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estradiol (Estreva oral / Estreva / Estreva gel)

✓ Approved

Merck KGaA · ESR1 · Small Molecule

What is estradiol?

estradiol is a small molecule developed by Merck KGaA. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po) or transdermal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesEstreva oral, Estreva, Estreva gel
CompanyMerck KGaA
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetESR1
RouteOral (PO), Transdermal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Merck KGaA

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

estradiol acts on 1 molecular target:

ESR1estrogen receptor 1 (ER, ESR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

estradiol is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Surgical and medical proceduresHormone replacement therapy✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedChemSusChem2026-11-11

Ion Transport in Polymer-Rich Soft Phases Offering Insights Into Soft-Gel Electrode Batteries.

Zhang Kaiqiang K, Xi Haoning H, Yang Shengtao S, Yang Qinhan Q et al.

Soft-gel electrodes, composed of polymer-rich matrices, function as both redox-active media and dynamic ion-conducting networks. Their unique microstructure, including hydrated polymer chains, soft-gel domains, and interconnected ionic pathways, critically governs ion transport, redox kinetics, and electrochemical stability. This review summarizes ion transport mechanisms in polymer-rich soft phases, emphasizing the roles of polymer chain dynamics, crosslinking, network connectivity, hydration, and polymer-ion interactions. Microstructural features such as soft-gel domains, porosity, swelling, and interface engineering are discussed in relation to polarization, voltage stability, and cycling performance. Design strategies inspired by gel polymer electrolytes, including dual-network architectures, water confinement, polymer functionalization, and interface optimization, are highlighted. Finally, challenges in understanding local ion transport, scaling to practical systems, and integrating high-voltage or multivalent chemistries are outlined, providing a roadmap for next-generation soft-gel electrode batteries with enhanced energy density, cycling stability, and safety.

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PubMedBMC oral health2026-11-11

Comparison of salivary fluoride levels following the application of rice-based and commercial fluoride gels: a randomized crossover trial.

Yingpukdee Natdanai N, Ariyakriangkai Watcharaphong W, Korwanich Kanyarat K, Okonogi Siriporn S et al.

Salivary fluoride concentration is commonly used as an indicator of short-term fluoride exposure and clearance following topical fluoride application. Rice-based fluoride gels, formulated as rice-starch-HEC hybrid gels, may serve as alternative delivery systems; however, data regarding their salivary fluoride retention compared with standard commercial formulations remain limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the salivary fluoride retention of two novel fluoride rice-based gels in comparison with a commercial acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel following professional application using a tray delivery method. A randomized, single-blind (participants), three-period crossover clinical trial was conducted in 32 healthy participants aged 18-30 years. Each participant received three different fluoride gel applications in a randomized sequence: a commercial APF gel (control), a fluoride non-glutinous rice-based gel, and a fluoride glutinous rice-based gel, with a 7-day washout period between treatments. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected at baseline and at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, and 60 min post-application. Fluoride concentration was measured using an ion-selective electrode. The area under the curve (AUC) and fluoride half-life (t½) were calculated to assess fluoride bioavailability and clearance rates. All three fluoride gel formulations produced an immediate increase in salivary fluoride concentration, with mean concentrations at 0 min ranging from 345.99 to 404.53 ppm, followed by a rapid decline over time. Salivary fluoride concentrations changed significantly over time (p < 0.001), whereas no significant overall effect of gel formulation, gel-by-time interaction, sequence effect, or period effect was observed. AUC values did not differ significantly among the three formulations. At 60 min, mean salivary fluoride concentrations ranged from 4.94 to 5.62 ppm. The k and t½ also showed no statistically significant differences among formulations. The two rice-based APF gels showed short-term salivary fluoride concentration-time profiles, AUC values, and fluoride clearance parameters (k and t½) that did not differ significantly from those of the commercial fluoride gel. Salivary fluoride concentrations remained above the reference threshold for at least 60 min. However, further studies are needed to evaluate enamel fluoride uptake, CaF₂-like reservoir formation, acid resistance, and clinical anticaries efficacy. This study was registered in the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR; registration number TCTR20240707002) on 7 July 2024. The full registration details are available at: https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20240707002 .

