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Microspheres

✓ Approved

TTY Biopharm · therapeutic agent

What is Microspheres?

Microspheres is a therapeutic agent developed by TTY Biopharm. It is approved for therapeutic indications via unknown.

Drug Profile

CompanyTTY Biopharm
RouteUnknown
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, TTY Biopharm

Therapeutic Indications

Microspheres is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Surgical and medical proceduresOral appliance application✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedElectrophoresis2026-07-25

A Controllable Galinstan Droplet Gripper Driven by Electrically Induced Interfacial Modulation.

Hu Qingming Q, Pan Deyu D, Guan Yanqi Y, Sun Dandan D et al.

Gallium-based liquid metals exhibit attractive properties for precision manipulation, combining high fluidity, superior electrical conductivity, and electrically tunable interfacial behavior. Their deformable liquid interfaces provide a promising route for adaptive contact with irregular, fragile, or soft objects. Conventional rigid fixtures may induce surface microscratches, structural damage, or residual contamination when manipulating precision components, such as glass microspheres or optical elements, limiting their use in high-precision assembly. To address these limitations, we propose a compact flexible gripper system that uses an electrically driven Galinstan droplet as the primary actuating element. By regulating the interface between the droplet and the electrolyte through coupled electrocapillary and electrochemical processes, the liquid metal undergoes controllable deformation, enabling stable gripping, holding, and release. Under reverse voltage, the interfacial state of the droplet recovers, allowing the droplet to retract and release the object without visible residue. Integrated with a compact motion platform, the system enables automated transport of small objects under controlled experimental conditions. The effects of applied voltage, NaOH concentration, electrolyte volume, electrode size, clamp geometry, and Galinstan droplet volume were systematically investigated to evaluate the gripping and release performance. The gripper achieved stable clamping within 0.2-4 s and exhibited a relatively long stable holding duration at a low voltage of approximately 0.15 V. In addition to precision glass microspheres, the gripper successfully transported representative objects with different material properties and geometries, including ceramic spheres, iron spheres, and small fish specimens with characteristic sizes of approximately 2 mm. Load-bearing tests further identified a maximum stable transportable load of 0.4 g for the gripper with a 2.25 mm aperture. This work provides a feasible strategy for electrically controlled and gentle manipulation of small objects, demonstrating the potential of Galinstan droplet grippers in precision assembly and small-scale automated handling.

PMID 42499250
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PubMedACS physical chemistry Au2026-07-25

Cholinergic Modulation of Proteinoid Microsphere Networks as Prebiotic Depression Models.

Mougkogiannis Panagiotis P, Adamatzky Andrew A

The molecular origins of mood disorders remain obscured by the overwhelming complexity of biological neural networks. Proteinoid microspheres are cell-like structures composed of amino acids, formed through heat-driven polymerization. Spontaneous electrical activity is observed in these microspheres and is modulated by nicotine, a potent cholinergic agonist associated with depression. Electrochemical characterization using impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, combined with long-duration monitoring (over 75 h), demonstrates that nicotine induces a "depressive" state in prebiotic networks, defined here as a suppression of coherent, high-amplitude spiking activity. Crucially, this suppression is not a reduction in total activity: nicotine induces hyperactive but low-fidelity dynamics, in which increased firing frequency is accompanied by degraded signal organization and reduced informational content. This state is not defined by reduced activity, but rather by degraded signal quality. A 52% increase in firing frequency is accompanied by reduced amplitude precision, as deterministic dynamics collapse into stochastic noise. In parallel, phase-space volume expands by 1500-fold, indicating a major breakdown in homeostatic regulation. Equivalent circuit modeling shows that nicotine decreases membrane charge-transfer resistance by up to 90%, while capacitance increases 3-fold and exhibits chaotic fluctuations. These effects are consistent with membrane permeabilization and "shunting inhibition," which suppress threshold depolarization. The transition is marked by a shift from self-organized criticality (fractal dimension D ≈ 5.0) to low-dimensional stochasticity (D ≈ 1.5). Shannon entropy increases by 1.67 bits, quantifying the thermodynamic cost of the depressed state as information leakage. These results indicate that cholinergic modulation of excitability is not solely a biological phenomenon dependent on evolved receptors, but rather a fundamental physicochemical interaction that may have influenced the emergence of nervous systems. It is proposed that depression reflects a breakdown in thermodynamic self-organization, in which an information-processing system shifts from ordered dynamics to chaotic disorder. These results point toward a physicochemical precursor to this principle, potentially extending its origins back to the prebiotic eralong before the evolutionary emergence of the first synapse.

PMID 42500222
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PubMedCarbohydrate research2026-07-25

Enzymatic degradation of Hyaluronic acid/Poly-l-Lysine capsules for burst drug release.

Martins Luis A LA, Suesca Edward E, García-Briega María Inmaculada MI, Tatay Palmira P et al.

