Drug Database
SI

sildenafil citrate (SPO1101D / Vultis / SPO1101)

✓ Approved

Seoul Pharmaceuticals · PDE5A · Small Molecule

What is sildenafil citrate?

sildenafil citrate is a small molecule developed by Seoul Pharmaceuticals. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesSPO1101D, Vultis, SPO1101
CompanySeoul Pharmaceuticals
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetPDE5A
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Seoul Pharmaceuticals

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

sildenafil citrate acts on 1 molecular target:

PDE5Aphosphodiesterase 5A (PDE5, CGB-PDE)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

sildenafil citrate is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Reproductive system and breast disordersErectile dysfunction✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedNational science review2026-07-25

Metal-defect pairs for near-stoichiometric electrocatalytic C-N coupling.

Wu Yandong Y, Chen Wei W, Zou Yuqin Y, Wang Jinbo J et al.

Geminal-site catalysts (GSCs) are prospective candidates for fulfilling the goal of aqueous electrochemical reductive cross-coupling reactions (ERCR) at near-stoichiometric yields. Nevertheless, a problem lies in the lack of a synthetic route for GSCs with few single sites. Here we report a defect-accompanying strategy for synthesizing GSCs containing metal-defect catalytic pairs (M-D GSCs), meaning that Fe-D GSCs can realize the electrochemical synthesis of cyclohexanone oximes (CHOs) from high concentrations (0.5 M) of nitrites (NO2 -) and cyclohexanone (CYC) at near-stoichiometric yields (the Faradic efficiency or yieldC/N: 91.3%). Multiple in-/ex-situ characterizations demonstrated that metal-citrate complexes were converted to metal-defect catalytic pairs via the liberation of gaseous carbon/nitrogen species during pyrolysis. Furthermore, we developed an innovative cathodic oxime-alkali process, where high concentration NaNO2 and CYC can be electrochemically converted to high-purity products including NaOH and CHO. This work showcases the enormous potential of M-D GSCs in achieving near-stoichiometric conversion for ERCR reactions.

PMID 42500738
Read full article →
PubMedPhoton science2026-07-25

Uncertainty-Aware Machine Learning for Small-Angle X‑ray Scattering Analysis in Autonomous Experimentation.

Cao Chuntian C, Kim Hyeong Jin HJ, Carbone Matthew R MR, Reyes Kristofer K et al.

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a powerful high-throughput characterization tool for probing nanoscale structure in native sample environments, providing real-time morphological information such as nanoparticle size and shape during synthesis. However, automated SAXS data analysis for extracting meaningful structural parameters is non-trivial and remains a bottleneck in closed-loop experimentation towards autonomous materials discovery, which demands fast, reliable, and uncertainty-aware data analysis. Here, we develop a machine-learning approach for automated SAXS analysis tailored to closed-loop nanoparticle synthesis. A Random Forest (RF) regression model is trained on 100,000 synthetic SAXS curves generated from polydisperse spherical nanoparticles with realistic background contributions. Using normalized one-dimensional SAXS intensity profiles as input, the RF model directly predicts nanoparticle radius, size polydispersity, and background parameters, while the ensemble standard deviation across trees provides built-in uncertainty quantification (UQ). On synthetic data, we show that combining fit-quality metrics (R2, MAE) with thresholds on prediction uncertainty reliably identifies accurate parameter estimates without access to ground truth. We then apply the trained model to 365 experimental SAXS profiles of citrate-reduced gold nanoparticles synthesized using an automated droplet-flow microreactor with in situ SAXS at a synchrotron beamline, classifying the results into high- and low-confidence subsets based on UQ metrics. Finally, we integrate RF-based SAXS analysis into a simulated closed-loop optimization campaign using Gaussian process Bayesian optimization to minimize nanoparticle polydispersity, benchmarking against conventional automated Levenberg-Marquardt fitting. The RF-guided campaign exhibits substantially faster convergence and lower relative opportunity cost (∼0.07 vs ∼0.3), demonstrating that uncertainty-aware machine-learning SAXS analysis significantly enhances the efficiency and robustness of autonomous nanomaterials synthesis workflows.

