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estradiol (Estreva oral / Estreva / Estreva gel)

✓ Approved

Merck KGaA · ESR1 · Small Molecule

What is estradiol?

estradiol is a small molecule developed by Merck KGaA. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po) or transdermal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesEstreva oral, Estreva, Estreva gel
CompanyMerck KGaA
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetESR1
RouteOral (PO), Transdermal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Merck KGaA

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

estradiol acts on 1 molecular target:

ESR1estrogen receptor 1 (ER, ESR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

estradiol is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Surgical and medical proceduresHormone replacement therapy✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedPreparative biochemistry & biotechnology2026-07-25

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and purification of B. harveyi for the development of bioactive wound healing gel: In vitro evaluation.

Kasi Murugan Bavani B, Sahadevan Renganathan R, R V Hemavathy H, Subramanian Sangeetha S

Marine macroalgal biomass is abundant and contains multifunctional bioactive components. Bostrychia harveyi, one of the underutilized seaweeds, was collected and extracted by the ultrasonication process. UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were carried out to confirm functional groups and structural features. A novel wound healing gel was prepared using carrageenan incorporated with a flavonoid-rich extract from B. harveyi. The bioactivity of the extract and gel was assessed with standard in vitro assays. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH) of the gel and ascorbic acid (standard) showed inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 67.05 µg/mL and 50.48 µg/mL. The phosphomolybdenum reduction activity of gel and ascorbic acid showed inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 61.71 and 48.51 µg/mL. The bovine serum albumin denaturation by the gel and diclofenac sodium exhibited a maximum inhibition of 83.47% and 93.6% at 100 µg/mL, confirming a significant anti-inflammatory property. The antibacterial activity was confirmed using an agar well diffusion assay, indicating maximum inhibition of E. coli compared to S. aureus. The scratch wound assay using the L929 fibroblast showed 98.25% scratch closure after 48 hours, highlighting the preliminary effectiveness of the gel through its natural bioactive compounds and serving as a sustainable alternative in wound healing.

PMID 42498929
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PubMedDomestic animal endocrinology2026-07-25

Association of intra-follicular melatonin with reduced oxidative DNA damage and improved oocyte quality in water buffalo: Effect of season and follicular size.

Pandey Anand Kumar AK, Gunwant Pankaj P, Kumar Sandeep S, Saini Gitesh G et al.

Oxidative stress caused by production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to normal metabolism and/or external environment results in changes in follicular fluid microenvironment, oxidation of oocyte DNA (8‑hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine levels; 8-OHdG) and poor-quality oocyte. Therefore, the present investigation was designed to evaluate the relationship between oocyte quality and intra-follicular environment (melatonin, 8-OHdG, 17β-estradiol and progesterone concentrations) in different sized follicles during summer and winter in water buffaloes. Slaughterhouse-derived ovaries were subjected for collection of follicular fluid from three (n = 42 each category in summer and winter) different categories of follicle based on diameter (Small: 8-9.9 mm; Medium: 10-11.9 mm; Large: 12-14 mm). Individual follicles were treated as independent observational units and analyzed using a factorial model including effects of season, follicular size, and their interaction. The results revealed higher (P < 0.05) melatonin and 17β-estradiol concentrations were associated with larger follicles and improved oocyte quality. Melatonin was positively associated (P < 0.05) with 17β-estradiol concentrations in different follicular categories during both seasons. Conversely, 8-OHdG followed an inverse association (P < 0.05) with melatonin in different categories of follicles during both seasons. Irrespective of follicles size, data revealed that good-quality oocytes (Grade A) were associated with higher melatonin concentrations, 102.11±3.88 pg/mL and 116.59±3.32 pg/mL in summer and winter, respectively. Ordinal logistic regression analysis identified melatonin concentration as the only significant independent predictor of oocyte quality (β=-0.226, OR=0.798; P < 0.001). Thus, it may be concluded that higher intra-follicular melatonin concentrations were associated with lower oxidative DNA damage and improved oocyte quality in water buffalo.

PMID 42497647
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PubMedJournal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry2026-07-25

HyaluHerb Pediatric Oral Gel for Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers and Plaque-Induced Gingivitis in Children: A Two-Cohort Randomized Controlled Trial.

Mohamed-Ali Samah F SF, Jasim Ahmed A AA, Ali Huda E HE

Recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) and plaque-induced gingivitis are among the prevalent pediatric oral conditions. Standard treatments such as chlorhexidine (CHX) and topical corticosteroids have limitations, including unpleasant taste, staining, and poor adherence. This study evaluated HyaluHerb, a novel alcohol-free gel containing 0.2% hyaluronic acid (HA), Aloe vera, and polyphenol-rich herbal extracts (Myrtus communis and Populus euphratica). The present study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of novel HyaluHerb for treating RAU and gingivitis in children. This was a single-center, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Cohort A (RAU, n = 99) compared HyaluHerb, HA-only gel, and placebo gel, applied four times daily for 7 days. Cohort B (gingivitis, n = 168) used a double-dummy design to compare HyaluHerb gel, HA-only gel, placebo gel (all twice daily), and 0.12% CHX rinse (twice daily) for 14 days. Primary outcomes were time to ulcer healing and pain score (Cohort A), and change in Gingival Index [gingival index (GI), Cohort B]. In Cohort A, HyaluHerb significantly accelerated ulcer healing versus placebo (median 5.3 vs. 7.2 days; hazard ratio = 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-2.59; P = 0.007) and reduced pain by day 3 (2.5 vs. 4.0; P < 0.001). In Cohort B, HyaluHerb reduced gingival inflammation more than placebo (adjusted difference in ΔGI = -0.20; 95% CI: -0.33 to -0.07; P = 0.004). In an exploratory comparison with CHX (not powered for noninferiority), the adjusted mean difference in GI change (HyaluHerb - CHX) was +0.10, with a one-sided 95% upper confidence bound of +0.15 (prespecified margin), and a supportive per-protocol estimate of +0.14. HyaluHerb demonstrated higher acceptability (P < 0.001) and minimal staining (4.8%) compared with CHX (59.5%). HyaluHerb is an effective, well-tolerated, child-friendly treatment for acute pediatric RAU and plaque-induced gingivitis.

