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salbutamol (Inspiryl Turbuhaler)

✓ Approved

AstraZeneca UK Limited · ADRB2 · Small Molecule

What is salbutamol?

salbutamol is a small molecule developed by AstraZeneca UK Limited. It is approved for therapeutic indications via inhaled or topical.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesInspiryl Turbuhaler
CompanyAstraZeneca UK Limited
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetADRB2
RouteInhaled, Topical
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, AstraZeneca UK Limited

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

salbutamol acts on 1 molecular target:

ADRB2adrenoceptor beta 2 (B2AR, ARB2)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

salbutamol is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disordersAsthma✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedPediatric pulmonology2026-08-24

Viral Induced Hypersecretion of Mucous (VIper): Proposal for a Distinct Phenotype of Viral Induced Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Children.

Massie John J, Baenziger Olivia O

Some children with an acute viral lower respiratory tract illness present with a phenotype that overlaps with, but is distinct from, that of asthma. These children have shortness of breath with increased work of breathing, wet cough, hypoxia out of proportion to the work of breathing, incomplete resolution of hypoxia with supplemental oxygen, worsening of oxygen saturation after salbutamol and improvement of oxygen saturation with coughing. The pathophysiology appears to relate to relate to excess mucous secretion in the airways causing ventilation:perfusion (V/Q) mismatching, which is then exacerbated by salbutamol use. A descriptive label for this condition is Viral Induced hypersecretion of mucous (VIper). Since this has yet to receive formal recognition as a subtype of viral induced lower respiratory tract infection in children, there are no published therapeutic trials of management. This letter details the proposed pathophysiological mechanisms of mucous hypersecretion and V?Q mismatching. The value of considering VIper as a distinct subset of viral lower respiratory tract infection is to prevent harmful treatments and offer the opportunity for prospective trials of effective therapies.

PMID 42634888
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PubMedFrontiers in pediatrics2026-08-15

Body mass index, lung function, and FeNO in children with positive bronchodilator response: a cross-sectional study.

Zhou Tingting T, Liu Juan J, Lin Yuanyuan Y, Zhang Guilan G et al.

To investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and pulmonary function in pediatric outpatients with positive bronchodilator response. We hypothesized that BMI is associated with impaired pulmonary function in this population. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics of Mianyang Central Hospital from January 2024 to December 2024. A total of 430 children aged 4-14 years who met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Based on body mass index (BMI), participants were categorized into an higher BMI group (n = 78), a normal BMI group (n = 338), and an lower BMI group (n = 14). Pulmonary function tests were performed to measure forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, maximum mid-expiratory flow (MMEF), and forced expiratory flow at 25%, 50%, and 75% of FVC (FEF25, FEF50, FEF75). Bronchodilator responsiveness was evaluated after salbutamol inhalation by measuring changes in FEV1 and FVC, including absolute and percentage increases. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels were measured using standardized procedures. Correlations between BMI, FeNO levels, and pulmonary function parameters were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using appropriate tests. A two-tailed P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. No significant differences were observed in baseline pulmonary function parameters, including FVC% predicted, FEV1% predicted, FEV1/FVC, MMEF, FEF25, FEF50, and FEF75, across BMI groups (all P > 0.05). A significant difference in FEV1/FVC was observed between boys and girls (P < 0.05). After bronchodilator testing, a significant difference was observed only in the absolute increase in FVC among BMI groups (P = 0.016), whereas no significant difference was found in FEV1 improvement. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels were positively correlated with the absolute increase in FVC (r = 0.165, P = 0.002). No significant differences were observed in baseline pulmonary function parameters across BMI groups in children aged 4-14 years. However, differences in bronchodilator-induced changes in FVC were identified among different BMI categories, and FeNO levels were positively associated with bronchodilator-induced changes in FVC. These findings indicate that body mass index and FeNO are independently associated with bronchodilator-related changes in lung function in this population, which may be relevant when interpreting pediatric pulmonary function test results.

