Drug Database
TE

testosterone (TBS1 / Natesto / TBS 1)

✓ Approved

HyundaiPharm · AR · Steroids

What is testosterone?

testosterone is a steroids developed by HyundaiPharm. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled or intranasal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesTBS1, Natesto, TBS 1
CompanyHyundaiPharm
Drug ClassSteroids, Small Molecule
Molecular TargetAR
RouteInhaled, Intranasal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, HyundaiPharm

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

testosterone acts on 1 molecular target:

ARandrogen receptor (DHTR, AR8)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

testosterone is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Endocrine disordersHypogonadism✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedInternational journal of nanomedicine2026-09-20

Injectable Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanocomposite Hydrogel for Targeted Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy via Concurrent ROS Attenuation and Macrophage Repolarization.

Fan Ziyan Z, Wang Runkong R, Zhang Qiang Q, Wu Mingquan M et al.

The clinical treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic systematic autoimmune disease marked by persistent synovial inflammation and irreversible joint damage, remains substantially challenging due to the limitations of current therapies including insufficient targeting, short intra-articular retention and off-target adverse effects. Therefore, developing an injectable, long-acting and targeted therapeutic hydrogel platform is urgently needed for precise and efficient RA treatment. We developed an injectable long-acting nanocomposite hydrogel platform (HA-BR nano-GEL@CLT) which integrated hyaluronic acid (HA)-polyethylene glycol (PEG) co-polymeric matrix encapsulating HA-bilirubin nanoparticles (HA-BR NPs) and celastrol (CLT). The hydrogel was characterized and its in vitro biocompatibility, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and macrophage polarization effects were evaluated. In vivo therapeutic efficacy and biosafety were assessed in adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats. The average particle size of fabricated HA-BR NPs@CLT was 118.5 nm and the gel formulation underwent a rapid sol‑to‑gel phase transition within 200 seconds. HA-BR nano-GEL@CLT exhibited strong biomimetic lubrication, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities, and could effectively modulate the polarization of macrophages in vitro, with the result that the M1/M2 ratio in HA-BR nano-GEL@CLT group was only 0.19-fold that of model group. The hydrogel also provided long-term intra-articular retention up to 21 days in AIA rats. It significantly alleviated paw swelling, inhibited bone erosion, modulated the levels of inflammatory cytokines, whereas the expressions of IL-6 and TNF-α were reduced by 27% and 43%, and the expression of IL-10 was increased by 47%, compared to HA GEL@CLT group. Besides, HA-BR nano-GEL@CLT also alleviated oxidative damage, regulated macrophage polarization and reduced systemic toxicity of CLT in vivo. This injectable nanocomposite hydrogel platform offers an efficient and promising approach to suppress RA progression via ROS attenuation and macrophage repolarization.

PMID 42763682
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PubMedUrologie (Heidelberg, Germany)2026-09-20

[Gender-affirming hormone therapy: state of the art].

Bischoff Jenny J

Gender incongruence affects approximately 0.6% of the population in Germany and, when accompanied by significant psychological distress, may constitute an indication for gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT). The increasing diversity of gender identity has led to a more individualized approach to hormone therapy. The decision to initiate treatment is based on the expected reduction in gender-related dysphoria due to hormonal treatment. Treatment is carried out in accordance with guidelines and is tailored to the wishes and goals of the person seeking treatment. Various estradiol preparations and antiandrogenic substances can be used to achieve feminization. Masculinizing therapy relies primarily on testosterone. For non-binary individuals, GAHT is usually administered at lower doses and typically focuses on specific aspects of gender alignment. The therapeutic effects usually develop slowly but can be irreversible and significant. Risks should be assessed in advance, and patients should be informed about potential adverse effects. Monitoring and adjustment of treatment take place at specified regular intervals. Adjustments and support throughout the course of treatment-ranging from fertility preservation to cancer screening-are key components of comprehensive care in patients undergoing GAHT. Although the evidence regarding GAHT has improved significantly in recent years, large-scale studies are still lacking for many aspects.

