Drug Database
IN

insulin (Monotard MC / Novolin L / Human Monotard)

✓ Approved

Novo Nordisk A/S · INSR · Recombinant Proteins

What is insulin?

insulin is a recombinant proteins developed by Novo Nordisk A/S. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesMonotard MC, Novolin L, Human Monotard
CompanyNovo Nordisk A/S
Drug ClassRecombinant Proteins, Polypeptide
Molecular TargetINSR
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection, Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Novo Nordisk A/S

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

insulin acts on 1 molecular target:

INSRinsulin receptor (CD220, HHF5)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

insulin is developed for 2 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 1 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedFrontiers in physiology2026-10-22

Comparative effects of suspension-based and dynamometer-based isometric training on neuromuscular performance in trained male athletes: a randomized comparative study.

Demiryol Mete Berk MB, Vural Mehmet M, Akçınar Faruk F, Tiryaki Kadir K et al.

Isometric strength training is widely used to enhance athletic performance and support rehabilitation. However, few studies compare the effects of dynamometer-based and suspension-based isometric training on performance, and the effects of these methods remain unclear. This study compares the effects of dynamometer-based and suspension-based isometric training on muscle asymmetry, balance, estimated maximal strength, anaerobic power, and isokinetic strength in trained male athletes. This study included 16 healthy male athletes aged 18 to 21 years (mean age: 18.81 ± 1.16 years; height: 178.06 ± 4.65 cm; body weight: 74.25 ± 4.32 kg; BMI: 23.43 ± 1.24 kg/m2; body fat: 14.29 ± 1.55%). Participants were randomly assigned to either the TRX-based isometric training group (TRG, n=8) or the dynamometer-based isometric training group (DTG, n=8). Both groups performed isometric strength training based on the principle of progressive overload for eight weeks. The TRG group completed a predetermined series of four exercises three days per week. In contrast, the DTG group performed 6-second isometric contraction series in both flexion and extension positions for each leg three days per week. We assessed data normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test and calculated the mean and standard deviation. The relationship between pre-test and post-test measurements in the TRG and DTG groups was analyzed using a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA; time × group); the level of statistical significance was set at p <.05. A significant main effect of time from the pretest to the posttest was found for the parameters of isokinetic peak torque, OSI, MLI, peak power, average power, and estimated 1RM (p <.05). In contrast, no significant main effect of time was observed for muscle asymmetry, API, and time to reach peak power (p>.05). Furthermore, it was stated that neither the group effect nor the time × group interaction showed a statistically significant effect on any of the performance parameters (p>.05). In conclusion, while an eight-week TRX and dynamometer-based isometric training program resulted in significant changes in selected strength, balance, and anaerobic power parameters attributable to the main effect of time, no significant changes were observed in group effects or time × group interactions for any of the measured parameters.

PMID 42903089
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PubMedPediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism2026-10-22

Metabolic outcomes and insulin therapy modifications during Ramadan fasting in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in low-resource settings.

Puspitasari Ajeng Dias AD, Perwitasari Rayi Kurnia RK, Hisbiyah Yuni Y, Abu-Libdeh Abdulsalam I AI et al.

Young Muslims with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) face serious metabolic challenges during Ramadan fasting, particularly hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, dehydration, and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) risks. Data from low-resource settings (LRS) with limited advanced monitoring tools are insufficient despite established guidelines. This study planned to evaluate metabolic outcomes and insulin modifications among children and adolescents with T1DM during Ramadan fasting in Surabaya, Indonesia. Our cross-sectional study recruited 25 individuals with T1DM aged 7 to 18 years who fasted for at least two weeks during Ramadan 2025. Data were collected via questionnaires and glucose logbooks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was measured before, during, and after Ramadan. We also evaluated insulin total daily dose (TDD) and acute complication incidences. The respondents were predominantly female (80%) with a mean HbA1c of 10.22 ±2.29%. During Ramadan, the mean TDD decreased from 0.84 ±0.18 to 0.80 ±0.19 U/kg/day, reflecting a 6.79% reduction in basal insulin. Mean FBG levels remained stable across the pre-, during-, and post-Ramadan periods (202.89, 193.44, and 206.90 mg/dl, respectively; p > 0.05). Clinical safety improved during fasting, with hypoglycemia rates decreasing from 28% to 12% and zero cases of DKA compared to a 16% pre-Ramadan history. Ramadan fasting is safe and feasible for young Muslims with T1DM in LRS when supported by structured pre-fasting education and individualized insulin modifications. These results emphasize that metabolic stability can be achieved through rigorous monitoring and clinical supervision even in the absence of advanced diabetes technologies.