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PubMedThe journal of vascular access2026-11-11

Comparative short-term effects of topical piroxicam gel, diclofenac gel, and EMLA cream on pain reduction during intravenous cannulation: A randomized clinical trial.

Amini Nazanin N, Mohammadi Elham E, Babaei Parvin P, Modir Hesameddin H et al.

Intravenous (IV) cannulation is a common invasive procedure associated with pain and discomfort. This study compared the short-term effects of topical Piroxicam gel, Diclofenac gel, and EMLA cream on pain during IV cannulation. This participant- and outcome assessor-blinded randomized clinical trial included 123 hospitalized patients randomly allocated to three equal groups receiving topical Diclofenac gel, Piroxicam gel, or EMLA cream (n = 41/group). Pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale immediately after cannulation and at 5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 min. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models, with Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn and Friedman tests performed as sensitivity analyses. Categorical variables were analyzed using Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests. Baseline characteristics were comparable among groups (all p > .05). The linear mixed-effects model showed significant effects of treatment group (p = .002), time (p < .001), and treatment-by-time interaction (p < .001). Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons showed lower pain intensity in the Diclofenac and EMLA groups than in the Piroxicam group immediately after cannulation and at 5 min; no significant pairwise differences were observed from 10 to 45 min. Sensitivity analyses supported the overall temporal decline in pain but showed some differences in individual pairwise comparisons. No serious adverse events were reported. Pain intensity declined substantially over time in all groups. In the primary analysis, Diclofenac and EMLA were associated with lower early pain intensity than Piroxicam, although some pairwise findings were sensitive to the analytical approach. Because no placebo control was included, findings should be interpreted as relative rather than absolute treatment effects. The trial was prospectively registered with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) under registration number IRCT20180107038251N8 on June 12, 2023 (1402/03/22), prior to the initiation of participant recruitment in October 2025. Available at: https://www.irct.ir/search/result?query=IRCT20180107038251N8.

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PubMedFaraday discussions2026-11-11

High-voltage gel polymer electrolyte integrated laser-induced graphene flexible micro-supercapacitors for wearable and sustainable aerospace electronics.

Ray Apurba A, Mitra Sangha S, Georgopoulou Vasiliki V, Sygellou Labrini L et al.

The global trend towards flexible, portable and wearable electronics, such as smartwatches, fitness trackers, and healthcare monitors etc., has intensified the demand for high-performance flexible energy storage systems. Supercapacitors (SCs) have recently emerged as promising, robust power management solutions for various space applications, including CubeSats, very low earth orbit (VLEO) satellites, electromechanical thrust vector actuation and interplanetary devices. However, their low energy density (<10 Wh kg-1) compared to current lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and high self-discharge rate limit their widespread use. This work demonstrates the fabrication of high-voltage gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) and laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrode based flexible micro-supercapacitors (FMSCs) to address the current challenges. The GPE, designated as [EMIM][TFSI]/PPC/PC, is synthesized by entrapping the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [EMIM][TFSI] into a matrix of polypropylene carbonate (PPC) and polycarbonates (PC). FMSCs (active device area: 1.6 cm2) are fabricated using interdigital LIG electrodes and the GPE, which demonstrated excellent electrochemical performance with an areal capacitance of 2.5 mF cm-2 at 3.2 V and 70 µA (0.04 mA cm-2), and an energy density of 3.5 µWh cm-2. Long-term charge-discharge stability was also evaluated up to 10 000 cycles at a fixed current of 100 µA and it also showed promising capacitance retention of more than 91%. This work presents a novel FMSC utilizing a high-voltage [EMIM][TFSI]/PPC/PC gel polymer electrolyte and LIG-interdigitated electrodes, engineered to address the stringent demand of space-terrestrial boundaries. The integrated gel polymer structure conceptually suppresses vacuum evaporation and eliminates phase separation under extreme vibrational or high-g loading, highlighting its future utility in unpressurized aerospace environments.

