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saxagliptin (Bessin)

✓ Approved

Sino Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd · DPP4 · Small Molecule

What is saxagliptin?

saxagliptin is a small molecule developed by Sino Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesBessin
CompanySino Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetDPP4
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Sino Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

saxagliptin acts on 1 molecular target:

DPP4dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (CD26, DPPIV)
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Therapeutic Indications

saxagliptin is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMed3 Biotech2026-11-11

Unveiling the molecular and biological mechanisms of Tai Chi in chronic disease management: a bibliometric and visualized analysis.

Ni Zhongyi Z, Li Xiong X

Tai Chi is widely utilized for chronic disease management, yet its underlying biological mechanisms remain fragmented. To objectively map the mechanistic knowledge structure and identify emerging frontiers, a bibliometric analysis was conducted on 348 mechanism-focused articles spanning from 2006 to 2026, retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. Data visualization and network analyses using VOSviewer and CiteSpace revealed a clear paradigm shift from macroscopic systemic responses to highly specific neurobiological targets. Early foundational research centered on psychoneuroimmunology, demonstrating that Tai Chi buffers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby alleviating osteoarthritis pain and cancer-related fatigue. Contemporary research frontiers are heavily concentrated on neuroplasticity and cellular defense. Objective evidence highlights the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the remodeling of cortico-limbic networks to preserve function in Parkinson's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Furthermore, strong recent keyword bursts for "oxidative stress" and "heart failure" underscore Tai Chi's potential in enhancing endogenous antioxidant defenses, reducing DNA damage, and improving endothelial function via systemic brain-body crosstalk. In conclusion, Tai Chi exerts its multidimensional clinical benefits through interconnected neuro-immune, neuroplastic, and anti-oxidative networks. To transition from associative findings to definitive causal mechanisms, future research must integrate multi-omics technologies and rigorously standardized longitudinal trials. The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-026-05134-x.

PMID 43011388
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PubMedJournal of pain research2026-11-11

An Exploratory Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial: The Clinical Effects of Tai Chi, Baduanjin, and Health Education in the Management of Knee Osteoarthritis.

Zeng Tao T, Chen Zi-Liang ZL, Zhou Yao-Hui YH, Liu Wei-Qi WQ

This three-arm randomized controlled trial aimed to investigate the comparative clinical effects of Tai Chi (TC), Baduanjin(BDJ), and Health Education(HE) for controlling symptoms and restoring physical function in individuals diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis(KOA). This randomized controlled trial was conducted on patients with KOA, who were randomly allocated 1:1:1 to three groups (40 participants per group, total randomized n=120): TC, BDJ, or HE. The study lasted 48 weeks, comprising a 12-week intervention phase and a 36-week follow-up. The primary outcomes were the pain, stiffness, and physical function subscales of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Secondary outcomes included the Berg Balance Scale, 6-minute walk test, and the SF-36 quality-of-life assessment. All measures were evaluated at weeks 12, 24, and 48. The primary analysis utilized a linear mixed model based on the modified intention-to-treat (mITT) population (n=116; TC n=38, BDJ n=39, HE n=39), including six participants with partial post-baseline follow-up data. The per-protocol population (n=110) was used for sensitivity analysis. No statistically significant between-group differences in primary outcomes-WOMAC pain, stiffness, and physical function-were detected between the TC and BDJ groups across 12, 24 and 48week assessments (P> 0.05). Compared with HE, TC yielded a mean reduction in WOMAC pain of -3.22 points (95% CI -3.96 to -2.48; P < 0.001), and BDJ yielded a mean reduction of -3.04 points (95% CI -3.78 to -2.30; P < 0.001), indicating superior pain relief for both exercise interventions. Both TC and BDJ groups demonstrated significantly greater improvements compared to the HE group across all time points (P < 0.05). A similar trend was evident in the secondary outcomes. Regular TC and BDJ practice effectively improved the pain, stiffness, and physical function of older adults with KOA, enhanced their balance and walking endurance, and elevated their quality of life. Although no statistically significant difference was detected between TC and BDJ, both exercises showed greater clinical improvements relative to the HE control. These findings support the integration of TC and BDJ as effective, potentially low-cost, non-pharmacological therapies into clinical practice for the long-term management of KOA.The trial was registered in International Traditional Medicine Clinical Trial Registry (ITMCTR), http://itmctr.ccebtcm.org.cn/, identifier ITMCTR2025000409.

PMID 43011836
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PubMedNature communications2026-11-11

Enhancing ω-transaminase catalysis of bulky substrates guided by binding mechanism.

Teng Haidong H, Yu Haoran H, Xu Zhehang Z, Xiao Lanxin L et al.

Chiral amines are indispensable building blocks in pharmaceutical synthesis. (R)-3-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2-aminopropan-1-ol (ABP), a key chiral amine intermediate of the drug Entresto, has remained difficult to access via enzymatic asymmetric synthesis due to the inability of ω-transaminases to accommodate its bulky ketone precursor. Here, we engineer an ω-transaminase from Bacillus megaterium by integrating Funnel metadynamics, PathDetect-SOM, and path collective variables to reconstruct the free energy surface of substrate binding, pinpointing high-energy barrier regions of the binding process and the trade-off between tunnel accessibility and productive binding. Dynamic cross-correlation network analysis further identifies distal regulatory sites governing these bottleneck regions. Iterative experimental optimization yields the 13M variant, exhibiting catalytic activity 106 times that of the wild type with >99% enantiomeric excess, enabling the efficient enzymatic asymmetric synthesis of ABP. This integrated computational-experimental framework for resolving the tunnel-pocket binding trade-off offers a generalizable strategy for engineering ω-transaminases toward bulky substrates in green pharmaceutical synthesis.