The aim of this study is to investigate the process by which multilayer polyelectrolyte microcapsules rupture under the action of enzymes to which the polyanion or polycation is sensitive. The capsules were prepared using a template of alginate microspheres cross-linked with calcium ions, which liquefy after the capsule has formed. The capsules are obtained via a layer-by-layer, LbL process using poly-l-lysine (PLL) as the polycation and hyaluronic acid (HA) as the polyanion. The rupture process of the capsules has been studied in media containing pronase, to which PLL is sensitive, hyaluronidase, to which HA is sensitive, or a mixture of both. The kinetics of capsule rupture are monitored by observation and counting the remaining microcapsules under a stereomicroscope or by quantifying the release of alginate into the medium. At the same time, the change in size of the microcapsules that remain intact is measured through optical microscopy, noting that the elasticity of the membrane produced by LbL allows them to swell to double their diameter before rupturing.

PMID 42497603
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PubMedMicrosystems & nanoengineering2026-07-25

Label-free microcargo delivery and controllable release in complex fluidic environments based on autonomous magnetic microswarm.

Wu Zhixin Z, Zheng Liushuai L, Fan Lei L, Wei Tanyong T et al.

Magnetic microswarms exhibit great potential for targeted delivery because of their excellent controllability and environmental adaptability. Enabling label-free cargo delivery and controllable release while endowing microswarms with resistance to environmental disturbances is key to expanding their application scope. In this study, we present a label-free microcargo delivery strategy based on a magnetic microswarm actuated by a magnetic tweezers system. In this approach, high-frequency magnetic fields enable autonomous cargo capture, while low-frequency fields trigger controlled release, forming a simple yet effective frequency-switching mechanism. Owing to the high-intensity magnetic field produced by the magnetic tweezers system, the microswarm exhibits significantly improved anti-interference capability, ensuring stable transport even under dynamic flow conditions. Leveraging visual feedback, the microswarm autonomously captures and stably transports various microscale cargos, including polystyrene microspheres and cell spheroids up to 400 µm in diameter. In complex structures and flowing fluid environments, microswarms that carry cargo successfully resist fluid impacts and achieve autonomous navigation. Furthermore, the controllable release of nonmagnetic cargos is realized through a frequency-switching mechanism. When a microswarm carries multiple cargos, small cargos are usually discharged first, indicating the potential of this release mechanism to sequentially release multiple cargos. This strategy circumvents the risks associated with permanent magnetic labeling and enhances the microswarm's anti-interference capability, providing essential technical support for the practical translation and clinical application of magnetic microrobots.

PMID 42498715
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PubMedACS omega2026-07-24

Study on the Green Extraction Process of Lignin and the Effect of its Synthesized Hydrogel Microspheres on Seed Germination.

Zhao Chenxi C, Dong Xuzhen X, Chen Yubo Y, Shi Ming Yun MY et al.

Hydrogel is a kind of polymer material with water absorption performance, which can absorb and fix a large amount of water. Such materials are usually composed of cross-linked polymers whose cross-linked structure can form a three-dimensional network that allows water molecules to be absorbed and stored. After a variety of preparation processes, lignin hydrogel microspheres have played an important role in improving soil quality, promoting plant growth and improving environmental quality, and have broad market prospects. The hydrogel prepared by sodium alginate and lignin has excellent performance, mild reaction conditions, and can effectively avoid the deactivation of active substances. In this study, sodium alginate extracted from kelp and lignin extracted from wheat straw were innovatively used to prepare hydrogels. The results of thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) confirmed the successful extraction of sodium alginate and lignin. Lignin@SA-PVA (SPL)-microspheres were prepared by dropping method, and the expansion rate was 302.58 g/g. In this study, lignin hydrogel microspheres were applied to wheat seed germination experiments to verify its promoting effect on wheat seed germination and growth, which provided new ideas for the development of new hydrogel microsphere materials and laid a theoretical foundation for the popularization and application of such materials in the field of agriculture.

PMID 42495328
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PubMedExploration (Beijing, China)2026-07-24

Matching TGF-β1 Activation With Stress-Responsive Charge-Reversal Hydrogel Microspheres for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis.

Lin Feng F, Xu Yiwen Y, Xiang Lei L, Zhu Yueliang Y et al.

The abnormal activation of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is closely associated with the occurrence and progression of diseases. However, how to make the regulatory means match the pathological mechanical microenvironment-dependent activation of TGF-β1 to promote lesion repair still faces challenges. In this study, based on force-charge conversion technology, we developed the stress-responsive charge-reversal hydrogel microsphere system. Weakly cross-linked disulfide bonds in the microfluidic-synthesized microspheres break under mechanical stress, interacting with charge-reversal messenger to induce nanoparticle charge reversal (negative to positive). This mode is in line with the activation mechanism of TGF-β1 in the mechanical microenvironment, which can match the appropriate regulatory intensity and thus achieve high efficiency and low toxicity in OA treatment. Experimental results show that this hydrogel microsphere system has a 41.96% improvement in the repair effect of OA cartilage lesions compared to traditional microspheres, and more importantly, the impact on healthy cartilage is reduced by 96.89%. This study provides a new idea for the development of biomaterial regulatory systems that match the pathological microenvironment.

PMID 42494579
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