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saxagliptin (Bessin)

✓ Approved

Sino Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd · DPP4 · Small Molecule

What is saxagliptin?

saxagliptin is a small molecule developed by Sino Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesBessin
CompanySino Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetDPP4
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Sino Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

saxagliptin acts on 1 molecular target:

DPP4dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (CD26, DPPIV)
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Therapeutic Indications

saxagliptin is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedFrontiers in immunology2026-07-25

Thyroid autoimmunity is associated with fertilization impairment and follicular fluid exosomal miRNA alterations in euthyroid women undergoing IVF-ET.

Zhong Lanping L, Luo Yuting Y, Zhu Jiani J, Li Xin X et al.

To investigate the impact of thyroid autoimmunity (TAI) on fertilization outcomes in euthyroid infertile women undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET), and to identify key follicular fluid exosomal miRNAs associated with TAI. A total of 4,332 infertile women aged 20-40 years undergoing IVF-ET at the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province between January and October 2024 were retrospectively enrolled. TAI was defined as TPOAb >34 IU/mL and/or TgAb >115 IU/mL. Fertilization rates were compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and the association between TAI and fertilization outcomes was assessed using generalized linear models. For mechanistic analysis, follicular fluid samples from 10 euthyroid TAI-positive and 10 euthyroid TAI-negative women were subjected to exosomal miRNA sequencing. TAI-related miRNAs were identified by integrating WGCNA and differential expression analysis (edgeR), followed by GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. Key miRNAs were screened using LASSO and SVM, and their diagnostic performance was evaluated by ROC analysis. Target genes were predicted using miRWalk and used to construct a miRNA-mRNA regulatory network with subsequent functional enrichment analysis. Among the 4,332 infertile women undergoing IVF-ET, 565 were TAI-positive and 3,767 were TAI-negative. The fertilization rate was significantly lower in the TAI-positive group, and TAI was identified as an independent risk factor for impaired fertilization in euthyroid women. Exosomal miRNA sequencing of follicular fluid identified 70 differentially expressed miRNAs, and 17 candidate miRNAs were obtained by integrating WGCNA results. Further screening using LASSO and SVM identified four key miRNAs: hsa-miR-6799-3p, hsa-miR-6836-3p, hsa-miR-4449, and hsa-miR-3162-5p, all of which demonstrated good diagnostic performance (AUC > 0.7). Functional enrichment analysis of target genes suggested that these miRNAs may be involved in TAI-related reproductive impairment through pathways such as cell-matrix adhesion and mTOR signaling. TAI is independently associated with impaired fertilization outcomes in euthyroid infertile women undergoing IVF-ET and is accompanied by altered expression profiles of follicular fluid exosomal miRNAs. hsa-miR-6799-3p, hsa-miR-6836-3p, hsa-miR-4449, and hsa-miR-3162-5p may serve as potential molecular biomarkers for TAI-related reproductive dysfunction, providing insights into underlying mechanisms and potential diagnostic targets.

PMID 42500672
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PubMedJournal of microbiological methods2026-07-25

Data driven optimization of PGPR biomass yield for development of carrier based bioformulation for ameliorating salt stress in Salvia hispanica (chia) seedlings.

Singh Shefali S, Rai Smita S, Vishvakarma Reena R, Saxena Ayush A et al.

Scale up of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria based bioformulation, remains challenging because of the complex and nonlinear nature of interactions between the components of formulation affecting plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) biomass, resulting in suboptimal performance under stressed conditions. This study reports an integrated optimization approach using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling to systematically design and optimize the PGPR based bioformulation. CHRJH203, a PGPR, has high 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity and its application can help ameliorate salt stress in Salvia hispanica (chia) seedlings. Different combinations of carrier materials and various concentrations of inorganic salts as magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and calcium phosphate (CaPO4) were tested for optimization of its biomass. The results from optimization suggest that 1% MgSO4, 0.125% CaPO4, and 1.25 g Banana peel: Charcoal powder (BP: CH) was best together for the growth of bacteria with coefficient of determination (R2) observed was 0.9131. Further prediction using ANN of dataset, have showed the highest R2 (0.9953) when compared to Response Surface Methodology (RSM) results and minimum root mean square error (RMSE) (0.0242) and mean square error (MSE) (0.000586) suggesting it to be the best model for development of bioformulation. The best combination of the formulation was validated in plant tests also. The bioformulation showed improved germination rate, root shoot length and overall growth of chia seedlings compared to untreated controls under same salt stress condition. This study demonstrates a scalable RSM-ANN based, data driven strategy that connects computational optimization with experimental validation, providing a simple, novel and practical approach for development bioformulation for sustainable agriculture.

PMID 42498044
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PubMedInternational journal of MS care2026-07-25

Perceptions of People With Multiple Sclerosis Who Practice Tai Chi and/or Qigong: A Mixed-Methods Study.

Buttolph Lita L, Villanueva Jamie J, Manglani-Terranova Heena H, Snyder Tanya T et al.

