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diphtheria vaccine

✓ Approved

Changchun Institute · Vaccine · Vaccine

What is diphtheria vaccine?

diphtheria vaccine is a vaccine developed by Changchun Institute. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others).

Drug Profile

CompanyChangchun Institute
Drug ClassVaccine
RouteInjectable (Others)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Changchun Institute

Therapeutic Indications

diphtheria vaccine is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Infections and infestationsDiphtheria✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedTropical medicine and health2026-11-11

From outbreak response to system strengthening: preventing diphtheria in Somalia.

Abdullahi Zakaria Abdi ZA, Derow Ismail Mohamud IM, Yusuf Abdi Wahab Salad AWS, Abdi Aniso Mohamed AM et al.

Diphtheria, a vaccine-preventable disease, has re-emerged as a significant public health concern in Somalia, highlighting persistent weaknesses in immunization systems. Recent outbreaks demonstrate that transmission is driven not by limitations of available vaccines but by immunity gaps associated with low routine immunization coverage, high numbers of zero-dose children, conflict, population displacement, and barriers to accessing health services. The 2025 diphtheria outbreak, characterized by substantial morbidity and mortality among children, underscores the urgent need to move beyond reactive outbreak response toward sustainable immunization-system strengthening. This letter emphasizes the importance of improving routine immunization services, expanding catch-up vaccination, strengthening disease surveillance, enhancing vaccine supply chains and cold-chain capacity, and improving immunization data systems for identifying missed populations. Evidence from Somalia's recent vaccination initiatives demonstrates that community-centered approaches, digital tools, and locally adapted outreach strategies can successfully reach underserved groups even in fragile settings. Building resilient immunization systems requires coordinated efforts among government institutions, communities, health workers, and international partners. Strengthening equitable vaccination delivery is essential not only for preventing future diphtheria outbreaks, but also for improving Somalia's preparedness against other vaccine-preventable diseases and future public health emergencies.

PMID 43010036
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PubMedNPJ vaccines2026-11-11

A structure-guided trivalent subunit vaccine confers maternal protection to neonatal piglets against PEDV and PDCoV.

Liu Jia J, Chen Longping L, Li Dan D, Wang Zhuo Z et al.

Antigenic divergence among porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) genotypes and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) limits the cross-protection provided by current commercial vaccines. Here, employing a structure-guided antigen design strategy, we developed a trivalent subunit vaccine concurrently targeting PEDV G2a, PEDV G2b, and PDCoV. The vaccine antigen set comprises optimized spike ectodomain antigens, featuring stabilizing mutations, a heptad repeat 2 (HR2) deletion, a fused neutralizing epitope, and a flagellin adjuvant fused to the N-terminus. Formulated with MF59+CpG adjuvants, this trivalent vaccine elicited robust PEDV- and PDCoV-specific neutralizing antibody responses and Th1/Th2-associated cellular immune responses characterized by IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4 production in mice. Immunization of pregnant sows with 300 μg dose induced high-titer IgG, IgA, and colostral secretory IgA (SIgA) against all three target viruses. Although neutralizing antibody titers were comparable between the 100 μg and 300 μg dose groups, the 300 μg group showed higher and more persistent levels of colostral binding IgG and SIgA. Following maternal immunization, piglets that acquired maternal antibodies through colostrum exhibited reduced clinical diarrhea, lower fecal viral RNA shedding, and less severe intestinal lesions after challenge with PEDV G2a, PEDV G2b, or PDCoV. These findings support this structure-guided trivalent subunit vaccine as a promising candidate for maternal immunization against co-circulating porcine enteric coronaviruses.

PMID 43009510
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PubMedHealth communication2026-11-11

Spiritual Health Locus of Control and COVID-19 Booster Intentions Among Hispanic Americans: A Culturally Grounded Extension of the Extended Parallel Process Model.

Kim Joon J, Jun Jungmi J, Zambrano Rodriguez Viviana Carolina VC

Declining uptake of COVID-19 boosters poses significant public health concerns. Hispanic Americans, who have experienced disproportionate pandemic impacts, report lower uptake of updated boosters than non-Hispanic White adults, partly attributable to vaccine hesitancy. Although religiosity plays a central role in Hispanic communities, little is known about how spiritually grounded beliefs shape cognitive and emotional responses to vaccination. This study integrates the extended parallel process model (EPPM) with spiritual health locus of control (SHLOC) to examine how exposure to faith-based and governmental vaccine information influences booster intention through spiritually grounded efficacy appraisals. Using an online survey of Hispanic American adults (N = 349), we tested a structural equation model linking SHLOC, perceived threat, efficacy beliefs, fear, and vaccination intentions. Results indicated that active SHLOC, reflecting beliefs in divine partnership in health, increased response efficacy and indirectly promoted booster intention and vaccine advocacy, whereas passive SHLOC, reflecting divine determinism, reduced self-efficacy and indirectly discouraged booster intention. Perceived threat was positively associated with fear, and efficacy beliefs emerged as the strongest predictors of booster intention. Mediation analyses supported serial pathways from message exposure to SHLOC to efficacy to intention, identifying spiritually grounded control beliefs as a culturally embedded mechanism in vaccine decision making. Findings suggest that faith-based engagement can function as either a protective or risk communication channel, depending on whether messages reinforce divine partnership or determinism. The study advances EPPM by identifying SHLOC as a culturally grounded antecedent to efficacy appraisal and offers implications for culturally responsive vaccine communication in Hispanic communities.

