (p < .001), and treatment-by-time interaction (p < .001). Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons showed lower pain intensity in the Diclofenac and EMLA groups than in the Piroxicam group immediately after cannulation and at 5 min; no significant pairwise differences were observed from 10 to 45 min. Sensitivity analyses supported the overall temporal decline in pain but showed some differences in individual pairwise comparisons. No serious adverse events were reported. Pain intensity declined substantially over time in all groups. In the primary analysis, Diclofenac and EMLA were associated with lower early pain intensity than Piroxicam, although some pairwise findings were sensitive to the analytical approach. Because no placebo control was included, findings should be interpreted as relative rather than absolute treatment effects. The trial was prospectively registered with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) under registration number IRCT20180107038251N8 on June 12, 2023 (1402/03/22), prior to the initiation of participant recruitment in October 2025. Available at: https://www.irct.ir/search/result?query=IRCT20180107038251N8.

PMID 43012328
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PubMedRoyal Society open science2026-11-11

Distinct space-use patterns are associated with alternative reproductive tactics in lekking ruffs Calidris pugnax.

Spezie Giovanni G, Dinya Gergely G, Gelencsér-Horváth Anna A, Goymann Wolfgang W et al.

Territoriality is a key strategy through which animals secure access to reproductive opportunities, yet in many lekking species, males differ in their investment in defending space. Breeding aggregations often include territorial residents and non-territorial floaters, raising questions about the flexibility and endocrine regulation of alternative spatial tactics. The ruff (Calidris pugnax) provides a powerful model to address these questions because males occur as three genetically determined reproductive morphs: territorial independents and two non-territorial floater morphs, satellites and faeders. Using artificial intelligence-assisted tracking in a captive colony, we quantified fine-scale space-use patterns within experimental and control leks. Our aim was to test whether male morphs adjust spatial behaviour when social opportunities arise. Independents exhibited smaller and more segregated activity areas, whereas satellites and faeders showed larger, overlapping activity areas, consistent with a floater strategy. Despite experimentally manipulating lek composition to create single-morph social environments, neither satellites nor faeders adopted territorial-like spatial behaviour. In addition, circulating concentrations of testosterone were higher in independents than faeders and satellites, but short-term variation in testosterone was not linked to changes in spatial behaviour and experimental treatment. These findings support the view that space-use tactics in ruffs represent fixed specializations rather than flexible responses to social opportunities.

PMID 43011722
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PubMedFaraday discussions2026-11-11

High-voltage gel polymer electrolyte integrated laser-induced graphene flexible micro-supercapacitors for wearable and sustainable aerospace electronics.

Ray Apurba A, Mitra Sangha S, Georgopoulou Vasiliki V, Sygellou Labrini L et al.

The global trend towards flexible, portable and wearable electronics, such as smartwatches, fitness trackers, and healthcare monitors etc., has intensified the demand for high-performance flexible energy storage systems. Supercapacitors (SCs) have recently emerged as promising, robust power management solutions for various space applications, including CubeSats, very low earth orbit (VLEO) satellites, electromechanical thrust vector actuation and interplanetary devices. However, their low energy density (<10 Wh kg-1) compared to current lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and high self-discharge rate limit their widespread use. This work demonstrates the fabrication of high-voltage gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) and laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrode based flexible micro-supercapacitors (FMSCs) to address the current challenges. The GPE, designated as [EMIM][TFSI]/PPC/PC, is synthesized by entrapping the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [EMIM][TFSI] into a matrix of polypropylene carbonate (PPC) and polycarbonates (PC). FMSCs (active device area: 1.6 cm2) are fabricated using interdigital LIG electrodes and the GPE, which demonstrated excellent electrochemical performance with an areal capacitance of 2.5 mF cm-2 at 3.2 V and 70 µA (0.04 mA cm-2), and an energy density of 3.5 µWh cm-2. Long-term charge-discharge stability was also evaluated up to 10 000 cycles at a fixed current of 100 µA and it also showed promising capacitance retention of more than 91%. This work presents a novel FMSC utilizing a high-voltage [EMIM][TFSI]/PPC/PC gel polymer electrolyte and LIG-interdigitated electrodes, engineered to address the stringent demand of space-terrestrial boundaries. The integrated gel polymer structure conceptually suppresses vacuum evaporation and eliminates phase separation under extreme vibrational or high-g loading, highlighting its future utility in unpressurized aerospace environments.

PMID 43012316
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