PMID 42763335
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PubMedNew microbes and new infections2026-09-20

Deciphering the genotypic profiles of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales: A study from a tertiary care hospital in Bihar, India.

Pramurtajyoti DebBarma D, Prathyusha Kokkayil K, Zeeshan Farooque Md FM, Asim Sarfraz S et al.

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) present a critical challenge in healthcare, especially in low-resource settings, due to limited treatment options and high mortality rates. The global prevalence of CRE is on the rise, necessitating comprehensive understanding and strategies to combat this threat. Data on carbapenemase gene distribution among CRE from eastern India remain scarce. To characterize the distribution of carbapenemase genes among CRE isolates from a tertiary care hospital in Bihar, India, and to assess their correlation with phenotypic resistance patterns. Hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2021 to July 2023 at a tertiary healthcare centre in Bihar, India. Phenotypic methods included mCIM, eCIM, and carbapenemase inhibition assays. Genotypic analysis employed multiplex PCR to detect blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaKPC, and blaOXA-48. PCR products were visualised by gel electrophoresis. Descriptive analyses were used to summarize genotypic and phenotypic findings. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v.23. Among the 98 isolates subjected to multiplex PCR-based carbapenemase gene profiling, Escherichia coli (61.22%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (33/98, 33.67%) were predominant. blaNDM was the most frequently detected gene, found in 62/98 isolates (63.27%), predominantly in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Phenotypic and genotypic correlations were in complete agreement for Class A and Class B carbapenemases, but discrepancies were observed in Class D carbapenemase identification. All gene-detection rates below are expressed relative to this genotyped subset of 98 isolates. High blaNDM prevalence in Bihar's CRE isolates necessitates urgent surveillance and strict infection control. Recommended therapies include Cefiderocol or Ceftazidime-avibactam plus Aztreonam. Continued molecular research and diagnostic enhancements remain critical.

PMID 42763543
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PubMedMechanisms of ageing and development2026-09-19

Endogenous Androgens, Physical and Cognitive Function in Healthy Midlife Men: A Systematic Review.

Keren Dan D, Hayek Roee R, Toledano Yoel Y, Strauss Tzipi T et al.

In men, androgens begin to decline during midlife, yet their functional implications in this period remain unclear. This review synthesizes evidence linking androgens with physical and cognitive performance in healthy middle-aged men. This systematic review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed, Scopus, and Embase were searched (2010-2026) for observational studies assessing testosterone and objective physical or cognitive outcomes in men aged 45-64 years or broader midlife-inclusive samples. Data extraction and quality appraisal were performed independently by two reviewers. Sixteen studies were included. Small positive associations with physical performance were observed mainly between free/bioavailable testosterone and grip-strength, with less consistent mobility findings. Midlife-focused analyses showed more consistent associations than broader age-range studies. Cognitive findings varied across domains and assessment tools. Visuospatial abilities showed the most consistent associations with testosterone, whereas verbal and episodic memory demonstrated mixed results. Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate showed small consistent associations with executive function and processing speed. Heterogeneity in assays and measures limited comparability. Subtle associations between endogenous-androgens and functional performance can be detected in healthy middle-aged men. However, these relationships are small, domain-specific, and obscured by methodological variability. Sensitive performance assessments and standardized hormonal evaluation are needed to clarify whether androgen profiles identify early functional vulnerability.

PMID 42763064
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PubMedNaunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology2026-09-19

β-cyclodextrin-kneaded Coccinia grandis thermosensitive mucoadhesive buccal gel: factorial optimization and preclinical evaluation in cisplatin-induced pica.

Kanawade Shubham N SN, Laware Ravindra B RB, Vikhe Dhruv R DR, Patare Vishwas B VB et al.

