Drug Database
TE

testosterone (TBS1 / Natesto / TBS 1)

✓ Approved

HyundaiPharm · AR · Steroids

What is testosterone?

testosterone is a steroids developed by HyundaiPharm. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled or intranasal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesTBS1, Natesto, TBS 1
CompanyHyundaiPharm
Drug ClassSteroids, Small Molecule
Molecular TargetAR
RouteInhaled, Intranasal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, HyundaiPharm

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

testosterone acts on 1 molecular target:

ARandrogen receptor (DHTR, AR8)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

testosterone is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Endocrine disordersHypogonadism✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedEndocrine2026-05-24

Fractionated testosterone gel replacement therapy in clinical practice: A real-world exploratory clinical experience.

Maltese Virginia V, Delbarba Andrea A, Gatta Elisa E, Vetrugno Simone S et al.

Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) with transdermal gel is widely used in men with hypogonadism. Guidelines recommend once-daily application with monitoring of serum testosterone at peak levels. However, real-world clinical experience suggests that peak-trough fluctuations in some patients, potentially affecting hormonal stability and treatment tolerability. The impact of dose fractionation remains unclear. To compare hormonal profiles and biochemical safety parameters between once-daily and twice-daily (fractionated) testosterone gel administration in hypogonadal men receivingh the same total daily dose. We retrospectively identified hypogonadal men treated with 2% testosterone gel who transitioned from once-daily to twice-daily dosing, maintaining the same total daily dose. Eligible patients had serum total testosterone (TT) measurements available at both peak (3 h post-application) and nadir (pre-dose). Hormonal and laboratory parameters under the two regimens were compared. Twelve patients met inclusion criteria. Fractionated dosing was associated with lower peak TT levels [9.0 (5.3-13.0) vs. 5.7 (3.6-7.1) ng/mL, paired difference - 3.6 ng/mL (95% CI: -4.9 to - 1.8)] and higher nadir TT levels [1.4 (1.1-1.8) vs. 3.2 (2.6-5.4) ng/mL, paired difference 2.6 ng/mL (95% CI: 1.2 to 5.1)], resulting in a reduced difference between peak-to-pre-dose difference within the observed sampling window. The proportion of patients achieving target TT levels at peak increased (33% vs. 83%). Calculated free testosterone showed a similar pattern. No clinically relevant differences were observed in luteinizing hormone, prostate-specific antigen, haematocrit, or haemoglobin. In this real-world cohort, fractionated testosterone gel administration was associated with a higher proportion of patients achieving biochemical targets and with a reduced peak-to-pre-dose difference within the observed sampling window, without short-term biochemical safety signals. These findings should be considered hypothesis-generating.

PMID 42176213
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PubMedBMC surgery2026-05-24

Intraoperative complications during gender-affirming laparoscopic hysterectomy in transgender men receiving testosterone: a case series.

Rokhgireh Samaneh S, Norouzi Sara S, Derakhshan Roya R, Hashemi Neda N et al.

Laparoscopic hysterectomy is a core component of gender-affirming care for transgender men. However, long-term testosterone therapy can lead to anatomical and tissue changes that increase the complexity of pelvic surgery. To describe the intraoperative complications encountered during gender-affirming laparoscopic hysterectomy in transgender men receiving testosterone therapy and discuss strategies for mitigation. This retrospective case series includes four transgender men undergoing total laparoscopic hysterectomy at a tertiary academic center. All patients were nulliparous virgins with ≥ 2.5 years of testosterone therapy. Clinical data, intraoperative events, and management strategies were analyzed. Intraoperative complications included posterior cul-de-sac perforation (n = 1), cervical avulsion requiring conversion to laparotomy (n = 1), bladder dome injury (n = 1), and deep vaginal lacerations (n = 4). Contributing factors were cervical atrophy, stenosis, and limited vaginal elasticity due to long-term testosterone exposure. Multidisciplinary support was required in two cases (urology and vascular surgery). All patients recovered without long-term sequelae, although one expressed dissatisfaction with abdominal scarring. Gender-affirming hysterectomy in transgender men presents unique challenges related to testosterone-induced anatomic changes. Preoperative planning, gentle tissue handling, customized instrumentation, and patient counseling are critical to reduce risk and optimize outcomes.

PMID 42177449
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PubMedPsychoneuroendocrinology2026-05-24

Association of internet addiction symptoms with hair cortisol and hair testosterone concentrations.

Tsumura Hideki H, Izawa Shuhei S

Internet addiction (IA) has been consistently shown to be closely associated with stress; however, studies on physiological stress in IA have yielded mixed findings regarding the relationship between IA and cortisol. In addition, the role of testosterone-another hormone potentially relevant to addiction-has been scarcely examined in IA. The present study investigated associations between IA symptom severity and long-term basal secretion of cortisol and testosterone using hair-based hormone measures. A total of 155 Japanese undergraduate and graduate students (94 females, mean age = 21.1 years, standard deviation = 4.1 years) participated in the study. IA symptom severity was assessed using the Japanese version of the Internet Addiction Test (Osada, 2013; Young, 1998). Hair cortisol and hair testosterone concentrations, reflecting cumulative hormone secretion over the preceding three months, were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. A multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that hair cortisol concentrations were negatively associated with IAT scores, whereas hair testosterone concentrations were not. These results suggest that IA symptom severity may be linked to altered long-term activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. By jointly examining cortisol and testosterone, the present findings extend previous research that has largely focused on single hormonal systems.