PMID 42602167
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PubMedBMJ open2026-08-13

Access to essential medicines in Albania: a cross-sectional survey of availability, prices and affordability using the WHO/Health Action International (HAI) Global Core List.

Petro Eriona E, Mantel-Teeuwisse Aukje K AK, Joosse Iris Rebecca IR, Siebers Arthur C M ACM et al.

To assess the availability, prices and affordability of essential medicines in Albania, focusing on a standardised set of medicines from the Global Core List (GCL), using an adapted WHO/Health Action International (WHO/HAI) methodology. Cross-sectional survey. 30 private community pharmacies across six urban areas in Albania (Tirana, Durrës, Fier, Vlorë, Kavajë and Lushnjë). Licensed private community pharmacies, including both contracted and non-contracted pharmacies under the national health insurance scheme. Availability, patient prices and affordability of 14 medicines from the GCL. Affordability was assessed using the daily wage of the lowest-paid government worker (LPGW), and prices were evaluated using the median price ratio (MPR) compared with international reference prices. The mean availability of WHO/HAI GCL medicines was 79.8%, slightly below the WHO target of 80%. In a secondary analysis that included therapeutically equivalent alternative formulations availability increased to 83.3%. Ceftriaxone, amoxicillin and salbutamol were among the least available medicines and were frequently out of stock. All medicines, except ceftriaxone, met affordability criteria based on LPGW. MPR analysis showed that while most medicines were priced competitively, some, including diclofenac and ceftriaxone, were substantially higher than international reference prices, with five medicines exceeding an MPR of 4.0. Overall, 64% of medicines met both availability and affordability thresholds. Access to essential medicines in Albania appears to be primarily constrained by availability rather than affordability. Gaps in the availability of key antibiotics and asthma medicines highlight the need for targeted policy interventions, including improved procurement, supply chain management and rational use strategies to strengthen equitable access to essential medicines.

PMID 42595360
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PubMedAnalytica chimica acta2026-08-08

A synergy strategy of deep eutectic solvents and boric acid modified β-CD polymer for enhancing enantioseparation in HPLC.

Yuan Xiaoqian X, Cheng Ziyi Z, Fu Jiajia J, Duan Wanting W et al.

Enantiomeric separation is essential in pharmaceutical analysis because enantiomers can differ markedly in pharmacological activity, metabolism, and safety. HPLC using chiral mobile-phase additives (CMPAs), particularly cyclodextrin-based selectors, provides a flexible and cost-effective alternative to dedicated chiral stationary phases. However, conventional cyclodextrin CMPA systems are often limited by insufficient stereodiscrimination under aqueous-organic mobile-phase conditions, where solvation and weak noncovalent interactions can restrict chiral recognition. This study explores the potential of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as auxiliary mobile-phase modifiers for enhancing enantioseparation in β-cyclodextrin polymer-based HPLC chiral mobile phase analysis. Seven DESs with different hydrogen-bond donor/acceptor compositions and molar ratios were prepared and characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, DSC, viscosity, and column-pressure measurements. The DESs were incorporated into HPLC-CMPA systems containing boric acid-modified β-cyclodextrin polymer (BA-β-CDP) and four other cyclodextrin derivatives as chiral selectors. The DES-assisted BA-β-CDP system improved the resolution of all ten chiral analytes. The resolutions of chlorpheniramine, propranolol, metoprolol, and bisoprolol increased by 17.16, 14.61, 12.63, and 8.86, respectively. Furthermore, danshensu, salbutamol, naringin and neohesperidin achieved complete separation with Rs of 2.60, 1.82, 1.52 and 2.52, respectively, which were slightly separated (Rs = 0.98 for danshensu and 0.40 for salbutamol) or remained unresolved in the absence of DES (Rs = 0 for naringin and neohesperidin). The system remained stable for at least 60 days, with RSD values below 1.30%. In this paper, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) by modulating the hydrogen-bonding network and solvation microenvironment were introduced as auxiliary modifiers into the chiral mobile-phase additive (CMPA) mode of HPLC for the first time which could synergistically enhance chiral recognition. This strategy offers a green, versatile, and cost-effective solution for advancing chiral separation on conventional C18 columns in HPLC.

