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superoxide dismutase (orgotein, Isnardi / Interceptor / SOD, Isnardi)

✓ Approved

Sanofi S.A · therapeutic agent

What is superoxide dismutase?

superoxide dismutase is a therapeutic agent developed by Sanofi S.A. It is approved for therapeutic indications.

Drug Profile

Brand Namesorgotein, Isnardi, Interceptor, SOD, Isnardi
CompanySanofi S.A
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Sanofi S.A

Therapeutic Indications

superoxide dismutase is developed for 4 unique indications across 3 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Eye disordersGlaucoma✓ Approved
Hepatobiliary disordersHepatitis✓ Approved
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disordersSkin disorder✓ Approved
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disordersDermatosis✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedToxicology2026-05-24

ALDH1A3-dependent ferroptosis mediates hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid-induced trophoblast dysfunction.

Li Shanling S, Xu Hui H, Li Shuxian S, Wang Jian J et al.

Hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), a persistent per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance, has been epidemiologically associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its placental toxicity remain poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that acute 24-h exposure of human placental trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo and JEG-3 cells to HFPO-DA (0.03-3μM) induces a concentration-dependent impairment in cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion, whereas inhibitors of apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis did not show comparable protective effects. Integrated bioinformatic analysis of HFPO-DA-associated pregnancy complication genes retrieved from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database revealed significant enrichment of ferroptosis-related pathways. Protein-protein interaction network analysis further identified ALDH1A3 as a central hub gene, and molecular docking predicted a strong binding affinity between HFPO-DA and ALDH1A3, exceeding that observed for other candidate targets. Biolayer interferometry further confirmed a direct interaction between HFPO-DA and ALDH1A3, with an apparent equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of 6.64 × 10-4 M. Consistent with these in silico findings, pharmacological inhibition experiments showed that only the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 effectively rescued HFPO-DA-induced cytotoxicity. HFPO-DA exposure led to hallmark ferroptotic alterations, including glutathione and superoxide dismutase depletion, malondialdehyde accumulation, intracellular Fe²⁺ overload, GPX4 suppression, and increased mitochondrial superoxide production in both trophoblast cell models. Mechanistically, HFPO-DA markedly downregulated ALDH1A3 at both mRNA and protein levels. Notably, siRNA-mediated ALDH1A3 silencing alone recapitulated ferroptosis-associated biochemical and functional defects, whereas ALDH1A3 overexpression restored redox homeostasis, attenuated lipid peroxidation and iron dysregulation, and rescued trophoblast functional impairment. Collectively, these findings identify ALDH1A3 repression as a key molecular event linking HFPO-DA exposure to trophoblast ferroptosis and dysfunction, providing mechanistic insight into HFPO-DA-associated placental pathogenesis.

PMID 42176843
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PubMedInternational journal of phytoremediation2026-05-24

Synergistic role of de-ashed biochar and compost on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) growth under contaminated conditions.

Majrashi Mosaed A MA, Khan Arham A

Soil salinity and lead (Pb) toxicity severely degrade soil health and crop productivity in arid regions. This study investigated the combined use of deashed biochar (DAB) and compost (COM) to alleviate salinity stress (SS) and Pb stress (LS) in lettuce under greenhouse pot experiment where crop physiological traits, oxidative stress responses, and soil-plant nutrient interactions were analyzed. Co-application of DAB+COM increased total chlorophyll (32.29%), photosynthetic rate (18.49%), transpiration rate (17.82%), and stomatal conductance (55.24%) under SS, with comparable enhancements under LS. Moreover, stress-induced markers like electrolyte leakage, carotenoids, and proline contents declined by 21.83%, 28.76%, and 24.73% in SS, whilst at LS these contents dropped to 19.13%, 23.94%, and 24.56%, respectively. Antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase) in roots and leaves were substantially reduced in DAB+COM treatment under both stresses. Pb accumulation decreased by 20.68% (roots) and 17.61% (leaves), whilst soil N, P, and K availability improved substantially under DAB+COM amendments. Overall, these results suggest that synergistic amendment of DAB+COM offers a sustainable approach to rehabilitate degraded soils and enhance crop resilience in arid agroecosystems.

PMID 42176702
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PubMedArchives of medical research2026-05-24

Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Exopolysaccharides from Porphyridium Purpureum.

Villaseñor-Flores Mariana M, Mendoza-Tovar Carolina C, Pozos-Guillen Amaury A, Reynaga-Hernández Elizabeth E et al.

Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's antioxidant defenses, posing a threat to cellular integrity and survival. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of exopolysaccharides (EPS) derived from Porphyridium purpureum to modulate antioxidant activity and inflammatory responses in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells and macrophages under oxidative stress and inflammatory stimulation. EPS were used at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL in eluates. Modulation of the inflammatory response was evaluated in the ATCC mouse BALB/c J774.2 macrophage cell line, while the antioxidant activity was assessed in HEK cells. Cytotoxicity assays, as well as the expression and enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were analyzed. In addition, the expression levels of IL-6, IL-1β, COX-2, and NF-κB were measured, using β-actin as a housekeeping gene. The EPS derived from Porphyridium purpureum significantly inhibited the expression of the pro-inflammatory markers IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, and NF-κB, while enhancing the gene expression and enzymatic activity of SOD and CAT under normal and oxidative stress conditions. These findings demonstrate the potential of EPS to suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhance antioxidant defenses. This contributes to maintaining homeostasis in inflamed tissues and promoting wound healing.

PMID 42176465
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PubMedEnvironmental toxicology and pharmacology2026-05-24

Redox-driven mechanisms link pesticide-induced microglial immunotoxicity to neurobehavioural impairment in an invertebrate ecotoxicological model.

da Cruz Ivana Beatrice Mânica IBM, da Cruz Jung Ivo Emílio IE, de Afonso Bonotto Nathalia Cardoso NC, Pulcinelli Débora Felipetto DF et al.

