Drug Database
HY

hyoscyamine sulfate (IBStat)

✓ Approved

Salix · CHRM1 · Small Molecule

What is hyoscyamine sulfate?

hyoscyamine sulfate is a small molecule developed by Salix. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po) or sublingual (sl)/oral transmucosal.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesIBStat
CompanySalix
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetCHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4
RouteOral (PO), Sublingual (SL)/Oral Transmucosal
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Salix

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

hyoscyamine sulfate acts on 4 molecular targets:

CHRM1cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 (M1, HM1)
CHRM2cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2 (HM2)
CHRM3cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (HM3, PBS)
CHRM4cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4 (HM4, M4R)
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Therapeutic Indications

hyoscyamine sulfate is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Gastrointestinal disordersIrritable bowel syndrome✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedThe ISME journal2026-05-24

Distribution of a novel DsrEFH sulfur transferase suggests widespread sulfur oxidation capacity in sulfate reducers.

Plum-Jensen Lea Emilie LE, Mohr Marc Gregor MG, Tanabe Tomohisa Sebastian TS, Wang Bo B et al.

Microbial sulfur cycling is typically divided into an oxidative and a reductive branch, with microbes driving either sulfide oxidation or sulfate reduction distinguished by their genomic setup. Paradoxically, filamentous cable bacteria perform electrogenic sulfide oxidation but contain genes indicative of sulfate reduction, including the reductive type of dissimilatory sulfite reductase (DsrAB), whereas they apparently lack the canonical sulfur transferase DsrEFH essential for sulfur oxidation. AlphaFold2 structure prediction of conserved cable bacteria proteins with unknown functions identified a protein complex resembling canonical DsrEFH (hereafter termed DsrEFH type II). In vitro characterization of heterologously expressed DsrEFH type II confirmed its sulfur transferase function and, together with site-directed mutagenesis, verified that the conserved cysteine, Cys67, is the active sulfur transfer residue. Genes encoding the novel DsrEFH type II were found in 985 prokaryotic genomes. They typically co-occurred with genes for reductive DsrAB in microbes characterized as sulfate reducers or sulfur disproportionators. This study not only fills an important gap in the sulfide oxidation pathway of cable bacteria, but also suggests that a wide range of sulfate reducing bacteria may be more metabolically versatile than currently understood, representing a major shift in the perception of this globally significant physiological group of microorganisms.

PMID 42176189
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PubMedCarbohydrate research2026-05-24

Structural elucidation of a novel xylylogalactan from Alpinia oxyphylla and the GREM1-binding-associated anti-colorectal cancer activity of its sulfated derivative.

Gao Jie J, Li Yahui Y, Zhao Wenjing W, Ma Qiaoli Q et al.

While extracts of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. have demonstrated promise in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), the specific bioactivity and underlying molecular mechanisms of its constituent polysaccharides remain largely elusive. Inspired by the capacity of heparin to modulate the BMP signaling pathway through sulfate-mediated binding to the antagonist GREM1, we hypothesized that the targeted introduction of sulfate groups into A. oxyphylla polysaccharides would confer analogous GREM1-binding affinity and anti-tumor efficacy. In this study, a novel homogeneous polysaccharide, YZR111 (191.9 kDa), was isolated and purified. Structural elucidation revealed a well-defined fine structure characterized by a xylylogalactan backbone substituted with arabinoxylan side chains, with terminal glucuronic acid (T-GlcA) residues predominantly localized at branch termini. The subsequent sulfated derivative, SYZR111, exhibited robust, dose-dependent inhibitory activity against multiple CRC cell lines (SW1116, SW620, HCT-116, and HT-29) over the concentration range of 0.008-1 mg/mL. Notably, SYZR111 achieved an inhibition rate of approximately 70% in HCT-116 cells, significantly outperforming the native YZR111. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis confirmed a high-affinity interaction between SYZR111 and GREM1 (KD: 6.14 × 10-8 M), suggesting that SYZR111 potentiates the antagonistic function of GREM1 to attenuate BMP signaling, thereby suppressing CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. This study provides the first detailed structural elucidation of YZR111 and identifies sulfation as the critical modification for targeting GREM1 to exert anti-CRC activity, offering a novel paradigm for the development of natural polysaccharide-derived BMP signaling inhibitors.

PMID 42176528
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PubMedMolecular and cellular pediatrics2026-05-24

LEF1 gene mutation impairs the intestinal barrier and causes diarrhea.

Jie Jianan J, Qiu Mengling M, Liu Xing X, Zhang Qingqing Q et al.

Whole-exome sequencing identified a novel de novo heterozygous LEF1 variant (c.880 C > T; p.Pro294Ser) in a male pediatric patient who presented with intractable chronic yellow-green watery diarrhea with onset at 18 months of age. The condition persisted for 4 years and was complicated by protein-energy malnutrition and growth failure refractory to standard therapy. Gastrointestinal endoscopy showed mucosal edema accompanied by mild chronic inflammation, and this variant was not present in public population genomic databases. Functional validation was performed in Lef1 (c.876 C > G; p.Pro292Ser) knock-in mice (the murine ortholog of the human LEF1 p.Pro294Ser variant), and revealed increased susceptibility to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced diarrhea, intrinsic intestinal structural abnormalities, and impaired intestinal barrier integrity. Molecular and proteomic analyses revealed downregulated expression of tight junction proteins and aquaporin - 4 in both mutant mice and patient-derived intestinal tissues, concomitant with dysregulated ion transport, and aberrant inflammatory pathways. Mechanistically, the LEF1 variant enhances its own expression and nuclear accumulation, driving Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and subsequent intestinal barrier disruption. Collectively, these findings establish LEF1 variant as a pathogenic driver of pediatric chronic diarrhea, broaden the functional role of LEF1 in intestinal homeostasis, and identifies its potential utility as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for this disorder.

