Drug Database
TH

thrombin (ThrombiRAAS)

✓ Approved

Shanghai RAAS Blood Products Co., Ltd. · F2 · Cell-based Therapies

What is thrombin?

thrombin is a cell-based therapies developed by Shanghai RAAS Blood Products Co., Ltd.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesThrombiRAAS
CompanyShanghai RAAS Blood Products Co., Ltd.
Drug ClassCell-based Therapies
Molecular TargetF2
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Shanghai RAAS Blood Products Co., Ltd.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

thrombin acts on 1 molecular target:

F2coagulation factor II, thrombin (THPH1, PT)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

thrombin is developed for 2 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Vascular disordersExtravasation blood✓ Approved
Vascular disordersHaemorrhage✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedAnalytical chemistry2026-11-11

Natural AIE Probe Screening and Application in Complex Samples Based on Biological Aggregation-Triggered In Situ Luminescence.

Zhang Shuxian S, Yuan Hui H, Yang Lingling L, Fan Xiaoxuan X et al.

The occurrence of thromboembolic diseases is closely related to the generation of biological aggregates mediated by thrombin, and the detection and regulation of its activity are crucial for research in this field. Here, an aggregate-responsive method was proposed and validated based on biological aggregation-triggered in situ luminescence, enabling the screening of natural AIE (aggregation-induced emission) probes, thrombin activity assay, and thrombin inhibitor discovery in complex samples. The results demonstrated that thrombin-induced fibrin aggregation can activate the in situ luminescence of AIE molecules in complex samples. By combining chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques, berberine was identified as a natural compound with significant AIE effects. Quantum chemical calculations simulated the molecular basis of its recognition and emission within the aggregated microenvironment. A visual sensing method for detecting thrombin activity in complex systems has been developed based on the AIE effect. This method successfully demonstrated that the extracts of taxilli herba and notoginseng radix et rhizoma contain effective ingredients that can inhibit thrombin activity. In addition, a computer-mediated virtual screening technique was developed for efficient analysis of active monomers in the candidate extracts. This study indicated that thrombin-mediated biological aggregates can be used for efficient discovery of AIE molecules in complex samples, as well as for efficient discovery of anticoagulant candidate compound.

PMID 43010530
Read full article →
PubMedMedicine2026-11-11

Bibliometric analysis of key biomarkers in sepsis-induced coagulopathy (2006-2025).

Zhao Yidan Y, Yao Huaxing H, Lai Dong D, Xiao Pingping P et al.

Sepsis-induced coagulopathy is life-threatening in critically ill patients. Thrombin-antithrombin complex and thrombomodulin are key biomarkers, but no 20-year bibliometric analysis exists. We searched PubMed and Web of Science Core Collection (2006-2025) and analyzed 577 articles using CiteSpace and VOSviewer. Publications peaked in 2016 to 2018 and then declined. Japan, the United States, and China were the most productive; the United States had the highest citations. Hotspots focused on sepsis-induced coagulopathy, endothelial injury, and intensive care unit anticoagulation. Thrombin-antithrombin complex/thrombomodulin research is globally established, led by the United States. Future work should enhance international collaboration and develop multi-biomarker models.

PMID 43012821
Read full article →
PubMedNucleic acids research2026-11-11

Strand-displacement amplification reduces structure-induced PCR bias and preserves structurally diverse aptamers during SELEX.

Jeong Hwayeon H, Jeong Chang Beom CB, Moon Jae Yun JY, Park Daechan D et al.

Stable secondary structures are important for aptamer folding and target recognition, but they can introduce structure-dependent amplification bias during Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX), with G-quadruplexes (G4s) representing the most demanding case. Here, we introduce strand-displacement SELEX (SD-SELEX), which employs a polymerase with robust 5'→3' strand-displacement activity to improve the amplification of structured templates. Comparative analyses showed that SD polymerase efficiently amplified hairpin- and G4-forming templates, whereas Taq polymerase exhibited structure-dependent amplification variability. In parallel thrombin SELEX experiments, SD-SELEX achieved 37-fold greater structural preservation and 65-fold higher batch-to-batch reproducibility than Taq-SELEX over 11 rounds. High-throughput sequencing further showed that SD-SELEX maintained G4 motif representation and progressively enriched the known 15-mer thrombin-binding aptamer through round 8, after which it was gradually replaced by newly identified G4 variants, whereas Taq-SELEX progressively depleted these sequences. SD-SELEX also identified novel G4 aptamers with affinities comparable to that of the reference aptamer, whereas representative Taq-SELEX candidates generally showed weaker binding. A parallel selection against VEGF-165 showed the same divergence, with SD-SELEX retaining structurally complex sequences and a previously reported functional motif that were progressively lost under Taq. Thus, SD-SELEX primarily improves aptamer discovery by reducing structure-induced amplification bias and preserving structurally diverse functional candidates, rather than by substantially increasing affinity alone.

PMID 43010875
Read full article →
PubMedBiological chemistry2026-11-11

The standard orientation and numbering systems for protease structures of Wolfram Bode.

