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sildenafil citrate (SPO1101D / Vultis / SPO1101)

✓ Approved

Seoul Pharmaceuticals · PDE5A · Small Molecule

What is sildenafil citrate?

sildenafil citrate is a small molecule developed by Seoul Pharmaceuticals. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesSPO1101D, Vultis, SPO1101
CompanySeoul Pharmaceuticals
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetPDE5A
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Seoul Pharmaceuticals

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

sildenafil citrate acts on 1 molecular target:

PDE5Aphosphodiesterase 5A (PDE5, CGB-PDE)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

sildenafil citrate is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Reproductive system and breast disordersErectile dysfunction✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedMetabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society2026-05-24

NMR-based metabolomics profile during a soccer season of a sub-elite soccer team.

Marinho Alisson Henrique AH, de Barros Sousa Filipe Antonio FA, Balikian Junior Pedro P, de Souza Bento Edson E et al.

This study aimed to characterize metabolomic profiling, match performance, and GPS-derived variables across the competitive season of a sub-elite soccer team. Performance variables were recorded by GPS during matches. Urine samples were collected pre-match across 20 games. For integrative analysis, only players participating ≥ 25 min per match were included (n = 13 matches). Spectra were pre-processed using TopSpin®3.2, and metabolites were identified using Chenomx®. Heatmap analysis revealed two main metabolite clusters (C): C1 (choline to citrate - C1) and C2 (dimethylamine to trans-aconitate - C2). C1 showed lower concentrations at the beginning of the season with a progressive increase toward the end, whereas C2 displayed the opposite trend. A sub-cluster within C2 (trimethylamine to trans-aconitate) exhibited a three-phase pattern, decreasing mid-season and increasing thereafter. PCA and OPLS-DA demonstrated clear separation between early- and late-season matches, indicating a shift in the metabolomic profile. Distance covered across speed zones was higher in C1 and lower in C2. Leucine, guanidinoacetate, creatinine, and 3-hydroxyisovalerate were inversely associated with distance metrics, linking elevated protein catabolism markers to reduced performance. Glycerophosphocholine was also inversely correlated with most distance variables of GPS metrics, suggesting reduced muscle integrity. In contrast, glucose was positively associated with player load, accelerations, decelerations, and impacts, while citrate correlated with high-speed running and maximum velocity. Seasonal metabolomic shifts are associated with external load and performance. Markers of protein catabolism relate to reduced output, whereas energy-related metabolites support high-intensity actions, highlighting metabolomics as a complementary tool for monitoring recovery and performance in soccer.

PMID 42177734
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PubMedProbiotics and antimicrobial proteins2026-05-24

Multi-omics Analysis Reveals the Protection of a Quadruple Probiotic Mixture in Experimental Autoimmune Hepatitis.

Chen Yu Y, Wang Shuhui S, Chen Anzhuo A, Lin Zhuoying Z et al.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic progressive inflammatory liver disease with a rising global incidence. The treatment of AIH remains challenging because first-line drugs show limited efficacy and systemic side effects. Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AIH, leading to growing interest in developing probiotic-based therapies. In this study, we used multi-omics analysis to investigate the therapeutic effects of a quadruple probiotic mixture (Probiotic-quad) consisting of Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus cereus in a well-established chronic AIH murine model. Our results showed that Probiotic-quad treatment significantly alleviated AIH progression, as evidenced by lower serum liver enzyme levels, ameliorated hepatic inflammatory infiltration and histopathological damage. Metagenomic sequencing results showed that gut dysbiosis in AIH mice was partially reversed after Probiotic-quad administration. Additionally, the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier was restored, accompanied by a reduction in serum lipopolysaccharide levels. Untargeted metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis revealed that Probiotic-quad treatment was linked to alterations in hepatic metabolism, including the citrate cycle and tryptophan metabolism, and was associated with reduced activation of the NF-κB and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways. These findings suggest that Probiotic-quad treatment ameliorates AIH severity and is potentially associated with changes in hepatic immune responses, metabolism, gut microbiota, and intestinal barrier function, highlighting its potential as an adjuvant therapy for AIH.

PMID 42176246
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PubMedEuropean journal of pharmacology2026-05-24

Sulfonated peptide alleviates hypertensive renal injury via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and renal metabolomics.

Li Yuexiu Y, Song Siyi S, Lin Qianxia Q, Jin Huoxi H

Excessive dietary salt intake is a well-established risk factor for hypertension, with numerous underscoring its significant role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Dietary management is widely recognized as essential for both the prevention and treatment of hypertension. This study aimed to evaluate the preventive efficacy of a sulfonated peptide, Leucyl-glycyl-asparaginyl-glycyl-cysteinylsulfonic acid-proline (Leu-Gly-Asn-Gly-Cya-Pro, SLP), against high-salt-induced hypertension and renal injury, thereby providing new insights into hypertension prevention strategies. Compared with the unsulfonated peptide, Leucyl-glycyl- asparaginyl-glycyl-cysteinyl-proline (Leu-Gly-Asn-Gly-Cys-Pro, LP), SLP was more effective in attenuating the elevation of blood pressure, inhibiting renal fibrosis, improving markers of renal injury (alpha-1-microglobulin and uric acid), and reducing levels of inflammatory factors and adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and interleukin-1β). Additionally, SLP upregulated endothelial nitric oxide synthase while downregulating inducible nitric oxide synthase in the kidney. Similarly, high levels of nuclear factor-kappa B and phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B induced by high-salt in the kidney were effectively prevented by SLP treatment. Furthermore, SLP exerted antihypertensive effects through the regulation of tryptophan, purine, glycerophospholipid, and cysteine metabolism, as well as the citrate cycle. Overall, sulfonation modification enhances the anti-inflammatory and metabolic regulatory activities of peptides, with the sulfonated peptides SLP significantly preventing high-salt-induced hypertension and its associated renal complications.