PMID 43012739
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PubMedInternational journal for equity in health2026-11-11

Reaching zero-dose children through the Big Catch-Up initiative in the Eastern Mediterranean Region.

Elmahdy Eman E, Mere Osama O, Farrukh Saadia S, Alyousfi Mohamad Nihad MN et al.

Routine immunization (RI) is one of the most effective public health interventions for reducing childhood morbidity and mortality. However, recent disruptions to RI have created immunity gaps in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), increasing the number of zero-dose (ZD) and under-immunized children, particularly in countries affected by conflict, displacement, service disruption, and ongoing vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks. The Big Catch-Up (BCU) initiative aimed to identify and vaccinate missed children, close immunity gaps, and strengthen RI systems. In the six Gavi-supported EMR countries included in this study (Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen), implementation targeted children aged 12-59 months. This study assessed progress in reaching ZD children during BCU implementation in these six countries. A descriptive, multi-country programmatic analysis was conducted using quantitative and qualitative data from BCU quarterly reports covering implementation from Q4 2024 to Q1 2026. Additional data sources included World health Organization (WHO and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Estimates of National Immunization Coverage (WUENIC), Gavi-approved vaccine dose data, and UNICEF vaccine shipment data. Quantitative analysis summarized administered doses, zero-dose targets, BCU coverage, vaccine consumption, and performance by country and antigen among children aged 12-59 months. Age-disaggregated analyses were conducted for children aged 12-23 months and 24-59 months. Qualitative information from country reports on implementation successes, challenges, and lessons learned was summarized by country and thematic area. During the BCU implementation period, 3.5 million zero-dose children were reached with Penta1 across the six countries, representing 53% of the estimated cumulative population of 6.6 million ZD children. Of the 57 million Gavi-approved vaccine doses, 98% were shipped to countries, and 47.7 million doses were administered, equivalent to 84% of approved doses. Implementation success was supported by targeted identification of areas with high numbers of zero-dose children, integrated outreach, integration with other health services, and recruitment of vaccinators and deployment of community health workers. Key challenges included insecurity, population movement, inaccessible districts, community refusal, and limited community engagement. Substantial progress in reaching missed children was reported during BCU implementation in high-priority EMR countries. Lessons learned highlight the importance of integrating catch-up vaccination with RI, strengthening microplanning, ensuring timely vaccine supply and financing, improving community engagement, and institutionalizing catch-up vaccination.

PMID 43009985
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PubMedmSphere2026-11-11

Genetic detoxification of an unencapsulated Neisseria meningitidis strain enhances potency of outer membrane vesicle vaccines and cross-reactivity of vaccine-specific antibodies.

Matthias Kathryn A KA, Kumova Ogan K OK, Reveille Alexandra A, Bizzell Erica E et al.

Meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) detergent-detoxified outer membrane vesicle (dOMV) vaccines demonstrate high effectiveness against the homologous production strain but confer limited cross-protection to heterologous strains. We previously reported that dOMVs isolated from a MenB strain deleted for the proteins PorA, PorB, and RmpM (ΔABR) elicited bactericidal antibodies with a greater breadth of coverage, but of lower overall titer, compared to wild-type (WT) dOMV-induced antibodies. Low ΔABR dOMV potency was associated with pronounced vesicular deterioration and lower levels of lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and capsular polysaccharide (Cps) relative to WT dOMVs, phenotypes resulting from detergent detoxification procedures required to limit LOS-induced toxicity. In this study, we engineered genetically detoxified ΔABR strains that were deleted singly for the lauroyl acyltransferase LpxL1 (ΔABRL) or in tandem for the Cps polysialyltransferase SiaD (ΔABRSL). Genetically detoxified, detergent-extracted OMVs (eOMVs) from ΔABRL and ΔABRSL retained vesicular structure and elicited functional antibodies with increased cross-reactivity compared to ΔABR and ΔABRL dOMVs when administered to rabbits. Antibody seropositivity and cross-reactivity were similarly increased in mice vaccinated with ΔABRL eOMVs vs ΔABRL dOMVs. ΔABRSL eOMV potency was higher than that of ΔABRL eOMVs, suggesting a role for Cps in suppressing antibody responses. Immunization with eOMVs was associated with trends toward improved murine T helper cell responses and elicitation of higher proportions of conformational antibodies that may have contributed to improved bactericidal activity. ΔABRSL eOMVs additionally showed decreased toxicity compared to WT and ΔABR dOMVs when tested in vitro, supporting further study as a vaccine candidate. The ability to target multiple serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis strains with a single vesicle vaccine is complicated by the diversity of antigens that span the bacterial surface. We previously reported that vesicles isolated from meningococcal strains deleted for the major antigenically diverse surface proteins elicited functional antibodies that could kill a large number of N. meningitidis strains though at relatively low titers. Low potency of the mutant vaccines was associated with a breakdown of the vesicular membrane upon detergent treatment, a process necessary to diminish endogenous endotoxin levels and ensure vaccine safety. In this study, we demonstrate that we can retain high cross-reactivity of anti-vesicle antibodies without decreasing the potency of the host immune response through genetic detoxification of the meningococcal vaccine strain. By preventing the formation of the complete endotoxin structure, we are able to isolate vesicles that are safe and immunogenic without the requirement for detergent detoxification.

PMID 43012508
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PubMedBMC public health2026-11-11

Acceptability of the RTS, S malaria vaccine and associated factors among caregivers‌ of children⁠ under 25 months‍ in Soa⁠ Health District, Cameroon: a community-based cross-sectional st⁠udy‍.

Dang Ludrique L, Ombogo Fabien Fouda FF, Burinyuy Bime Brenda BB, Kamdem Gilles Tounsi GT et al.

Malaria remains a major cause of morbidity an‌d mortality in sub-Saharan Afri‌ca. I‌n C‌ameroon, malaria accounts for 48% of all hospital admissions, 30% of morbidity, and 67% of childhood mortality per year. Despite the introduction of RTS, S in‍ several African countries, real-world evidence on community acceptability following vaccine rollout remains limited, particularly at the district level. Understanding caregivers' willingness to vaccinate is critical for optimizing uptake and‌ guiding context-specific implementation strategies. A community-‍bas‌ed cross-sectional st⁠ud‌y was conducted between March and November 2024 in th‌e S⁠oa Hea‍lth District (HD).‍ A total of 5‍41 caregi⁠vers of children unde‍r‍ 25 mon‍ths w‌ere‍ recruited using a non-pro‌b‌ability con‍venience sam⁠pling method. Data were collected using a s‍tr‍uctured pre-tested q⁠uestionnaire and analysed using R s‍oftware. Modified Poisson reg‍ression mod‍els with robust variance esti‍mation was used to obtain crude and adjuste‍d prev⁠alence‌ ratio (CPR and APR) with‍ 9⁠5% conf‍idence interval⁠s (95% CI‍s), a statistical significance was set at p-value < 0.05. Among the 541 caregi⁠vers, 73.4% expressed willingness to v‌accinate their children against malari‍a. Higher vaccine acceptability was independently associated with residing in Kou‌lou (AP⁠R =⁠ 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1-2.0), Ngali 2 (⁠APR = 1⁠0.6; 95% CI: 1.‍2-2.2), and So⁠a‌ (APR = 1.6; 95‍% CI‍: 1.1-2.2) compared with Nts‍ouesso⁠ng; female sex (APR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1‍.‌0-‌1.3); origine from the North-West, Sou‍th-W‍est‍, West, and Littoral regions (A⁠PR = 1.2; 95% CI: 1.‌1‍-‌1.4); use‍ s‍tr‌eet medicine (APR = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.0-1.6) or prescribed medicin‌e (APR = 1⁠0.2; 95% CI: 1⁠0.0-1.5) rather than tra‍d‍it⁠ional med‍i‍cine‍ for malaria treatment; pr⁠ior awareness of the malaria vac‍cine (APR = 1.2‍; 95%‌ CI: 1.1-1.4)⁠. All p < 0.05. CONCLUSI‍ON: Acce⁠ptabi‌lity of the malaria va‌ccine among caregivers in the Soa HD was relativel‍y high and was significantly influenced by geographic location, sex,‍ region, health-seeking behaviour, and awareness of the⁠ vaccine.‌ Targeted health e‌duc‍ati‍on and cul‌turally sensitive community engagement strategies‍ are‍ essential to improve vac⁠cine acceptability and su⁠pp⁠ort‌ the successf‌u‍l s‍cale‍-up of⁠ ma‍lari‌a vaccination programmes in Cameroon and other endemic se‌ttings. Not applicable.

PMID 43009886
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