PMID 42567612
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PubMedJournal of chromatography. A2026-08-07

Boronic acid-functionalized covalent organic polymer using Ugi reaction for the enrichment of salbutamol, ractopamine, terbutaline and ribavirin in feed.

Zhang Jinying J, Jiang Ziyi Z, Wang Chaozhan C, Wei Yinmao Y

Functionalized imine-linked covalent organic polymers (COPs) have attracted tremendous attention as adsorbent. At present, most imine-linked COPs are functionalized relying on benzene groups, limiting sufficient flexibility for grafting diverse functional groups. Herein, Ugi reaction is employed to flexibly anchor carboxylic acids and isonitriles with diverse molecular structures onto the imine bonds of COP skeletons. Considering that four illegal food additives, salbutamol, ractopamine, terbutaline and ribavirin, can specifically bind with boric acid, this work selects 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid and tert‑butyl isocyanate, yielding a boronate affinity imine-linked COP. The adsorption performance of the obtained adsorbent is investigated in detail. The as-prepared adsorbent exhibits excellent selectivity, and high adsorption capacities ranging from 119.6 to 385.3 μmol/g towards four analytes. Moreover, the developed dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) combined with HPLC gives low limits of detection (0.21-0.38 μg/kg) and wide linear ranges (1.2-300.0 μg/kg) for the four targets in feed samples. These results confirm the excellent adsorption properties of the adsorbent and verify the feasibility of Ugi reaction for post-synthetic functionalization of COPs.

PMID 42561595
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PubMedEuropean journal of pharmacology2026-07-31

Probenecid enhances relaxation induced by cyclic adenosine monophosphate- and cyclic guanosine monophosphate-augmenting substances in rat prostate, bladder, and corpus cavernosum: a potential repurposing strategy.

Leonardi Guilherme Ruiz GR, Moretti Mariana Burille MB, Correa João J, da Costa Jose Luiz JL et al.

Prostate, bladder, and corpus cavernosum share common pathophysiological mechanisms involving smooth muscle tone regulation through cyclic nucleotide signaling, particularly cAMP and cGMP pathways. Probenecid, a classical uricosuric agent, has emerged as a candidate for drug repurposing due to its ability to inhibit multidrug resistance-associated proteins 4/5 (MRP4/MRP5), which mediate the cellular efflux of cyclic nucleotides, as well as pannexin-1 channels, organic anion transporters, TRPV2 channels, and purinergic receptors. Given that lower urinary tract symptoms, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and erectile dysfunction frequently coexist and share overlapping signaling pathways, we hypothesized that probenecid could potentiate smooth muscle relaxation mediated by cAMP- or cGMP-elevating agents across these tissues. Using isolated rat bladder, prostate, and corpus cavernosum, we evaluated the functional effects of probenecid (0.1-1 mM) through concentration-response curves and intracellular cyclic nucleotide quantification. Probenecid potentiated relaxation induced by β-adrenoceptor agonists and adenosine in the bladder, accompanied by increased intracellular cAMP without changes in cGMP. In prostate, probenecid enhanced relaxation induced by cAMP- and cGMP-elevating agents and increased intracellular cAMP when combined with salbutamol. In corpus cavernosum, probenecid induced relaxation per se and potentiated responses to acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and β-agonists, with concurrent increases in both cAMP and cGMP. Selective tools targeting OAT1/3, P2X7 receptor and TRPV2 channels did not replicate these effects, whereas pannexin-1 inhibition potentiated acetylcholine-induced relaxation only in the corpus cavernosum. In conclusion, probenecid modulates smooth muscle relaxation across urogenital tissues and may represent a potential adjunct in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction.

PMID 42532133
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