Drug Database
TE

teriparatide (Xinfutai)

✓ Approved

Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. · PTH1R · Recombinant Proteins

What is teriparatide?

teriparatide is a recombinant proteins developed by Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesXinfutai
CompanyShenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.
Drug ClassRecombinant Proteins
Molecular TargetPTH1R
RouteInjectable (Others), Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Shenzhen Salubris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

teriparatide acts on 1 molecular target:

PTH1Rparathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTHR, EKNS)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

teriparatide is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disordersOsteoporosis✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedCureus2026-07-25

Economic Burden and Cost Differences Between Branded and Generic Topical Antifungals in India.

Dt Prateek P, Dongerkery Kavitha K, Deolekar Pradnya P, Dahibhate Atharva A et al.

India's pharmaceutical market is characterized by a significant presence of both generic and branded drugs, particularly for common ailments such as superficial mycoses (SFMs), which pose a substantial public health and economic burden. Patients in tropical countries like India, which have common superficial mycoses, need prolonged treatment because of their recurrence rates after initial treatment and due to incomplete therapy. Given the high variability in drug pricing and the imperative for cost-effective healthcare, a pharmacoeconomic analysis comparing generic and branded topical antifungals in India is crucial to inform prescribing practices and optimize resource allocation. The price comparison of various topical antifungal medications from different brands was conducted by using the latest information from the "Monthly Index of Medical Specialties" August to October 2025, and 1mg online pharmacy and Jan Aushadhi website. The study calculated the total expenses for 30 mL and 30 g dosage forms, which included cream, ointment, lotion, eye drops, and shampoo products of each drug brand. We conducted a comparison between different drug brands through their cost ratio, and percentage cost variation (PCV) analysis was done, keeping generic medicines prices (retrieved from the Jan Aushadhi website) as baseline values. The data analysis showed a significant variation in the costs of different brands of topical antifungals in the Indian market. After analysis, we identified itraconazole 1% ointment to have the highest cost variation at 8335.1%, followed by clotrimazole dusting powder (4740%). Ketoconazole 2% cream, bifonazole 1% lotion, and sertaconazole shampoo showed the smallest variation at 3.29%, 3.5%, and 11.3%, respectively. When generic and branded topical antifungals were compared, the highest cost variation was seen for clotrimazole 1% cream (3431.7%), and the least variation was observed for ketoconazole 2% powder (135.4%). When combination topical antifungals were compared, the highest percentage cost variation of 1479.4% was seen for clotrimazole 1%w/w and beclomethasone dipropionate 0.025%w/w cream, and the least percentage cost variation of 38.8% was seen for terbinafine (1% w/w) + ciprofloxacin (1% w/w) + metronidazole (1% w/w) + clobetasol (0.05% w/w). The market for topical antifungal agents demonstrates substantial price variation among available products. Regulatory authorities, pharmaceutical manufacturers, and clinicians must collaborate to achieve optimal reductions in drug costs. Strict implementation of cost regulation policies, along with increased awareness among clinicians regarding the rational selection of cost-effective therapies, is essential.

PMID 42500790
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PubMedJournal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA2026-07-25

Artificial intelligence and machine learning in pharmaceutical research and healthcare: Ethical challenges and a framework for responsible implementation.

Hajjo Rima R, Abusara Osama H OH, Sabbah Dima A DA, Zidan Rahaf R et al.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are transforming pharmaceutical research and healthcare by enabling analysis of large-scale biomedical data and supporting data-driven decision-making. However, their rapid integration has introduced significant ethical, governance, and implementation challenges that remain insufficiently synthesized within a unified framework. This work aims to synthesize the central ethical challenges and paradoxes associated with AI and ML in pharmaceutical and healthcare contexts and to develop a structured, actionable governance framework to guide responsible implementation. We conducted a narrative review using structured searches of PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar (January 2015-February 2026). We screened peer-reviewed, English-language publications addressing AI/ML applications or associated ethical considerations and synthesized evidence thematically. A total of 127 studies were synthesized, revealing interconnected ethical challenges, including bias, accountability, privacy, and equity, affecting patient safety and trust. The literature clustered across pharmaceutical research, clinical decision support, and governance, informing a structured, ethics centered framework with three pillars including technical excellence and safety, robust governance and trust, and human-centered values, along with cross-cutting enablers. Successful integration of AI/ML into pharmaceutical research and healthcare requires addressing its inherent ethical paradox. By linking interconnected challenges to a structured, actionable governance framework, this study provides practical guidance for implementing trustworthy, equitable, and human-centered AI, with direct implications for patient safety, clinical practice, and policy.

PMID 42498132
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PubMedJournal of environmental sciences (China)2026-07-25

Does the use of pharmaceuticals for bullfrog farming pose health risks to humans?

Sun Qiongping Q, Zhan Han H, Li Yiyin Y, Liu Junxian J et al.

As global food demand is projected to rise in the future due to population growth, animal husbandry has been increasingly promoted worldwide. Yet, pharmaceuticals are extensively used for animal husbandry to prevent disease outbreaks, possibly posing human health risks via consumption of pharmaceutical-contaminated animals. Using a typical bullfrog farm as the study site, this study assessed the accumulation of pharmaceuticals in bullfrogs at different ages (juveniles vs. adults) from different origins (cultured vs. wild). The health risk of bullfrog consumption was then evaluated with the consideration of different cooking methods (steaming, pan-frying and deep-frying). Different types of pharmaceuticals were detected in the culture ponds, where sulfonamides (SAs) and fluoroquinolones (FQs) were predominant in water and sediment (> 60 % of total pharmaceutical concentration), respectively. Regardless of ages and origins, the intestine and stomach of bullfrogs had higher pharmaceutical concentrations than their muscle, skin and liver. Wild bullfrogs tended to accumulate more pharmaceuticals, particularly FQs, than cultured bullfrogs. Nevertheless, the health risk of bullfrog consumption was low (HR < 1), especially when the bullfrogs were well cooked by steaming that reduced pharmaceutical concentrations. This risk can be further lowered by avoiding the consumption of internal organs. Taken together, this study provides useful guidance for the public to minimize dietary intake of persistent pollutants and suggests that proper use of pharmaceuticals is promising for producing safe animal food products on a large scale, possibly serving as an important solution to the future increase in global food demand.