Goettig Peter P

The so-called standard orientation was gradually developed by Wolfram Bode and his group as a key concept for the visualization of protease active sites. It was derived from the linear Schechter-Berger system of substrate and inhibitor binding to cysteine, metallo and serine proteases, whereby the N-terminus of peptides is placed on the left and the C-terminus on the right. For the first time, the standard orientation was defined for human thrombin, the central protease of blood coagulation. Along the present review, this orientation will be the golden thread to follow the outstanding studies of the Bode group on proteases over four decades. It can even be applied to catalytic domains of proteases with buried active sites by displaying only relevant molecular elements. Another useful concept is the chymotrypsinogen numbering, which was extensively used by this group for related serine proteases. Thus, the N-terminal residue is always number 16 and the catalytic triad comprises His57, Asp102, and Ser195. Thereby, residues critical for function, insertions and deletions are more evident, as well as evolutionary relationships. Groundbreaking studies on structure and function of serine proteases will be presented and discussed, as well as similarly important research of metalloproteinases and several cysteine proteases.

PMID 43012572
Read full article →
PubMedColloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces2026-11-10

Calcium-responsiveAchatina fulicamucus proteins regulate fibrinogen-associated fibrous network formation.

Tsai Yu-Yu YY, Lin Hung-Pin HP, Chen Ju-I JI, Huang Pei-Ti PT et al.

Fibrinogen-associated fibrous networks are useful for biointerface and biomaterial design, but their formation commonly relies on thrombin. This study examined how thermally treated Achatina fulica mucus proteins influence fibrinogen-associated network formation. Fibrinogen alone showed limited precipitation in 13 mM Ca2⁺ at 37 °C, whereas adding thermally treated mucus proteins produced interconnected fibrous networks within minutes. Control experiments showed that fibrinogen, Ca2⁺, and thermally treated mucus proteins were all required, and that no pair of these components reproduced the response. Heat-treated BSA did not produce interconnected fibers, while heat-treated gelatin and casein showed only weak responses, indicating that heating and protein addition alone could not explain the assembly. Calcium showed an optimal concentration of 13 mM rather than a continuous dose-dependent increase, and Zn2⁺ also supported assembly, suggesting that divalent-cation-mediated association rather than a calcium-specific interaction drives the process. Inhibitor experiments showed that AEBSF strongly suppressed the mucus-induced response, whereas dabigatran only partly inhibited it under conditions that completely suppressed the thrombin reference, suggesting a possible serine-hydrolase-associated contribution. Mucus concentration controlled the resulting network: fiber diameter varied nonlinearly from 0.27 to 0.33 μm at lower concentrations to 0.06 μm at 0.3 mg/mL, compared with 0.092 μm for thrombin-induced fibrin, and higher concentrations produced lower turbidity and longer assembly times. These results show that thermally treated A. fulica mucus proteins regulate fibrinogen-associated network formation, with the findings supporting cation-mediated protein association and suggesting a possible serine-hydrolase-associated contribution.

PMID 43008476
Read full article →
PubMedAnnals of vascular surgery2026-11-10

Evolving management of upper extremity pseudoaneurysms: Role of observation and nonsurgical management.

Stone Patrick A PA, Vimalathas Praveen P, Vyas Punit P, Guo Kevin K et al.

While the natural history and treatment algorithm of femoral pseudoaneurysms has been well established, the management of Upper Extremity Pseudoaneurysm (UEPSA) is not clearly defined. We sought to evaluate our 30-year experience and management strategies of this pathology. We reviewed 93 patients that were identified utilizing ICD9/10 codes from an initial 384 patients with the diagnosis of aneurysm of the upper extremity from 1992 to 2023. Patients with UEPSA secondary to iatrogenic arterial interrogation were analyzed by duplex based follow-up until successful thrombosis or subsequent intervention was performed. Dialysis access pseudoaneurysms or trauma related UEPSAs were excluded for analysis. A total of 93 patients were identified with a UEPSA (39 brachial, 43 radial, 6 axillary, 5 ulnar arteries); 12 additional patients were identified who had only a patent neck at the time of formal vascular laboratory imaging and were excluded from treatment strategy analysis (11 radial, 1 brachial). The mean time between iatrogenic event and vascular surgery evaluation was 22 days. Fifty-nine (63.4%) underwent surgical repair, 27 (29.0%) received conservative management, and 7 (7.5%) underwent thrombin injection. Of the 93 treatment group patients that were analyzed, separated into sizes, patients with pseudoaneurysms less than 2cm there were a total of 21/93 (22.5%) patients managed conservatively, and 16/93 (17.2%) patients managed surgically; in contrast for those with greater than 2cm UEPSAs, 6/93 (6.5%) patients were managed conservatively, 43/93 (46.2%) were managed surgically, and 7/93 (7.5%) with thrombin injection. Comparing the first 15 years of the study period there were 27 iatrogenic UEPSAs noted with only 3/27 (11.1%) managed conservatively, while after 2010 there were 66 iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms with 24/66 (36.4%) managed conservatively. Of the UEPSAs managed conservatively, only 3/24 (12.5%) failed conservative management and were recommended to pursue intervention. Upper extremity pseudoaneurysms with significant symptomatic hematomas, suspected infection, and/or nerve related symptoms should undergo surgical exploration and repair. A consideration for conservative management of small pseudoaneurysms <2cm without the above presentation, observation and surveillance may be considered with more than 90% achieving successful spontaneous thrombosis.

PMID 43008851
Read full article →

+9996 more articles available with a free account

Sign up free to view all articles →

Ask about thrombin