PMID 42499321
Read full article →
PubMedACS omega2026-07-24

In Situ Growth of Vertically Aligned Gold Nanoparticles within Functionalized Polyvinylidene Fluoride Nanochannels for Optical Property Tuning.

Aubrit Florian F, Sigallon Marie M, Oral Ozlem O, Medjoubi Kadda K et al.

A solid synthetic pathway for the localized formation of vertically aligned and well-distributed individual gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in transparent ion-track-etched polyvinylidene fluoride membranes is herein reported. After a successful preconcentration of the Au-(III) precursor within the functionalized cylindrical nanochannels of these membranes, i.e., ion-track-etched radiografted with poly-(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP), a Au-(IIII)-to-Au(0) chemical reduction was performed to in situ grow AuNPs inside the nanopores. Four classical reducing agents [ascorbic acid, hydroquinone, sodium citrate, and sodium borohydride (NaBH4)] were studied, which led, at first glance, to similar composites. The reducing power of each reducing agent has been shown to affect the AuNP nucleation and growth processes. At room temperature, the reduction led to the synthesis of well-dispersed AuNPs along the whole pore length, with the exception of sodium citrate, which was found to be too weak to reduce efficiently the gold precursor. When energy was provided to the system by operating the reaction at 70 °C, the reduction was boosted and the synthesis with sodium citrate gave similar results to those obtained with the other reducing agents at 20 °C, i.e., well-distributed AuNPs of around 30 nm of mean size. Increasing the number of reduction cycles resulted in an increase in AuNP size and, in the case of hydroquinone, in the elongation of the gold nanocrystals. This phenomenon was attributed to template-assisted AuNP growth in the nanopores. Despite the low amount of gold in the material (less than 0.2 %), the alignment of individual AuNPs all along the high aspect ratio nanopores (50:10,000) had a significant effect on the optical properties of the whole material, with the appearance of plasmonic properties for the nanocomposite membranes (λplasmon around 530 nm) and a further decrease of the effective refractive index of the nanoporous membranes.

PMID 42495378
Read full article →
PubMedThe Journal of biological chemistry2026-07-24

Synergistic modulation of cAMP and cGMP rescues hemin-induced plasma membrane fragmentation.

Laspa Zoi Z, Rohlfing Anne-Katrin AK, Fischer Melina M, Kollotzek Ferdinand F et al.

Hemin, which gets released during erythrocyte lysis, induces concentration-dependent platelet activation, aggregation, and thrombus formation as well as plasma membrane destruction and cytoskeleton reorganization. Classical platelet antagonists do not inhibit the plasma membrane destruction induced by high concentrations of hemin. Both cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and adenosine 3':5' -cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) are key endogenous inhibitors of platelet activation. Thus, we investigated whether they inhibit hemin-induced plasma membrane destruction, both individually and in combination. In addition to standard platelet assays, we performed cGMP and cAMP ELISAs, immunoblot analysis of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) and immunofluorescence staining. We found that pharmacological modulation of these pathways via NO donors (DEA/NO), soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) stimulators (riociguat) or IP receptor agonists (PGE1), and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors (PDE-5 inhibitor: sildenafil, PDE-3 inhibitor: ibudilast), phosphorylate the downstream vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) and inhibit hemin-induced platelet activation and degranulation. In particular, synergistically modulation of cGMP and cAMP and the resulted phosphorylation of VASP at Ser239 and Ser157 significantly attenuates platelet aggregation and plasma membrane destruction induced by high concentrations of hemin. Further, the riociguat NO-induced cGMP synthesis was significantly reduced in the presence of hemin. In comparison, the PGE1-induced cAMP synthesis was enhanced in the presence of hemin. In conclusion, high concentrations of hemin change the cGMP and cAMP synthesis induced by their associated stimulators, while promoting plasma membrane destruction, which can be significantly inhibited by the simultaneous administration of riociguat DEA/NO and PGE1.