PMID 42176420
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PubMedBMC surgery2026-05-24

The influence of different bariatric surgeries on male sex hormones and semen parameters among infertile obese male patients: an observational study.

Azhary Mahmoud M, Ali Mohamed Hassan MH, AbdELsalam Mohamed Ahmed MA, Elshal Mohamed M et al.

This research examines the impact of bariatric procedures on male sex hormones and semen parameters in infertile men with obesity. Obesity adversely affects male fertility by causing hormonal imbalances and worsening semen quality. Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) offers sustained weight loss and potential reversal of these abnormalities. This prospective case series included 43 infertile men with severe obesity who underwent sleeve gastrectomy, One-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB), or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. All participants had a BMI ≥ 35 kg/m² and a history of infertility for over one year. Semen analysis and hormonal profiling (FSH, LH, total testosterone, estradiol [E2], and prolactin) were conducted preoperatively and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Significant weight loss was observed at all follow-up points (p ≤ 0.003). Improvements were noted in semen motility, progressive motility, vitality, and abnormal forms (all p ≤ 0.003). Serum testosterone levels increased, while estradiol levels decreased significantly (p ≤ 0.003). Changes in FSH, LH, and prolactin were statistically insignificant. Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is associated with marked improvements in semen quality and serum testosterone levels, supporting its role as an effective therapeutic strategy for obesity-related male infertility. No pregnancies were recorded during the 12-month follow-up. Not applicable.

PMID 42177498
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PubMedBiomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie2026-05-24

Tailored pediatric clonazepam tablets produced by 3D printing: Meeting quality standards and improving permeation.

Habtemikael Lidia L, Paulsson Mattias M, Liminga Gunnar G, Ljungman Gustaf G et al.

Semi-solid extrusion enables production of personalized and child-friendly tablets from emulsion gels containing lipid-based formulations loaded with poorly water-soluble compounds. While these 3D-printed tablets previously have shown compliance with several pharmacopeia requirements, the impact of gel composition on the tablet characteristics is yet unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the formulation, drug content and quality attributes using quality by design concepts, with the goal to determine an optimal emulsion gel composition suitable for semi-solid extrusion. The quality by design included to define a quality target product profile, risk assessment of the production line, and design of experiments to optimize the formulation and evaluate the robustness of the obtained design space. In the design of experiments, the impact of the excipient ratios of the emulsion gel on the gel viscoelasticity, tablet mass uniformity and disintegration time were included. The defined design space enabled the quality attribute targets to be reached with low probability of failure. The quality attribute targets were met for the chosen optimal gel, as well as for the optimal gel loaded with clonazepam. 3D-printed clonazepam tablets demonstrated compliance with pharmacopeia requirements for uniformity of mass, uniformity of content, and disintegration time. In vitro digestion-permeation studies revealed greater permeation across an artificial lipid membrane for the 3D-printed clonazepam tablets in comparison to a marketed product. Overall, the results demonstrated the possibility of 3D printing personalized and child-friendly oral dosage forms of high quality, using emulsion gel as a drug delivery system for poorly-water soluble drugs.

PMID 42176568
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PubMedInternational journal of biological macromolecules2026-05-24

Halicin-loaded injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogel for ferroptosis-driven osteosarcoma therapy via Fe2+ accumulation.

Hu Xuyan X, Zhuang Hao H, Gao Ke K, Zhu Yaqi Y et al.

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in adolescents, featuring aggressive tumor growth and early metastasis. Current treatments, including chemotherapy and surgery, are often limited by chemoresistance and postoperative infections. Ferroptosis has emerged as a strategy to overcome chemoresistance, as it is intrinsically iron-dependent, whereas OS often exhibits dysregulated iron metabolism. Halicin, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial known to regulate iron metabolism in bacteria, was found to be a ferroptosis inducer for OS in this study. However, its therapeutic efficacy is likely hampered by rapid systemic clearance and poor tumor retention. Accordingly, we developed Halicin@Gel, an injectable hyaluronic acid hydrogel designed for localized and prolonged release. The structure, injectability, drug release behavior, biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, and antitumor efficacy of this system were characterized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Halicin@Gel exhibited excellent antibacterial activity and significantly inhibited OS cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Mechanistically, Halicin@Gel increased intracellular ROS levels and was associated with p38 MAPK activation, as well as ferroptosis- and apoptosis-related changes. In vivo, Halicin@Gel significantly inhibited tumor growth with minimal systemic toxicity, confirming its therapeutic potential. Thus, these findings support Halicin@Gel as a promising localized therapeutic platform with combined antitumor and antibacterial functions for OS treatment.

PMID 42176915
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