Drug Database
TE

testosterone (TBS1 / Natesto / TBS 1)

✓ Approved

HyundaiPharm · AR · Steroids

What is testosterone?

testosterone is a steroids developed by HyundaiPharm. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled or intranasal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesTBS1, Natesto, TBS 1
CompanyHyundaiPharm
Drug ClassSteroids, Small Molecule
Molecular TargetAR
RouteInhaled, Intranasal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, HyundaiPharm

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

testosterone acts on 1 molecular target:

ARandrogen receptor (DHTR, AR8)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

testosterone is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Endocrine disordersHypogonadism✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedInternational journal of pharmaceutics2026-07-25

Ethanol-free nanostructured lipid carrier hydrogels as alternatives to hydroalcoholic gels and compounded creams for dermal testosterone delivery: physicochemical stability, ex vivo human skin penetration and cellular compatibility.

Schmolz Jakob J, Barker Stefanie S, Schwan Anna A, Pfleger Tanja T et al.

Topical testosterone therapy is widely used for testosterone replacement therapy and gender-affirming hormone therapy, but available hydroalcoholic gels contain high ethanol concentrations that may compromise skin barrier integrity during repeated use. In parallel, testosterone creams are prepared through pharmaceutical compounding. However, they lack data on physicochemical stability, skin penetration potential, and cellular compatibility. This study aimed to develop ethanol-free nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)-based hydrogels as alternatives for dermal testosterone delivery. Testosterone-loaded NLCs were prepared, characterized for physicochemical stability, and incorporated into hydrogel matrices based on Sepinov™ EMT 10, Sepilife™ G305 and Carbopol® 980. Their performance was compared with Ultrasicc®- and Pentravan®-based testosterone creams and the hydroalcoholic reference Testogel® in terms of physicochemical stability, ex vivo human skin penetration, ex vivo skin hydration, and cellular compatibility. The phospholipid-based Lipoid® S75/polysorbate 80 NLCs showed nanoscale particle sizes, high encapsulation efficiency, and sufficient storage stability over 12 weeks. Among the NLC-based hydrogels, the Carbopol-based formulation provided the most robust pH and rheological stability. Confocal Raman spectroscopy showed that NLC gels achieved testosterone accumulation in the stratum corneum comparable to ethanolic Testogel® and compounded Ultrasicc® cream. NLC gels maintained stratum corneum hydration and preserved keratinocyte viability. Remarkably, NLC gels and Ultrasicc® exhibited around 80% cell viability in contrast to Testogel® (71%) and Pentravan® (61%). In summary, Carbopol-based NLC gel exhibited the highest storage stability at both 8 and 23 °C and delivered testosterone to the human stratum corneum in a finite dose ex vivo setup in a similar manner to a marketed reference product.

PMID 42497934
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PubMedPreparative biochemistry & biotechnology2026-07-25

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and purification of B. harveyi for the development of bioactive wound healing gel: In vitro evaluation.

Kasi Murugan Bavani B, Sahadevan Renganathan R, R V Hemavathy H, Subramanian Sangeetha S

Marine macroalgal biomass is abundant and contains multifunctional bioactive components. Bostrychia harveyi, one of the underutilized seaweeds, was collected and extracted by the ultrasonication process. UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were carried out to confirm functional groups and structural features. A novel wound healing gel was prepared using carrageenan incorporated with a flavonoid-rich extract from B. harveyi. The bioactivity of the extract and gel was assessed with standard in vitro assays. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH) of the gel and ascorbic acid (standard) showed inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 67.05 µg/mL and 50.48 µg/mL. The phosphomolybdenum reduction activity of gel and ascorbic acid showed inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 61.71 and 48.51 µg/mL. The bovine serum albumin denaturation by the gel and diclofenac sodium exhibited a maximum inhibition of 83.47% and 93.6% at 100 µg/mL, confirming a significant anti-inflammatory property. The antibacterial activity was confirmed using an agar well diffusion assay, indicating maximum inhibition of E. coli compared to S. aureus. The scratch wound assay using the L929 fibroblast showed 98.25% scratch closure after 48 hours, highlighting the preliminary effectiveness of the gel through its natural bioactive compounds and serving as a sustainable alternative in wound healing.

PMID 42498929
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PubMedClinical nutrition ESPEN2026-07-25

Betaine supplementation has no effect on sex hormones in premenopausal women with overweight or obesity: A randomized controlled trial.

Zawieja Emilia E, Młodzik-Czyżewska Monika M, Chmurzyńska Agata A

Betaine supplementation has been shown to increase total testosterone concentrations in physically active men. However, its effects in women have not yet been investigated. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of betaine supplementation on sex hormone concentrations in women with overweight and obesity. This was a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Premenopausal women (18-45 years; n = 36) with overweight or obesity received either 3 g/day of betaine (BET) or a placebo (PLA) for eight weeks. Each participant attended two study meetings (before and after the supplementation) at the Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poland between September 2024 and April 2025. Biological samples were collected before and after supplementation to assess sex hormone concentrations, which were measured using ELISA. There were no significant time × treatment interactions in the concentrations of sex hormones: plasma testosterone concentration: p = 0.496, salivary testosterone concentration: p = 0.882, plasma DHEA-S concentration: p = 0.498, plasma SHBG concentration: p = 0.775, plasma estradiol concentration: p = 0.378, plasma cortisol: p = 0.504. No statistically significant effect of betaine supplementation was detected on sex hormone concentrations in premenopausal women with overweight or obesity, however larger and longer-term studies are warranted to confirm these findings. Clinical trial registry entry: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06344377.