PMID 42500373
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PubMedAngewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)2026-07-25

Force-Induced Control of Circularly Polarized Luminescence With Rotaxane Architecture.

Nonaka Keigo K, Kuroda Takumi T, Masuda Kota K, Nishitani Toshiki T et al.

The reversible molecular motions of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) have played a crucial role in realizing stimuli-responsive functions. While the reversible switching of circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties has been achieved using MIMs through pH change and/or addition of chemicals, the mechanically controlled CPL utilizing the interlocked architecture has not yet been demonstrated. Here, we introduce a rotaxane-based mechanophore designed for force-induced CPL on/off switching. The mechanophore consists of a ring featuring a CPL-active helicene luminophore and an axle with a matching quencher. The rotaxane mechanophores covalently introduced at the cross-linking points of a double-network (DN) gel are reversibly activated and deactivated in response to changes in applied force transduced through the polymer chains during the macroscopic swelling and shrinking of the DN gel. The isotropic swelling of the DN gel effectively suppresses artifacts arising from macroscopic sample orientation, enabling accurate detection of reciprocal CPL derived from a single chiral emitter. This work establishes the first example of mechanical control of CPL at the single-molecule level and provides a robust measurement methodology for force-induced CPL switching in soft materials.

PMID 42498983
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PubMedWorld journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery2026-07-25

Sex Hormones and the Risk of Nasal Polyps: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.

Zhu Ying Y, Zhou Jia-Yao JY, Zhang Shi-Yao SY, Tang Ru R et al.

The pathophysiological roles of sex hormones in airway inflammation have drawn much attention recently. We aimed to explore the causal effect of sex hormones on chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and nasal polyps (NP) via a Mendelian randomization (MR) study. Genetic traits for serum bioavailable testosterone (BioT), total testosterone (ToT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and estradiol were extracted from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) containing 425,097 European individuals from the UK Biobank, while outcome data were obtained from the FinnGen data set. Two-sample MR analysis was performed to assess the association of sex hormones and NP or CRS with the inverse variance weighted method as the main analysis, together with sensitivity analyses. Genetically predicted BioT levels showed a possible inverse association with both NP (OR = 0.669, p = 0.009) and CRS (OR = 0.792, p = 0.014) in the overall population, though these associations were marginally above the traditional significance threshold after multiple testing correction (FDR = 0.054). Sex-stratified analyses revealed potentially stronger protective associations in females, with higher BioT associated with lower odds of NP. No significant causal effects of estradiol or SHBG on NP or CRS were identified in the available GWAS data. Our MR analyses suggest a possible inverse relationship between genetically predicted serum BioT levels and the risk of both CRS and NP, with potentially stronger effects in females. Further observational and experimental studies are necessary to validate these genetic associations and explore the potential immunomodulatory mechanisms by which testosterone may influence sinonasal inflammation.

PMID 42500089
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PubMedSmart molecules : open access2026-07-25

Synthesis, modification, and chlorhexidine loading of polymer modified-HM-HAP particles: In vivo antibacterial analysis and cell cytotoxicity assessment.

Shafiq Farishta F, Liu Chenyu C, Yu Simiao S, Pan Yongxin Y et al.

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is commonly known as an excellent biocompatible and a potential solution to be used in drug delivery applications. This paper examines the synthesis, modification, and loading of chlorhexidine (CHD) drug into hollow mesoporous hydroxyapatite (HM-HAP) particles to increase the antibacterial efficacy for oral infections. HM-HAP particles were synthesized and modified with different weight polymers that is, polyethylene glycol (PEG (1000, 2000, 4.6k)) and polyethyleneimine (PEI (1200, 1800)), to improve the surface properties and drug loading ability. Chlorhexidine was effectively loaded onto both unmodified and polymer-modified HM-HAP samples, achieving loading efficiencies up to 81.67% for HM-HAP and 77.85% for PEG-1000/HM-HAP verified by UV-vis analysis. The CHD-loaded samples were then eventually incorporated into sodium polyacrylate (PAAS) gels to improve their sticking properties, hence enabling effective adherence to the treatment site and enhancing the local antibacterial effect. The antibacterial activity of both CHD-loaded polymer-modified HM-HAP samples and CHD-loaded polymer-modified HM-HAP gel samples was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. In in vitro tests, PEI-1200/HM-HAP and PEG-1000/HM-HAP gels exhibited the largest inhibition zones of ∼1.6 cm against Escherichia coli and ∼1.5 cm against Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. In vivo study evaluated the antibacterial efficiency of the CHD-loaded polymer modified HM-HAP gel samples by isolating oral bacteria from mouse teeth, with Gel-PEI-1200/HM-HAP@CHD and Gel-PEG-1000/HM-HAP@CHD samples demonstrating superior antibacterial performance. These findings suggest that CHD-loaded polymer-modified HM-HAP is a promising therapeutic drug delivery system for oral health applications, with PEI-modified HM-HAP exhibiting the slight quickest release and PEG-modified HM-HAP showing sustained activity.

PMID 42500707
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