PMID 42902702
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PubMedBioconjugate chemistry2026-10-22

De Novo Design of a TROP-2-Targeting Peptide PET Tracer via AI-Guided Binding Interface Mimicry.

Lin Zefang Z, Yang Zhimin Z, Ma Sen S, Lin Xiuting X et al.

Trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (TROP-2) is a transmembrane glycoprotein overexpressed across a range of epithelial malignancies, yet its clinical assessment still relies largely on invasive immunohistochemical analysis of biopsied tissues. In this study, we employed the PepMimic artificial intelligence platform to de novo design a TROP-2-targeting peptide, TR23, via binding interface mimicry, which was subsequently conjugated with DOTA and radiolabeled with 68Ga to yield the peptide-based PET probe [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TR23. The tracer bound TROP-2 with nanomolar affinity (KD = 26.8 nM), showed selective cellular uptake in TROP-2-positive cells, and exhibited high radiochemical purity (>95%) with excellent stability in saline and serum. Micro-PET/CT imaging in pancreatic (BxPC-3), prostate (PC3), and thyroid (BCPAP) xenograft models revealed rapid, specific tumor accumulation with high contrast and low background uptake, while competitive blocking studies with excess unlabeled TR23 substantially suppressed tumor uptake, confirming receptor-mediated specificity. Quantitative analysis further demonstrated strong positive correlations between SUVmax and TROP-2 expression levels verified by immunohistochemistry across all three tumor types. Collectively, these findings establish [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TR23 as a promising peptide-based PET tracer for rapid, specific, and quantitative imaging of TROP-2-positive tumors, and highlight the PepMimic-enabled strategy as a versatile platform for peptide-based probe discovery, supporting the translational potential of this tracer as a pan-cancer diagnostic agent for precision molecular imaging.

PMID 42902951
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PubMedSmall (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)2026-10-22

CO2 Laser-Synthesized NiCoCu Borate Enables Efficient Nitrate-to-Ammonia Electrosynthesis and Durable Zinc-Nitrate Batteries.

Cherusseri Jayesh J, Bharadwaj Nivarthi Rajiv NR, Pimbaotham Pimjai P, Park Chae Eun CE et al.

The electrocatalytic NO3 - reduction reaction (eNO3RR) is a facile and green method for the generation of electricity with the simultaneous production of NH3. Herein, we report the synthesis of hierarchical nickel-cobalt-copper borate ((Ni1/3Co1/3Cu1/3)3B2O6) nanosheets via a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser irradiation method and investigate their eNO3RR performance in a 1 m KOH electrolyte containing 0.1 m KNO3. Initially, (Ni1/3Co1/3Cu1/3)3B2O6 is synthesized via CO2 laser irradiation within a short processing period of 1 min, where this method enables a rapid material synthesis compared with conventional methods, such as hydrothermal, solvothermal, and wet-chemical approaches. The (Ni1/3Co1/3Cu1/3)3B2O6 catalyst achieves a maximum NH3 yield rate of 4.1 mg h-1 cm-2 and a Faradaic efficiency of 90.69% at -0.3 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode. In-depth analysis of eNO3RR kinetics using in situ Raman, ex situ X-ray diffraction, and ex situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveals information on the reaction intermediates and reaction pathways involved. Extended density functional theory calculations further corroborate the experimental findings related to reaction intermediates and pathways during the eNO3RR. A zinc (Zn)-NO3 - battery assembled using (Ni1/3Co1/3Cu1/3)3B2O6 as the cathode and a Zn plate as the anode exhibits an open-circuit voltage of 1.44 V at 12 mA cm-2.