Exercise is important for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Tai chi and qigong (TCQ) are mind-body exercises shown to benefit physical, emotional, and cognitive health in many conditions, but research has been limited in people with MS. To understand potential benefits from regular TCQ practice and factors influencing feasibility, acceptability, and sustainability, we conducted a mixed-methods study through a survey and focus groups with people with MS who regularly practice TCQ. We conducted focus groups with people with MS from across the United States who regularly practice TCQ; the data from these groups were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Participants also completed a brief survey that collected data on demographics, MS health history and symptoms, and TCQ practice (including opinions on content, dosage, and delivery). Thirteen people with MS (85% female, 69% White) participated in the study. Reported TCQ benefits included physical (balance, strength), cognitive (memory), psychological (calming), and social (community building), with a dose-response gain over time. Challenges included learning and remembering movements, physical limitations (strength, endurance, fatigue), and transportation barriers. Adaptations specific to MS included tailoring TCQ content to meet individual needs and symptoms, appropriate pace, online delivery, and safety. Keys to sustainable practice included enjoyment, patience and self-compassion, viewing TCQ as medicine, and scheduling time for practice. Results suggest people with MS who maintain a TCQ practice may experience physical, emotional, cognitive, and social benefits, especially when specific practice details and facilitators are met. Future studies might investigate how these factors influence sustainable practice.

PMID 42499328
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PubMedJournal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA2026-07-25

Artificial intelligence and machine learning in pharmaceutical research and healthcare: Ethical challenges and a framework for responsible implementation.

Hajjo Rima R, Abusara Osama H OH, Sabbah Dima A DA, Zidan Rahaf R et al.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are transforming pharmaceutical research and healthcare by enabling analysis of large-scale biomedical data and supporting data-driven decision-making. However, their rapid integration has introduced significant ethical, governance, and implementation challenges that remain insufficiently synthesized within a unified framework. This work aims to synthesize the central ethical challenges and paradoxes associated with AI and ML in pharmaceutical and healthcare contexts and to develop a structured, actionable governance framework to guide responsible implementation. We conducted a narrative review using structured searches of PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar (January 2015-February 2026). We screened peer-reviewed, English-language publications addressing AI/ML applications or associated ethical considerations and synthesized evidence thematically. A total of 127 studies were synthesized, revealing interconnected ethical challenges, including bias, accountability, privacy, and equity, affecting patient safety and trust. The literature clustered across pharmaceutical research, clinical decision support, and governance, informing a structured, ethics centered framework with three pillars including technical excellence and safety, robust governance and trust, and human-centered values, along with cross-cutting enablers. Successful integration of AI/ML into pharmaceutical research and healthcare requires addressing its inherent ethical paradox. By linking interconnected challenges to a structured, actionable governance framework, this study provides practical guidance for implementing trustworthy, equitable, and human-centered AI, with direct implications for patient safety, clinical practice, and policy.

PMID 42498132
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PubMedJournal of environmental sciences (China)2026-07-25

Does the use of pharmaceuticals for bullfrog farming pose health risks to humans?

Sun Qiongping Q, Zhan Han H, Li Yiyin Y, Liu Junxian J et al.

As global food demand is projected to rise in the future due to population growth, animal husbandry has been increasingly promoted worldwide. Yet, pharmaceuticals are extensively used for animal husbandry to prevent disease outbreaks, possibly posing human health risks via consumption of pharmaceutical-contaminated animals. Using a typical bullfrog farm as the study site, this study assessed the accumulation of pharmaceuticals in bullfrogs at different ages (juveniles vs. adults) from different origins (cultured vs. wild). The health risk of bullfrog consumption was then evaluated with the consideration of different cooking methods (steaming, pan-frying and deep-frying). Different types of pharmaceuticals were detected in the culture ponds, where sulfonamides (SAs) and fluoroquinolones (FQs) were predominant in water and sediment (> 60 % of total pharmaceutical concentration), respectively. Regardless of ages and origins, the intestine and stomach of bullfrogs had higher pharmaceutical concentrations than their muscle, skin and liver. Wild bullfrogs tended to accumulate more pharmaceuticals, particularly FQs, than cultured bullfrogs. Nevertheless, the health risk of bullfrog consumption was low (HR < 1), especially when the bullfrogs were well cooked by steaming that reduced pharmaceutical concentrations. This risk can be further lowered by avoiding the consumption of internal organs. Taken together, this study provides useful guidance for the public to minimize dietary intake of persistent pollutants and suggests that proper use of pharmaceuticals is promising for producing safe animal food products on a large scale, possibly serving as an important solution to the future increase in global food demand.

PMID 42498404
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PubMedJournal of pharmaceutical sciences2026-07-25

Efficacy of ultraviolet irradiation of pharmaceutical excipients in mitigating N-nitrosamine generation.

Minamioka Saki S, Matsuzawa Shun S, Yoshihara Naoki N, Oikawa Michinori M et al.

The generation of N-nitrosamine compounds (NOCs) in drugs presents a critical regulatory challenge owing to their potential mutagenicity and exceptionally strict acceptable intake limits required for patient safety. These impurities arise primarily from the reaction between amine-containing active pharmaceutical ingredients and trace amounts of nitrosating agents (reactive NOx), which contribute to N-nitrosation. Reactive NOx species are frequently found in pharmaceutical excipients. Therefore, efficiently reducing reactive NOx is essential for robust management of the risk posed by NOCs. In this study, we employed ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of excipients as a novel preemptive strategy to reduce reactive NOx levels. Desloratadine was used as a secondary amine model to evaluate the generation of N-nitrosamine in physical mixtures with various excipients. The excipients were exposed to different UV wavelengths (248, 313, and 365 nm), and N-nitrosodesloratadine (NDLRT) generation was quantified after storage under stress conditions. We found that 365 nm UV irradiation was the most effective in reducing reactive NOx under all conditions. In a formulation study, 365 nm UV irradiation successfully reduced NDLRT generation in the tablet by 54-68% compared with the control. Overall, the novel strategy described herein should be useful for reducing NOCs without affecting the quality of drugs.

PMID 42497957
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