PMID 42176141
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PubMedEnvironmental research2026-05-24

Magnetic recyclable CoFe2O4/lignin spheres: Enhanced peroxydisulfate activation for neonicotinoid insecticide remediation.

Shi Quanquan Q, Li Jia J, Wang Yuelin Y, Zhang Jingjing J et al.

The elimination of residual neonicotinoid insecticides from aquatic systems, exemplified by thiamethoxam (THX), presents significant challenges for ecosystem sustainability and human health. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), particularly persulfate (PMS) activation generating sulfate radicals, offer a promising solution for thiamethoxam remediation. In this work, adhering to the "waste for waste", CoFe2O4/CNF composites are rational constructed by uniformly loading cobalt ferrate (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles on hollow carbon nanospheres (CNF) derived from calcined desalted lignin as supports. The CoFe2O4/CNF composite demonstrated exceptional PMS activation capability, achieving 75% THX degradation within 60 minutes at neutral pH and lower metal leaching. Moreover, the system exhibited robust performance across varying pH conditions and complex ionic environments. This can be attributed to the synergistic electron transfer between Co2+/Co3+ and Fe2+/Fe3+ redox couples, which enhanced PMS activation. Radical quenching experiments and EPR analysis identified SO4•- and superoxide radicals (O2•-) as the dominant reactive oxygen species responsible for THX degradation. Additionally, key reaction parameters, including catalyst dosage, PMS concentration, initial THX concentration, pH and interfering ions, were systematically optimized. Wheat seed planting experiments further indicated the system's potential for environmental remediation. This work provides an efficient and sustainable biomass waste-derived carbon-based catalyst strategy for the removal of neonicotinoid insecticides.

PMID 42176945
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PubMedMetabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society2026-05-24

Association of age-related macular degeneration with exposome related metabolomics.

Lains Ines I, Bhat Roshni R, Mendez Kevin K, Gil Joao J et al.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease, but it remains unclear how external exposures - the exposome - promote its development. Metabolomics can provide insights to better understand AMD pathophysiology. Previous work to date has focused primarily on associations between endogenous metabolites and AMD. This study aimed for the first time to investigate associations of exogenous metabolites in plasma and urine and AMD. Cross-sectional study including patients with AMD and a control group (> 50 years) from Boston, US and Coimbra, Portugal (PT). Color fundus photographs (CFP) of all participants were used for AMD staging. Fasting plasma and urine samples were used for metabolomic profiling using Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (Metabolon, Inc). Multivariate and ordinal logistic mixed-effect regression models were computed for each cohort and then combined by meta-analysis. Primary outcome was association of metabolites with AMD (vs. no AMD). False discovery rate (FDR) was used to account for multiple comparisons and significant q-values are reported. We included 1023 eyes (823 from the US and 580 from PT). Meta-analysis revealed significant associations of tartronate, thioproline and 2-methoxyhydroquinone sulfate levels with both presence and staging of AMD (q < 0.005 for all). Similar trends were seen in urine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify associations between exogenous metabolites and AMD. These findings are crucial for identifying possible targets for preventive strategies for this blinding disease.

PMID 42177686
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PubMedJournal of the American Chemical Society2026-05-24

Organic-Solvent-Free Weakly Solvating Electrolytes Enable Durable Ah-Scale Zn-Iodine Batteries under Diverse Harsh Operating Conditions.

Geng Yaheng Y, Han Yu Y, Peng Huiling H, Zhang Lei L et al.

Aqueous zinc-iodine batteries represent a promising sustainable energy-storage technology, offering intrinsic safety, cost-effectiveness, and competitive energy density. However, their practical deployment has been hindered by the instability of both the I2 cathode and Zn anode. While traditional weakly solvating electrolytes (WSEs) partially alleviate these issues, they inherently rely on high-viscosity organic cosolvents that impede ion transport, limiting performance under demanding conditions. Here, we overcome this trade-off by pioneering an organic-solvent-free WSE, achieved by incorporating guanidine sulfate, a salt-type diluent with kosmotropic-chaotropic properties, at an optimized concentration. The formulated electrolyte simultaneously facilitates Zn2+ desolvation and transport while improving electrolyte stability. Furthermore, it promotes the formation of a robust electrode-electrolyte interphase on both electrodes, effectively suppressing polyiodide shuttling and stabilizing Zn plating/stripping. Consequently, the Zn||I2 cells achieve exceptional performance across diverse harsh operating conditions, including ultralong cycling (92% capacity retention after 10000 cycles at 30 C), high-rate capability (134 mAh g-1 at 200 C), and durable cycling with a low negative/positive capacity ratio (≈1.09), lean electrolyte condition (7.5 mL Ah-1), and a wide temperature range (-10 to 60 °C). These metrics are consistently preserved in Ah-scale pouch cells (0.5-2 Ah). This work redefines WSE design through salt-type diluents, offering a scalable pathway to durable aqueous batteries for sustainable energy storage.

PMID 42175971
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