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estradiol (Estreva oral / Estreva / Estreva gel)

✓ Approved

Merck KGaA · ESR1 · Small Molecule

What is estradiol?

estradiol is a small molecule developed by Merck KGaA. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po) or transdermal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesEstreva oral, Estreva, Estreva gel
CompanyMerck KGaA
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetESR1
RouteOral (PO), Transdermal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Merck KGaA

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

estradiol acts on 1 molecular target:

ESR1estrogen receptor 1 (ER, ESR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

estradiol is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Surgical and medical proceduresHormone replacement therapy✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedInternational journal of clinical pediatric dentistry2026-09-18

Comparison of the Efficiency of the Carie-Care and Bromelain Gel, as Chemomechanical Caries Removal Techniques in Primary Teeth: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

Aggarwal Nilisha N, Rathore Ambika S AS, Mathur Rinku R, Goyal Anil K AK et al.

Chemomechanical caries removal (CMCR) using agents like Carie-Care and bromelain gel offers a minimally invasive alternative to rotary instruments. These natural enzyme-based formulations selectively soften carious dentin, preserving healthy tooth structure and promoting a comfortable treatment experience. To compare the efficiency of Carie-Care gel and bromelain gel based on the time required and effectiveness in caries removal, as well as their impact on children's pain perception and behavior. A randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out. Thirty children in the age-group of 5-8 years, with open carious lesions in primary mandibular molar teeth, were recruited for the study and randomly allocated to the two groups of caries removal (group I: Carie-Care gel and group II: bromelain gel). Glass ionomer cement was used for restoration of the teeth, and the two materials were compared based on the time required and effectiveness in caries removal, as well as their impact on children's pain perception and behavior. Version 23.0 of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used to conduct the statistical analysis after the data were entered into a spreadsheet. Using the Chi-squared test, the intergroup comparison of the time taken for caries removal in the two groups was statistically significant, while there were no statistically significant differences for the other comparison groups. Carie-Care and bromelain gel offer a safe, effective, and minimally invasive method for caries removal, preserving healthy dentin and improving patient comfort. Bromelain and Carie-Care gels offer safe, minimally invasive, and behaviorally acceptable alternatives to conventional caries removal in children, with bromelain demonstrating superior time efficiency. The ethical approval reference number is RUHS-CDS/ECI2025/PG-SS/03. Aggarwal N, Rathore AS, Mathur R, et al. Comparison of the Efficiency of the Carie-Care and Bromelain Gel, as Chemomechanical Caries Removal Techniques in Primary Teeth: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(8):999-1005.

PMID 42757320
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PubMedFrontiers in nutrition2026-09-18

Effects of exogenous proteins on retrogradation properties of rice starch, gel properties of raw rice flour and eating quality of fresh wet rice noodles.

Wang Shanni S, Zhang Yike Y, Wang Lei L, Wang Jinshui J et al.

Starch retrogradation severely deteriorates texture and shelf life of fresh wet rice noodles, while the distinct regulatory mechanisms of wheat gluten (WG) and soy protein isolate (SPI) on rice starch gel structure and noodle quality remain insufficiently clarified. Indica rice flour was supplemented with 0-6% WG or SPI. Multi-scale characterizations including pasting, thermal, gel texture, water distribution, microstructure and starch lamellar structure and noodle cooking qualities were performed to compare their anti-retrogradation effects and fresh wet rice noodle quality characteristics. Both WG and SPI inhibited gelatinization and retrogradation of rice starch, restricted water migration, restrained gel structural rearrangement and slowed the growth of gel hardness during storage. However, WG and SPI regulated noodle quality through different pathways. WG optimized noodle texture by consolidating gel networks, whereas SPI inhibited starch retrogradation and water movement to slow noodle hardening. SPI performed better in alleviating rice noodle stiffness, and samples containing 6% SPI presented a hardness increase rate as low as 1.44 g·d-1 after 14 days of storage. Within the WG addition range of 1-6%, increasing WG dosage elevated noodle hardness while reducing adhesiveness and cooking loss. Supplementation of SPI over 3% negatively affected noodle quality, which could be attributed to its strong inhibition against starch retrogradation. This study systematically distinguishes the differential regulation modes of WG and SPI on multi-scale starch structural rearrangement and fresh wet rice noodle quality, offering theoretical support and technical reference for delaying rice noodle retrogradation and extending shelf life via exogenous protein fortification.

PMID 42756161
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PubMedIBRO neuroscience reports2026-09-18

Modulation of spatial learning and memory by cannabinoid-estrogen interaction in an AD-like cognitive impairment: The role of cannabinoid receptors and BDNF protein.

Mirshekar Mohammad Ali MA, Nadi Farzaneh F, Fanaei Hamed H, Chahkandi Mohadeseh M

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an increasingly prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, with women showing a higher risk of developing the disease. The decline in steroid hormones after menopause may contribute to the increased susceptibility of women to neurodegenerative conditions. In parallel, cannabis-derived compounds have been reported to alleviate certain symptoms associated with neurological disorders. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of marijuana extract on cognitive impairment and hippocampal molecular markers in an ovariectomized AD-like rat model, and to evaluate whether co-administration with estradiol modifies these effects. The marijuana extract used in this study was characterized by HPLC and was found to contain 8.5% Δ9-THC. AD-like cognitive impairment pathology was induced by intra-hippocampal administration of Aβ25-35 in OVX rats. Animals were treated with marijuana extract (60 mg/kg/day, corresponding to approximately 5.1 mg/kg/day Δ9-THC) either alone or in combination with 17β-estradiol (1 mg/kg every 4 days) for 28 days. Cognitive performance was evaluated using the Morris water maze (MWM). In addition, hippocampal CB1/CB2 receptor expression and BDNF protein levels were measured to examine potential molecular associations. Our findings showed that chronic administration of the marijuana extract improved Aβ25-35-induced deficits in spatial learning and memory. Alterations in CB1 receptor expression and BDNF levels accompanied these behavioral effects. Notably, co-treatment with estradiol did not produce a synergistic effect, suggesting a complex interaction between cannabinoid-related and estrogen-related signaling pathways. These preclinical findings suggest that a THC-standardized marijuana extract may exert neuroprotective-like effects in an AD-like cognitive impairment model. However, because the extract was not fully phytochemically characterized and the mechanistic analyses were correlational, the results should be interpreted cautiously. Further studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms and translational relevance of these findings.