To develop and optimize a Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt root extract-loaded thermosensitive mucoadhesive buccal gel as a preclinical approach for antiemetic delivery. Thermosensitive gels containing an extract-β-cyclodextrin kneaded preparation were prepared using Poloxamer 407 and Carbopol 934P. Apparent solubility of the kneaded preparation was compared with that of the untreated extract. A 32 factorial design optimized polymer concentrations based on ex vivo permeation, mucoadhesive strength, and gelation temperature. The optimized formulation was evaluated for physicochemical properties, ex vivo permeation, stability, and anti-pica activity in a cisplatin-induced pica rat model. Kneaded preparation showed higher apparent solubility than the untreated extract. FTIR indicated compatibility between the extract and formulation components, but did not definitively confirm inclusion complex formation. BIG-F3 (Poloxamer 407, 19% w/v; Carbopol 934P, 0.22% w/v; desirability 0.989) exhibited gelation at 31.7 ± 0.3 °C, extract content of 94.5 ± 1.0%, and mucoadhesive strength of 4516 ± 105 dynes/cm2. Sustained transmucosal permeation was observed (84.03 ± 0.76% at 8 h; flux 393.69 ± 6.11 µg/cm2/h). BIG-F3 remained stable under refrigeration for six months. Buccal administration attenuated cisplatin-induced pica-like behavior, reducing Day 7 kaolin intake to 81.38 ± 6.30 mg/day versus 484.80 ± 14.97 mg/day in disease controls. BIG-F3 demonstrated improved apparent solubility, sustained transmucosal permeation, and preclinical anti-pica activity. Its effects were of similar magnitude to standard antiemetics on the rodent surrogate endpoint but do not establish therapeutic or clinical equivalence. Further physicochemical, in vivo pharmacokinetic, safety, and clinical studies are required.

PMID 42762306
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PubMedJournal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society2026-09-19

Mechanically adaptive dual-crosslinked hydrogel integrated with metal-phenolic cell backpacks for active keloid therapy.

Wang Shuangqing S, Huang Shiqi S, Jin Jingyu J, Zhao Jinyu J et al.

Keloids are invasive, highly recurrent fibroproliferative disorders. Clinical samples reveal a pathological pattern characterized by dysregulated extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, reduced NK-cell infiltration, and elevated TGF-β1. Current monotherapies have limited efficacy, and local delivery systems fail to achieve deep penetration and sustained effects due to the dense ECM barrier. To address these, we propose an active strategy of mechanically adaptive carrier delivering functionalized immune cells and develop a pH-responsive dual-crosslinked hydrogel (OR-Mg@NK@Gel) with oxyresveratrol‑magnesium (OR-Mg) metal-phenolic cell backpacks. The hydrogel is fabricated from methacrylated oxidized hyaluronic acid and 8-arm polyethylene glycol amine via sequential crosslinking of dynamic Schiff base and blue light-induced covalent networks, tuning the storage modulus to ~400 Pa to provide a soft, cell-compatible matrix with appropriate injectability and structural stability. It has interconnected macropores and pH-responsive degradation, supporting cells and enabling spatiotemporally controlled co-release of cells and therapeutics, overcoming compliance mismatch and drug burst release of conventional hydrogels. OR-Mg@NK cell backpacks are constructed by electrostatically associating surface-charge-reversed OR-Mg nanoparticles predominantly with NK cell membranes. This non-covalent modification preserves cell viability while enhancing NK cell chemotaxis via PI3K/AKT activation, enabling active penetration through dense collagen barriers. By combining hydrogel-mediated local retention with NK-cell-mediated active migration, OR-Mg@NK@Gel enables enhanced penetration through the dense ECM barrier and broader intralesional distribution. In a nude mouse keloid model, it achieved 90.62% volume inhibition and 94.26% weight inhibition, both significantly outperforming 5-fluorouracil. It also improved disordered collagen arrangement and remodeled immune microenvironment toward an anti-fibrotic state. This work provides a novel paradigm for designing efficient cell delivery systems targeting dense fibrotic tissues and holds promising translational potential.

PMID 42762840
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