PMID 42492813
Read full article →
PubMedJournal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research2026-07-23

Accelerated osteocytic citrate production in chronic kidney disease is associated with protection of the kidney.

Har Jie Ren Gerald JRG, Hsu Maggie Yun-Hsuan MY, Saum Keith L KL, Singh Akshdeep A et al.

Metabolites mediate inter-organ communication and this metabolic crosstalk often goes awry in systemic diseases, including chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD), where CKD disrupts skeletal homeostasis, with significant bone loss and increased fracture risk observed in patients. While metabolites from the injured kidney have been identified to disrupt bone function, whether metabolites from the bone influence kidney function over the course of CKD progression is less-understood. Given that bone-derived factors such as FGF23 and sclerostin influence CKD-MBD disease progression, we hypothesized that identifying skeletal metabolic fluxes disrupted in CKD may reveal other bone-derived metabolites that mediate nephropathy. We employed a combination of in vivo and ex vivo  13C-metabolic flux analysis (13C-MFA) to characterize how the adenine-induced kidney injury murine model of CKD-MBD rewires specific skeletal metabolic fluxes. Through 13C-MFA of bone tissue in vivo, and ex vivo cultures of calvariae and femora, we identified that this murine model of CKD-MBD accelerates osteocytic citrate production. 13C-isotopic tracing in OCY454 osteocytes suggests that this increased citrate flux is in part driven by PTH stimulation of glucose- and glutamine-to-citrate conversion in osteocytes. When citrate production is exacerbated by the loss of function mutation in SLC13A5 (Slc13a5R337*/R337*), a specialized plasma membrane citrate importer, we did not observe a significant worsening of bone loss in mutant mice due to chronic adenine-induced kidney injury. Intriguingly, kidney function appears to be protected, reducing secondary hyperparathyroidism and the severity of nephrolithiasis due to the adenine diet. Our observation on the role of citrate metabolism in CKD both confirms the relevance of citrate in managing patient kidney outcomes and suggests that organismal citrate metabolism may be modulated in the management of CKD-MBD. Altogether, this study reveals a potential new axis of metabolic regulation in the inter-organ communication between the skeleton and the kidneys.

PMID 42490405
Read full article →
PubMedAdvances in therapy2026-07-23

Regional Citrate Anticoagulation Versus No Anticoagulation During Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Patients at High Risk of Bleeding: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Li Wenlong W, Xie Jun J, Huang Chong C, Xu Chengyun C et al.

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in critically ill patients often requires anticoagulation to maintain circuit patency, but systemic anticoagulation may increase bleeding risk. Regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) has been proposed as an alternative. This meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of RCA versus no anticoagulation (NA) during CRRT in critically ill patients at high risk of bleeding. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing RCA with NA during CRRT in adult critically ill patients with high bleeding risk. Mean differences (MDs) or risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using random-effects models accounting for potential heterogeneity. Seventeen RCTs involving 893 patients were included. Compared with NA, RCA significantly prolonged filter lifespan (MD: 13.82 h; 95% CI 10.83-16.81) and reduced the incidence of circuit clotting (RR: 0.20; 95% CI 0.12-0.35). RCA was associated with higher risks of citrate accumulation (RR: 4.67; 95% CI 1.30-16.77) and hypocalcemia (RR: 1.78; 95% CI 1.12-2.83), while acid-base disturbances were not significantly different between groups (RR: 1.34; 95% CI 0.60-3.03). In addition, RCA significantly reduced major bleeding (RR: 0.37; 95% CI 0.16-0.87), but did not significantly affect the in-hospital mortality (RR: 0.82; 95% CI 0.65-1.04). RCA improves circuit patency during CRRT in critically ill patients with a high risk of bleeding, although it increases the risk of certain metabolic complications but does not affect mortality. While RCA was associated with fewer reported major bleeding events than no anticoagulation, the certainty of evidence for this outcome was low and the finding should be interpreted with caution.

PMID 42490008
Read full article →

+9996 more articles available with a free account

Sign up free to view all articles →

Ask about sildenafil citrate