PMID 42498161
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PubMedWorld journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery2026-07-25

Sex Hormones and the Risk of Nasal Polyps: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.

Zhu Ying Y, Zhou Jia-Yao JY, Zhang Shi-Yao SY, Tang Ru R et al.

The pathophysiological roles of sex hormones in airway inflammation have drawn much attention recently. We aimed to explore the causal effect of sex hormones on chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and nasal polyps (NP) via a Mendelian randomization (MR) study. Genetic traits for serum bioavailable testosterone (BioT), total testosterone (ToT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and estradiol were extracted from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) containing 425,097 European individuals from the UK Biobank, while outcome data were obtained from the FinnGen data set. Two-sample MR analysis was performed to assess the association of sex hormones and NP or CRS with the inverse variance weighted method as the main analysis, together with sensitivity analyses. Genetically predicted BioT levels showed a possible inverse association with both NP (OR = 0.669, p = 0.009) and CRS (OR = 0.792, p = 0.014) in the overall population, though these associations were marginally above the traditional significance threshold after multiple testing correction (FDR = 0.054). Sex-stratified analyses revealed potentially stronger protective associations in females, with higher BioT associated with lower odds of NP. No significant causal effects of estradiol or SHBG on NP or CRS were identified in the available GWAS data. Our MR analyses suggest a possible inverse relationship between genetically predicted serum BioT levels and the risk of both CRS and NP, with potentially stronger effects in females. Further observational and experimental studies are necessary to validate these genetic associations and explore the potential immunomodulatory mechanisms by which testosterone may influence sinonasal inflammation.

PMID 42500089
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PubMedJournal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry2026-07-25

HyaluHerb Pediatric Oral Gel for Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers and Plaque-Induced Gingivitis in Children: A Two-Cohort Randomized Controlled Trial.

Mohamed-Ali Samah F SF, Jasim Ahmed A AA, Ali Huda E HE

Recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) and plaque-induced gingivitis are among the prevalent pediatric oral conditions. Standard treatments such as chlorhexidine (CHX) and topical corticosteroids have limitations, including unpleasant taste, staining, and poor adherence. This study evaluated HyaluHerb, a novel alcohol-free gel containing 0.2% hyaluronic acid (HA), Aloe vera, and polyphenol-rich herbal extracts (Myrtus communis and Populus euphratica). The present study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of novel HyaluHerb for treating RAU and gingivitis in children. This was a single-center, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Cohort A (RAU, n = 99) compared HyaluHerb, HA-only gel, and placebo gel, applied four times daily for 7 days. Cohort B (gingivitis, n = 168) used a double-dummy design to compare HyaluHerb gel, HA-only gel, placebo gel (all twice daily), and 0.12% CHX rinse (twice daily) for 14 days. Primary outcomes were time to ulcer healing and pain score (Cohort A), and change in Gingival Index [gingival index (GI), Cohort B]. In Cohort A, HyaluHerb significantly accelerated ulcer healing versus placebo (median 5.3 vs. 7.2 days; hazard ratio = 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-2.59; P = 0.007) and reduced pain by day 3 (2.5 vs. 4.0; P < 0.001). In Cohort B, HyaluHerb reduced gingival inflammation more than placebo (adjusted difference in ΔGI = -0.20; 95% CI: -0.33 to -0.07; P = 0.004). In an exploratory comparison with CHX (not powered for noninferiority), the adjusted mean difference in GI change (HyaluHerb - CHX) was +0.10, with a one-sided 95% upper confidence bound of +0.15 (prespecified margin), and a supportive per-protocol estimate of +0.14. HyaluHerb demonstrated higher acceptability (P < 0.001) and minimal staining (4.8%) compared with CHX (59.5%). HyaluHerb is an effective, well-tolerated, child-friendly treatment for acute pediatric RAU and plaque-induced gingivitis.

PMID 42500373
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PubMedAngewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)2026-07-25

Force-Induced Control of Circularly Polarized Luminescence With Rotaxane Architecture.

Nonaka Keigo K, Kuroda Takumi T, Masuda Kota K, Nishitani Toshiki T et al.

The reversible molecular motions of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) have played a crucial role in realizing stimuli-responsive functions. While the reversible switching of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties has been achieved using MIMs through pH change and/or addition of chemicals, the mechanically controlled CPL utilizing the interlocked architecture has not yet been demonstrated. Here, we introduce a rotaxane-based mechanophore designed for force-induced CPL on/off switching. The mechanophore consists of a ring featuring a CPL-active helicene luminophore and an axle with a matching quencher. The rotaxane mechanophores covalently introduced at the cross-linking points of a double-network (DN) gel are reversibly activated and deactivated in response to changes in applied force transduced through the polymer chains during the macroscopic swelling and shrinking of the DN gel. The isotropic swelling of the DN gel effectively suppresses artifacts arising from macroscopic sample orientation, enabling accurate detection of reciprocal CPL derived from a single chiral emitter. This work establishes the first example of mechanical control of CPL at the single-molecule level and provides a robust measurement methodology for force-induced CPL switching in soft materials.

PMID 42498983
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