This study aimed to compare the biological consequences of mitochondrial- versus cytoplasmic-driven superoxide dysregulation, with a focus on microglial immunotoxicity and neurobehavioural outcomes. Murine BV-2 microglial cells were exposed to sublethal concentrations of rotenone (ROT) or paraquat (PQT) to assess cytotoxicity, redox imbalance, mitochondrial alterations, oxidative macromolecular damage, inflammatory modulation, and cytomorphological alterations. In parallel, acute toxicity and neurobehavioural responses were evaluated in the invertebrate model Eisenia fetida. Both pesticides reduced microglial viability and induced early increases in intracellular superoxide and nitric oxide levels, followed by oxidative damage. ROT elicited more pronounced mitochondrial alterations and cytotoxicity, whereas PQT promoted a stronger and sustained pro-inflammatory microglial phenotype, characterized by enhanced cytokine release. In vivo, both compounds impaired neurobehavioural responses, with higher lethality following ROT exposure. Mitochondrial- and cytoplasmic-derived superoxide production differentially modulate redox-sensitive neuroinflammatory pathways, converging on functional neurobehavioural impairment.

PMID 42176965
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PubMedFish & shellfish immunology2026-05-24

Evaluation of the Immunological Efficacy of EsxA Subunit Vaccine and DNA Vaccine against Streptococcus iniae in golden pompano (Trachinotus anak).

Huang Zhiyuan Z, Sun Heng H, Wang Haoyu H, Jia Xinlei X et al.

Streptococcus iniae represents an important bacterial agent responsible for streptococcosis in marine fish, leading to substantial economic impacts in aquaculture worldwide. The development of effective vaccines is therefore a critical priority. EsxA, a conserved early-secreted and homolog of antigenic target six (ESAT-6), is involved in bacterial virulence and mediates interactions between the pathogen and its host via the type VII secretion system. In this work, EsxA was examined as a prospective vaccine antigen in golden pompano (Trachinotus anak) using both subunit and DNA vaccination strategies. Recombinant EsxA protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and administered intraperitoneally as a subunit vaccine, either alone or formulated with the oil-based adjuvant Montanide ISA 763A. Concurrently, a DNA vaccine was developed by cloning the complete esxA gene into the pVAX1 vector. Vaccinated fish were subjected to challenge with S. iniae at 8 weeks post-immunization to evaluate protective efficacy and assess the host's innate and adaptive immune responses. A high level of protection against S. iniae challenge was achieved with the EsxA-based subunit vaccine, particularly when formulated with adjuvant ISA 763A, whereas the DNA vaccine elicited moderate yet statistically significant protection. Immunological profiling revealed robust antigen-specific IgM production following subunit vaccination, while DNA vaccination significantly upregulated transcription of key immune-related genes associated with antigen presentation and cellular immunity, including MHC class I and CD8α. Furthermore, nonspecific immune parameters, including catalase, lysozyme, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase activity and superoxide dismutase, were significantly elevated following vaccination, indicating potent activation of innate immune defense. Collectively, EsxA is a promising vaccine candidate against S. iniae in T. anak, and different vaccine platforms elicit distinct immune response profiles that may inform future vaccine optimization in marine aquaculture.

PMID 42176785
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PubMedPoultry science2026-05-24

Dietary alpha‑lipoic acid, sprouted wheat, and multi‑enzyme supplementation improve yolk fatty acid profile and antioxidant status in laying hens.

Fazlollah Farbood F, Ghazanfari Shokoufe S, Sharifi Seyed Davood SD, Nobari Karim K et al.

In a completely randomized trial, we investigated the individual and combined effects of sprouted wheat (SW, 5%), a multi‑enzyme blend (ME; 500 mg/kg), and alpha‑lipoic acid (ALA; 300 mg/kg) on yolk fatty acid composition and cholesterol content, blood biochemical indices, and oxidative‑stress‑related parameters in SuperNick laying hens, using 10 dietary treatments (n = 200; five replicates of four hens each) over a 60‑day period. Experimental diets containing 5% wheat or wheat sprout produced only modest changes in dietary fatty acid composition, with all diets remaining high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and low in trans‑fatty acids. Wheat slightly improved the PUFA to saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio and the proportion of long‑chain n‑3 PUFA, while both wheat and sprouted wheat marginally reduced the excessively high n‑6 to n‑3 and linoleic / alpha‑linolenic acid ratios compared with the corn‑based control. In egg yolk, dietary treatments significantly modified saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid profiles (P < 0.001). Alpha‑lipoic acid was the main driver of changes in SFA, lowering total SFA primarily through reductions in palmitic, myristic, and heptadecanoic acids, and increasing very‑long‑chain SFA. Yolk monounsaturated fatty acids were also affected, with ALA decreasing palmitoleic and oleic acids but increasing erucic acid, whereas wheat form and ME exerted smaller, more specific effects such as increased nervonic acid with sprouted wheat. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic, alpha‑linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids, were enhanced by ALA, especially in corn + ALA and wheat + ME + ALA diets, resulting in improved yolk n‑3 content and n‑3 to n‑6 ratio. Blood metabolites and antioxidant indices were strongly influenced by diet (P < 0.001), with ALA consistently lowering total cholesterol and triglycerides, modifying lipoprotein fractions, increasing superoxide dismutase activity, and reducing malondialdehyde, while sprouted wheat and ME alone showed limited but favorable effects on lipid peroxidation. Overall, ALA supplementation, especially in combination with wheat‑based diets and ME, beneficially modulated yolk fatty acid profile and systemic oxidative status, with only minor alterations in basal dietary lipid composition.

PMID 42176580
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