PMID 43009519
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PubMedQuality management in health care2026-11-11

"Bureaucratic Blockage" in Healthcare Resource Management: A Qualitative Study of Nurse Managers' Operational Decisions.

Alves Tiago T, Martins Maria Manuela MM, Araújo Isabel I

Reliable access to materials, pharmaceutical products, and functional equipment is essential for operational readiness and quality management in healthcare. However, nurse managers often make resource-management decisions within fragmented information systems and governance arrangements that limit timely local action. This study examined how information and governance constraints shape nurse managers' operational decisions in healthcare resource management and developed, inductively, from the qualitative findings, the concept of "bureaucratic blockage" to describe a mechanism that may constrain timely local action. A qualitative descriptive study was conducted with 16 nurse managers (8 from hospital and 8 from primary care/community settings) in Portugal. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted between January and August 2025. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim in Portuguese, pseudonymized, and analyzed using Bardin's inductive content analysis. ATLAS.ti was used for data management. Reporting was guided by the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research. Sixty-two resource-related meaning units were identified and organized into 2 thematic domains: management of material and pharmaceutical resources (reported across both settings) and management of equipment (reported by hospital managers only). Material and pharmaceutical decisions were constrained by limited order traceability, weak stock and lifecycle monitoring, restricted access to consumption and cost data, fragmented platforms, material shortages, and repeated ordering work. Equipment-related decisions, reported only by hospital managers, were shaped by unclear failure-response pathways, the absence of fault-management systems, limited autonomy in acquisition decisions, and administrative overload. In participants' accounts, information opacity, nonintegrated systems, and escalation-dependent processes co-occurred across domains, and restricted decision rights were described in hospital equipment management; their accumulation was synthesized inductively as a mechanism termed "bureaucratic blockage." Resource-management decisions are constrained by system-level factors that limit managerial capacity for timely, locally actionable responses. Quality-management interventions should strengthen resource traceability, system interoperability, and lifecycle monitoring and, in hospital equipment management, fault-management circuits and the alignment between managerial accountability and decision rights. Addressing "bureaucratic blockage" may reduce administrative escalation and support operational readiness; these consequences were inferred from participants' accounts, were not measured, and require empirical testing.

PMID 43012361
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PubMedRSC advances2026-11-11

Harnessing of terpenoids to unlock new solid forms of valsartan.

Baier Daniel M DM, Hendrickx Leeroy L, Gieling Job J, Carvalho Ana C S ACS et al.

Valsartan forms three previously unreported crystalline inclusion compounds with the terpenoids menthone, carvone, and eucalyptol. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction, and thermal analysis confirm the formation of distinct crystalline materials in which sub-stoichiometric amounts of terpenoids are incorporated into a valsartan host framework through reversible non-covalent interactions. These findings identify naturally derived terpenoids as an effective and underexplored class of solid-form modulators for pharmaceutical development.

PMID 43011546
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PubMedAdvances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences2026-11-11

From Mucin to Smart Medicine: Engineering Mucin-Based Biomaterials for Advanced and Responsive Drug Delivery.

Abudayah Alaa A AA

Mucin, a highly glycosylated macromolecular component of mucus, has traditionally been regarded as a biological barrier that restricts drug transport across mucosal surfaces. Growing evidence, however, has repositioned mucin as a functional and engineerable biomaterial with distinctive potential for advanced drug delivery. This review examines the evolution of mucin-based delivery systems from native mucin and bulk matrices to engineered hydrogels, hybrid materials, micro- and nanoparticles, and intrinsically glycosylated nanocarriers such as mucosomes. Particular emphasis is placed on the relationship between mucin molecular architecture and pharmaceutical functionality and on the engineering strategies used to control its material properties, including chemical modification, crosslinking, polymer hybridization, nanoscale assembly, and molecular programming. These approaches have progressively transformed mucin-based systems from passive drug reservoirs into environmentally responsive and increasingly programmable platforms capable of controlled release, molecular recognition, and on-demand therapeutic responses. Emerging applications in mucosal and ocular delivery, antimicrobial and biofilm therapy, biologics, and nucleic acid therapeutics further demonstrate the expanding pharmaceutical potential of mucin. Nevertheless, clinical translation remains constrained by source-dependent heterogeneity, variability in glycosylation and purification, batch-to-batch reproducibility, stability, sterilization, scalable manufacturing, and limited in vivo validation. Future progress will require better-defined mucin materials, standardized characterization and manufacturing, rigorous safety and efficacy assessment, and demonstration of clear therapeutic advantages over established delivery systems. Collectively, advances in mucin engineering, glycoengineering, nanotechnology, and molecular programming may enable the transition of mucin from a biological barrier component to a responsive, programmable, and clinically relevant platform for smart drug delivery.

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