PMID 42756662
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PubMedEndocrinology, diabetes & metabolism2026-09-18

Efficacy of Oral Dextrose Gel for Neonatal Hypoglycaemia: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials With 4368 Patients.

Al-Enezi Rowa Tareq RT, Alshebeeb Fatmah A FA, Panikulam Julia Rose JR, AlKhaldi Dana B DB et al.

Neonatal hypoglycaemia is a common metabolic disorder affecting up to 15% of healthy neonates and a higher proportion of at-risk infants. Oral 40% dextrose gel has emerged as a promising, low-cost intervention, but recent evidence remains inconsistent. This updated meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy of 40% oral dextrose gel for preventing and treating neonatal hypoglycaemia. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus and the Cochrane Library from inception to March 2026 for randomized controlled trials evaluating 40% oral dextrose gel in neonates at risk for or with confirmed hypoglycaemia. The primary outcome was hypoglycaemia. We used R software (version 4.5.0) for the analysis. Eight RCTs comprising 4368 neonates were included. Dextrose gel did not significantly reduce hypoglycaemia, treatment success, recurrent hypoglycaemia, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, breastfeeding at discharge or formula feeding. Sensitivity analysis excluding Harding et al. (2021) for NICU admission yielded a statistically significant 24% reduction. Trim-and-fill adjustment for recurrent hypoglycaemia and formula feeding did not alter conclusions. Current evidence did not demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in overall hypoglycaemia, treatment failure, recurrent hypoglycaemia, NICU admission or breastfeeding interruption after administration of oral 40% dextrose compared with control. While safe and low-cost, current evidence does not support routine use as a standalone intervention. Heterogeneity across protocols and populations warrants standardization in future trials. PROSPERO registration number: CRD420261368171.

PMID 42757729
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PubMedSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026-09-18

APTES Functionalized Cellulose Nanofiber Gel-Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium and Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Sureshkumar Susithra S, Park Donghyuck D, Ellis Amanda V AV, Kumar Ajit A et al.

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) are emerging as sustainable polymer matrices for gel-polymer electrolytes; however, their ion-transport properties are limited by surface-chemistry-derived interactions. In this work, we demonstrate that a single, time-controlled APTES functionalization step provides an effective and scalable route to enhance the ionic transport characteristics of CNF-based gel-polymer electrolytes. The pristine and functionalized CNF membranes are imbibed with PF6 --based carbonate liquid electrolytes for both lithium (Li+)- and sodium (Na+) systems. By optimizing the functionalization duration, the ionic conductivity increases from ≈0.07 to 0.60 mS cm-1 (Li+) and from ≈0.1 to 2.02 mS cm-1 (Na+), accompanied by an increased apparent cation transference number, while preserving the fibrous morphology, mechanical integrity, and thermal stability. In LiFePO4 || Li half-cells, the optimized A-CNF electrolyte delivers stable rate capability and long-term cycling beyond 1000 cycles, with reversible non-monotonic capacity evolution associated with polarization relaxation, as supported by overpotential analysis and dQ/dV measurements. The A-CNF electrolyte also enables efficient Na+ transport in Na3V2(PO4)3 || Na half-cells, showing minimal capacity loss (<5%) and narrow voltage hysteresis from 0.1C to 1C. These results establish single-step APTES-modified CNFs as a versatile and sustainable gel-polymer electrolyte platform for both lithium- and sodium-ion batteries.

PMID 42758878
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PubMedAnalytical methods : advancing methods and applications2026-09-18

Discrimination of black gel pen inks by hyperspectral imaging combined with logistic regression.

Li Fan F, Li Xin-Chen XC, Li Jiao J, Sun Rui-Qi RQ et al.

A rapid and non-destructive method for discriminating black gel pen inks was proposed by combining hyperspectral imaging (HSI) with logistic regression (LR) to address the challenges in differentiating black gel pen inks in document examination, as well as the limitations of conventional detection methods that cause damage to evidence samples. Hyperspectral data of handwriting samples from 22 brands (models) of black gel pens were collected in the range of 400-1000 nm using an HSI system, and 4400 mean spectra (200 per class, 121 bands) were extracted from regions of interest (ROIs). Among four candidate preprocessing schemes, Z-Score standardization was selected as the optimal one. LR, multilayer perceptron (MLP) and k-nearest neighbour (KNN) classifiers were constructed. The band contribution was further interpreted based on the LR weight matrix. The results showed that Z-Score standardization was the key preprocessing step, improving the 5-fold cross-validation accuracy of the LR model from 63.07% to 97.09%. The LR model achieved the best performance with a test accuracy of 97.50%, and the F1 scores of all 22 classes were no less than 0.935, while MLP and KNN reached 92.05% and 73.30%, respectively. The proposed method is rapid, non-destructive, accurate and interpretable, providing technical support for ink type identification in forensic document examination.

PMID 42757409
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