PMID 42902926
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PubMedFrontiers in immunology2026-10-22

Vitiligo onset following anti-inflammatory biological therapy: a scoping review.

Romagnuolo Maurizio M, Moltrasio Chiara C, Rossi Luisa Carlotta LC, Tavoletti Gianluca G et al.

Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune depigmentation skin disorder characterized by the acquired loss of melanocytes, with a complex multifactorial pathophysiology. Among the potential predisposing factors, some drugs, including monoclonal antibodies, have been associated to disease onset. The aim of the present review is to summarize and discuss current literature findings in de novo vitiligo following biological targeting inflammatory cytokines. Overall, 18 articles were considered eligible for the present review, and details of demographics, clinical characteristics, vitiligo type and localization, biological drug administered and treatment outcomes were reported.The mean age of the 39 patients was 43 years (±16.3), with a male predominance (62%). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) inhibitors (infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol) were the most frequent suspected drugs (>50% of patients), followed by anti-IL-17A (ixekizumab, secukinumab) and anti-IL-12/23 (ustekinumab). Four cases were linked to anti-IL-4/13 (dupilumab). The median onset of vitiligo was 5 months post-initiation (range 1.5-24), with one-third of cases involving the face and neck, and two cases of segmental vitiligo. Biologic discontinuation or switching occurred in 26% of cases. Regarding outcomes, 41% experienced stabilization, 36% achieved varying degrees of repigmentation, and 8% progressed. While de novo vitiligo is reported as a potential adverse event of biological therapies, evidence for a direct causal relationship remains weak, with cases involving non-anti-TNFα agents appearing anecdotal. The co-occurrence of underlying autoimmune comorbidities in these patients points towards a coincidental rather than a causal relationship, highlighting the need for further research to fully elucidate this association.

PMID 42903092
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PubMedFrontiers in oncology2026-10-22

Case Report: Solitary fibrous tumor of the pelvis associated with Doege-Potter syndrome.

Tan Xiaolong X, Dong Weikai W, Chang Wenli W, Chen Xi X

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is an uncommon mesenchymal spindle cell neoplasm (incidence ~1.4 per million). Although most SFT occur in the thoracic cavity, they can also arise in the retroperitoneum, pelvis, head, and neck. While the majority exhibit benign behavior, approximately 5% are associated with paraneoplastic syndromes, most notably Doege-Potter syndrome (DPS). DPS is characterized by non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) resulting from tumor hypersecretion of high-molecular-weight insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), which saturates insulin and IGF receptors causing refractory, life-threatening hypoglycemia. Due to nonspecific presentation and low incidence, DPS secondary to pelvic SFT is frequently misdiagnosed, underscoring the need for heightened clinical awareness. A 56-year-old man presented to the neurology department with acute loss of consciousness, aphasia, and urinary incontinence. He had a 3-year history of hypertension but no diabetes mellitus. Initial laboratory tests showed a blood glucose of 4.76 mmol/L; however, during hospitalization, he developed recurrent severe hypoglycemia, with a nadir glucose of 1.6 mmol/L. Further biochemical evaluation during fasting hypoglycemia revealed undetectable insulin (<0.2 mIU/L) and low C-peptide (0.14 ng/mL). Contrast-enhanced abdominopelvic CT demonstrated a 17.8 cm heterogeneously enhancing pelvic mass causing bladder compression and left ureteral displacement. The patient declined preoperative biopsy. Preoperative euglycemia was maintained with continuous intravenous dextrose infusion, and open en bloc surgical resection was performed. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry (positive for STAT6, CD34, and CD99; Ki-67 8%) confirmed an atypical solitary fibrous tumor. Postoperatively, hypoglycemic symptoms resolved completely, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 6 without further hypoglycemic episodes. Pelvic SFT with DPS frequently presents with recurrent hypoglycemia or altered consciousness rather than local compressive symptoms. Early recognition of non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) and prompt cross-sectional imaging are essential for accurate diagnosis. Complete surgical resection is definitive and results in full resolution of hypoglycemia. Given the unpredictable biological behavior of SFT, long-term follow-up is essential. Heightened clinical awareness may improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes.

PMID 42903137
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