PMID 42498404
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PubMedJournal of pharmaceutical sciences2026-07-25

Efficacy of ultraviolet irradiation of pharmaceutical excipients in mitigating N-nitrosamine generation.

Minamioka Saki S, Matsuzawa Shun S, Yoshihara Naoki N, Oikawa Michinori M et al.

The generation of N-nitrosamine compounds (NOCs) in drugs presents a critical regulatory challenge owing to their potential mutagenicity and exceptionally strict acceptable intake limits required for patient safety. These impurities arise primarily from the reaction between amine-containing active pharmaceutical ingredients and trace amounts of nitrosating agents (reactive NOx), which contribute to N-nitrosation. Reactive NOx species are frequently found in pharmaceutical excipients. Therefore, efficiently reducing reactive NOx is essential for robust management of the risk posed by NOCs. In this study, we employed ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of excipients as a novel preemptive strategy to reduce reactive NOx levels. Desloratadine was used as a secondary amine model to evaluate the generation of N-nitrosamine in physical mixtures with various excipients. The excipients were exposed to different UV wavelengths (248, 313, and 365 nm), and N-nitrosodesloratadine (NDLRT) generation was quantified after storage under stress conditions. We found that 365 nm UV irradiation was the most effective in reducing reactive NOx under all conditions. In a formulation study, 365 nm UV irradiation successfully reduced NDLRT generation in the tablet by 54-68% compared with the control. Overall, the novel strategy described herein should be useful for reducing NOCs without affecting the quality of drugs.

PMID 42497957
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PubMedThe International journal of risk & safety in medicine2026-07-25

Heavy metal contamination in pharmaceuticals: A narrative review of prevalence, health risks, and regulatory gaps in Nigeria.

Ogungbe Blessing Abraham BA, Atanda David Ololade DO, Bepo Janet Adedoyin JA, Akinyemi Adedamola Akin AA

Pharmaceutical quality and safety are critical to public health, yet low- and middle-income countries such as Nigeria remain vulnerable to medicine safety challenges due to weak regulatory enforcement and limited market surveillance. A major concern is contamination of pharmaceutical products with toxic heavy metals, including lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, nickel, and chromium. These metals can bioaccumulate and cause adverse health effects even at low concentrations, such as neurodevelopmental impairment, renal and hepatic dysfunction, reproductive toxicity, and cardiovascular complications. This narrative review synthesised evidence on the prevalence of heavy metal contamination in pharmaceuticals marketed in Nigeria, associated health risks, and the adequacy of existing regulatory frameworks.Relevant literature published between 2005 and 2025 was identified through a comprehensive literature search of major databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, African Journals Online, and Scopus, supplemented with reports from the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, the World Health Organisation, and grey literature. Studies assessing industrially manufactured or over-the-counter medicines for heavy metal contamination in Nigeria were included.The findings reveal recurrent contamination across several pharmaceutical categories, particularly syrups, locally manufactured analgesics, and herbal preparations. Lead and cadmium were the most frequently reported contaminants, with some products containing multiple metals and exceeding pharmacopeial limits. Heavy metal exposure induces oxidative stress and cellular damage, contributing to kidney injury, neurotoxicity, haematological effects, and endocrine disruption. Children, pregnant women, individuals with renal impairment, and frequent users of herbal medicines were identified as particularly vulnerable. Overall, heavy metal contamination remains a significant medicine safety concern in Nigeria, highlighting the need for stronger regulation, improved analytical capacity, and risk-based surveillance.

PMID 42499143
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PubMedJournal of pharmaceutical sciences2026-07-25

Integrating nitrosamine theoretical formation into Translational Pharmaceutics: Mitigating risks during accelerated formulation development in early phase clinical studies.

Cobice Diego D, Mamidala Vinay V, Quick Rachel R, Iyoha Kingsley K et al.

Nitrosamine impurities, owing to their established carcinogenic potential, represent a significant challenge in contemporary pharmaceutical development. Regulatory expectations have evolved rapidly, with stringent requirements for their identification, control, and risk assessment. Under ICH M7(R2), N‑nitrosamines are classified within the "cohort of concern" (CoC), necessitating compound‑specific acceptable intake (AI) limits, while the forthcoming ICH M7(R3) addendum aims to harmonize these assessments through standardized AI values and structured quality risk management frameworks. Although initial regulatory efforts focused on marketed products, recent guidance now extends these expectations to early‑phase clinical development, introducing additional complexity for pharmaceutical developers. Translational Pharmaceutics integrates real‑time formulation development, GMP manufacturing, and clinical testing within a single adaptive protocol. When applied to the rapid formulation development and clinical testing of commercial-intent formulations, programs typically incorporate a formulation design space to facilitate the prospective optimisation of formulations using clinical data. Embedding nitrosamine risk assessment within a defined design space represents a key operational advantage, as it enables real‑time, evidence‑based control of nitrosamine risk during formulation development rather than retrospective assessment. All formulation variants explored clinically within the predetermined design space are encompassed by a single, adaptive nitrosamine risk assessment strategy, thereby avoiding multiple regulatory amendments typically required in conventional, sequential approaches whilst maintaining flexibility in formulation choice.

PMID 42497955
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