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PubMedRSC advances2026-11-11

Upcycling recycled PET into a conductive electrode for a molecularly imprinted polymer based electrochemical sensor for 17β-estradiol detection.

Tahir Muhammad Faran MF, Yimyai Tiwa T, D'Haen Jan J, Thoelen Ronald R et al.

The upcycling of plastic waste into advanced materials has emerged as a promising strategy across various technologies, including the development of next-generation sensors. This sustainable approach promotes green technological development. In this work, we transformed recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) into a functional conductive electrode substrate for a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based electrochemical sensor for the detection of 17β-estradiol (E2). The latter also serves as a relevant model compound as a pollutant to study the sensor's applicability in complex matrices. The MIP-based sensor was fabricated by the electropolymerization of an o-phenylenediamine (o-PD) monomer in the presence of E2 template molecules and gold(iii) chloride trihydrate onto gold-coated rPET substrates. The physical properties of MIP films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy, contact angle measurement, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The binding of E2 molecules to the MIP surface hindered electron transfer of the redox probes, resulting in a concentration-dependent suppression of the electrochemical current measured by square wave voltammetry. The sensor showed high affinity for E2 molecules with a dissociation constant (K d) of 11.2 nM over a linear detection range of E2 concentrations (0.5-500 nM), and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.18 and 0.41 nM in PBS and in wastewater samples without any complex pretreatment steps, respectively. This developed MIP-based sensor demonstrated the potential of alternative sensors for real-world environmental monitoring of trace endocrine disruptors, while successfully converting rPET into valuable technological products offers a practical roadmap to accelerate the development of sustainable and circular electronics.

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PubMedMedical physics2026-11-11

Spectrometric characterization of x-ray attenuation in silicone-gel and saline breast implants under mammography and CT conditions.

Lefèvre Jérémie J, Kerfa Jade J, Bony Mathis M, Plagnard Johann J et al.

Breast implants alter x-ray beam attenuation, but quantitative energy-resolved data for commercial prostheses are largely missing from the literature. Current dosimetric protocols lack specific correction factors for implant materials. To measure the x-ray attenuation properties of silicone-gel (PDMS) and saline breast implants under mammography and computed tomography (CT) conditions. We performed transmission spectrometry on six breast implants (three PDMS, three saline-filled) from a single manufacturer, using a cadmium telluride (CdTe) detector in narrow-beam geometry. Energy-dependent linear attenuation coefficients, effective attenuation coefficients ( μ eff ), half-value layers, and bulk densities were determined for mammography (25-49 kV) and CT (80-120 kV) beam qualities. Combined uncertainties were 3%-5%. Under mammographic conditions, PDMS attenuates more than saline: μ eff values are roughly 1.5-2 times higher, because of enhanced photoelectric absorption linked to a higher effective atomic number ( Z eff = 11.7 vs. 7.5). Saline implants behave much like water and soft breast tissues. The monoenergetic attenuation curves of the two materials converge above ∼ 60 keV as Compton scattering comes to dominate, but the spectrum-weighted effective attenuation still differs by ∼ 40% at a representative 80 kV Al CT tube potential (0.48 vs. 0.34  cm - 1 ), narrowing to ∼ 10% only with harder filtration and higher tube potential combined (120 kV AlCu). We provide log-log polynomial fits suitable for dosimetric codes. These measurements supply energy-resolved attenuation data for silicone-gel and saline implants across the diagnostic range. PDMS and saline differ substantially at mammographic energies. Their monoenergetic attenuation converges in the Compton regime, but spectrum-weighted differences persist at 80 kV and should be accounted for in breast CT dosimetry. The results are consistent with recent phantom findings on AEC response and dose variations in the presence of silicone implants.

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