PMID 42176725
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PubMedApplied microbiology and biotechnology2026-05-24

A comparative analysis of monascin and ankaflavin biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus and its albino variant.

Lin Tzu-Hsing TH, Cheng Yi-Hao YH, Lin Chih-Hui CH

Red mold rice (RMR), a functional food ingredient, is produced via Monascus spp. fermentation, a process that yields a diverse range of bioactive compounds, most notably the Monascus yellow pigments monascin and ankaflavin. This study provides the first report of spontaneous albinism in Monascus species. Although the specific mechanisms and conditions triggering the transition to albino strains remain to be definitively elucidated, our analyses reveal that the albino strain of Monascus purpureus exhibits a faster growth rate and significantly lower yellow pigment production compared to the wild-type strain. This suggests that the emergence of albino strains poses a considerable risk to the stability of industrial M. purpureus cultures. Furthermore, comparative analysis of gene expression associated with monascin and ankaflavin biosynthesis between M. purpureus wild-type and albino strains under various culture conditions indicates that the malate-citrate shuttle, specifically the mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier (DIC), may play a critical role in yellow pigment biosynthesis. The comparative analysis also revealed significant correlations among glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), DIC, mrpigH expression, and overall yellow pigment production, suggesting a potential metabolic approach for enhancing M. purpureus pigment biosynthesis. Ultimately, given the profound differences in pigment yield and fermentation characteristics, these findings demonstrate that the occurrence of spontaneous albinism represents not only a critical, previously overlooked risk factor for industrial M. purpureus production, but also a possible approach for elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of M. purpureus secondary metabolism. KEY POINTS: • This study provides the first report of spontaneous albinism in Monascus species. • Expression of GAPDH, DIC, and mrpigH, as well as MS/AK production were significantly correlated. • Albino strain represents an overlooked risk factor for industrial M. purpureus production.

PMID 42175998
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PubMedKidney international2026-05-23

Mitochondrial respiratory capacity in kidney podocytes is high, age-dependent, and sexually dimorphic.

Campbell Matthew D MD, Sanchez-Contreras Monica M, Sibley Britta D BD, Keiser Phoebe P et al.

Whether and how podocytes depend on mitochondria across their long post-mitotic lifespan is unclear. With limited cell numbers and broad kidney distribution, isolation of podocyte mitochondria typically requires first isolating podocytes themselves. Disassociation of podocytes from their basement membrane, however, recapitulates an injured state and stresses mitochondria. Here, we devise a new strategy to examine mitochondria in podocytes. To address this, we crossed floxed hemagglutinin (HA)-mitochondria tagged (MITO-Tag) mice with those expressing Cre in either podocytes (NPHS2) or mixed tubules (CDH16), thus allowing for rapid, kidney cell-specific, isolation of mitochondria via immunoprecipitation. Mitochondrial respiration in fresh isolates from young (4-7 months) and aged (22-26 months) mice of both sexes demonstrated several previously unreported significant differences between podocyte and tubule mitochondria. First, although podocytes contain fewer mitochondria than tubule cells, mitochondria isolated from podocytes averaged twice the respiratory capacity of tubule mitochondria when normalized to mitochondrial content by citrate synthase levels. Second, age-related decline in respiration was detected only in podocyte mitochondria and only in aged male mice. Third, disassociating podocytes for cell culture initiates functional decline in mitochondria as those from cultured primary podocytes have half the respiratory capacity, but twice the hydrogen peroxide production, of podocyte mitochondria isolated directly from fresh kidneys. Finally, conformation of electron transport chain proteins differed between podocyte and tubule mitochondria, suggesting that cell-specific mitochondrial protein conformations dictate cell-specific mitochondrial function. Previous studies suggesting a limited role for mitochondrial regulation of podocytes relied on cell culture. This resulted in artifactual suppression of mitochondrial function and masks the roles of mitochondria in maintenance of podocyte health. Our approach shows that per organelle, podocytes maintain sexually dimorphic mitochondria with greater oxidative phosphorylation capacity than the mitochondria-dependent tubules.

PMID 42173281
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PubMedJournal of agricultural and food chemistry2026-05-22

Glyoxysomal Citrate Synthase Functions in Fluoride Accumulation in Tea Plants by Mediating Citrate Biosynthesis.

Liu Yanli Y, Cao Dan D, Hu Xiaoxue X, Ma Linlong L et al.

The tea plant is known as a fluoride hyperaccumulator, with excessive fluoride accumulating in its leaves and posing a potential threat to human health. Previous studies have pinpointed that certain genes contributed to fluoride accumulation in tea plants; however, the role of key regulatory genes remains largely unexplored. Here, we characterized a Camellia sinensis glyoxysomal citrate synthase (CsgCS) gene and found that its expression levels exhibited a strong positive correlation with fluoride content. Functional validation revealed that CsgCS enhanced fluoride tolerance and accumulation in yeast and A. thaliana. In tea plants, transient CsgCS overexpression increased fluoride accumulation, whereas its silencing reduced leaf fluoride levels. Additionally, exogenous citrate improved fluoride tolerance and accumulation in Arabidopsis, reducing ROS accumulation, enhancing ROS scavenging, and upregulating fluoride tolerance and stress-responsive genes. Collectively, this study reveals that CsgCS mediates fluoride accumulation in tea plants and provides valuable insights for breeding low-fluoride tea cultivars.

PMID 42169425
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