Drug Database
EQ

equine antithymocyte globulin (Thymogam)

✓ Approved

Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited · Polyclonal Antibodies · Polyclonal Antibodies

What is equine antithymocyte globulin?

equine antithymocyte globulin is a polyclonal antibodies developed by Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intravenous (iv).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesThymogam
CompanyBharat Serums and Vaccines Limited
Drug ClassPolyclonal Antibodies, Antibody
RouteInjectable (Others), Intravenous (IV)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited

Therapeutic Indications

equine antithymocyte globulin is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Blood and lymphatic system disordersAplastic anaemia✓ Approved
Immune system disordersSolid organ transplant rejection✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedBone marrow transplantation2026-09-18

GVHD prophylaxis and incidence in contemporary alloHSCT: a large real-world GETH/TC analysis.

Martínez Carmen C, Bento Leyre L, Salas María Queralt MQ, Montoro Juan J et al.

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a major limitation of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) outcomes. The increasing use of post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy) and antithymocyte globulin (ATG) has expanded beyond haploidentical transplantation to matched related (MRD) and unrelated donor (MUD) settings, although real-world GVHD incidence in this context is not well characterized. We performed a nationwide retrospective study including 1544 alloHSCTs conducted in Spain between 2018 and 2020. PTCy-based prophylaxis was used in 65.6% of transplants, being almost universal in haploidentical procedures (96.9%) and predominant in mismatched donors (72.4%), with notable use in MRD (43.5%) and MUD (56.8%). The cumulative incidence of grade II-IV acute GVHD at day +100 and 1 year was 28.4% and 30.7%, respectively, while grade III-IV occurred in 6.9% and 8.0%. Despite the prevalent use of peripheral blood stem cells, chronic GVHD at 2 years was 36.7%, with 23.5% moderate-to-severe. Acute GVHD was strongly associated with inferior survival (HR 2.40; P < 0.001), particularly grade III-IV disease (HR 4.34; P < 0.001). This large nationwide real-world study highlights the shift in GVHD prophylaxis in modern alloHSCT and underscores the need to define new studies based on this evolving landscape.

PMID 42754641
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PubMedEquine veterinary journal2026-09-18

Factors influencing veterinary student interest in equine practice in the United States: A focus group study.

Hothem Macie M, Lestitian Caroline C, Burnette Audrey A, Tan Jean-Yin JY et al.

The number of new veterinary graduates entering equine practice in the United States continues to decline, and more than half leave the field within 5 years. Understanding the perspectives of veterinary students is critical for developing interventions that promote retention and long-term career satisfaction in equine medicine. To explore what factors influence veterinary student interest in and commitment to equine practice using the Conservation of Resources (COR) Theory as a guiding framework. Qualitative descriptive study using semi-structured student focus groups. Eighteen veterinary students who have considered or are actively pursuing equine medicine were recruited via snowball and convenience sampling to participate in virtual focus groups. Discussions were transcribed and analysed using Delve, where they were then coded in the context of the COR (condition, object, energy, and personal resources) Theory. A card sorting activity was used to rank the four resource domains in the COR Theory. Students emphasised the importance of structured mentorship, supportive work environments, and work-life balance. Barriers included concerns about gender bias, compensation, student debt, and unrealistic client expectations. Personal passion for equine medicine and positive early experiences with horses were key motivators for pursuing the field. The study sample may not represent the diversity of veterinary student experiences across regions or schools. Veterinary students in the United States who are interested in equine practice face challenges related to work-life balance, mentorship, financial viability, and inclusivity. Despite these barriers, many students remain motivated by a desire to contribute something meaningful to the field and by positive early experiences with horses. Creating structured mentorship, increasing inclusivity in equine medicine, and addressing workload and compensation concerns may improve student retention and career satisfaction in equine practice.

PMID 42757559
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PubMedSe pu = Chinese journal of chromatography2026-09-18

[Determination of two pancreatic stimulants in equine urine using ionic liquid-based deep eutectic solvent-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].

Chen Qian Q, Ma Zhi-Chao ZC, Li Yao-Nan YN

Acetohexamide （AH） and chlorpropamide （CP） can stimulate pancreatic secretion of insulin and regulate water-salt balance， which may indirectly lead to an increase in adrenaline and potentially enhance the athletic performance of horses. For the protection of horse welfare and the consideration of fair competition， AH and CP were listed as pancreatic stimulants by the Federation Equestre Internationale （FEI）. A method for the detection of pancreatic stimulants in equestrian sports needs to be established. Before analyzing these drugs from biological samples such as urine， it is necessary to perform pre-treatment to separate and concentrate the target analytes. However， there are several disadvantages to using traditional pre-treatment methods， including toxicity and inefficiency. A rapid and environmentally friendly pre-treatment method utilizing ionic liquid-based deep eutectic solvent vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction （IL-DES-VALLME） was developed. Coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （UHPLC-MS/MS）， the approach enabled efficient extraction and sensitive quantification of AH and CP from equine urine. N-Butyl-N-methylmorpholinium bis（（trifluoromethyl）sulfonyl）imide （EMMPNTF2） was chosen as the hydrogen bond acceptor （HBA）， combined with pentafluorophenol （PFP） acting as the hydrogen bond donor （HBD）. A molar ratio of 1∶4 （HBA/HBD） was identified as the optimum composition of IL-DES. Differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） was utilized to measure the melting point of the synthesized IL-DES. Fourier-transform infrared （FT-IR） spectra and proton nuclear magnetic resonance （1H NMR） spectra were employed to characterize the structure of the IL-DES and investigate the hydrogen bonding interactions between its components. Under the optimum conditions， only 100 μL of IL-DES， 1 mL of equine urine， and 6 min were required. An external standard calibration method was utilized for quantification， and a linear relationship was achieved with a mass concentration range of 0.2-20 000 ng/mL for AH and 0.5-20 000 ng/mL for CP. The coefficients of determination （r2） were all greater than 0.999. The limits of detection （LOD） of the method based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 were 0.1 ng/mL for AH and 0.2 ng/mL for CP. The limits of quantification （LOQ） of the method based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 were 0.2 ng/mL for AH and 0.5 ng/mL for CP. The absolute values of matrix effects were all less than 20% （-8.9% for AH， -11.2% for CP）. Method accuracy， assessed through recovery studies at multiple concentrations across the linear range， yielded values between 90.2% and 110.4%. Precision， expressed as relative standard deviation （RSD）， was excellent， with intra-day RSDs≤6.6% and inter-day RSDs≤5.8%. The RSDs for robustness were less than 5.7%， and the average carry-over ratios were in the range of 11.4%-17.3%， indicating good method robustness and acceptable carry-over levels for the quantitation of AH and CP in equine urine. The greenness was assessed by the AGREEprep metric （score： 0.63）. Compared with traditional extraction methods， the IL-DES-VALLME method has the advantages of rapidity， simplicity， efficiency， low toxicity， and low cost. Additionally， the application of the proposed approach to real equine urine samples proved its practicability. These advantages make the method very appealing for doping control in equestrian sports.

PMID 42754940
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PubMedJournal of the American Heart Association2026-09-18

Do Androgens and Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin Mediate Sex Differences in the Risk of Stroke and Myocardial Infarction? The KORA Study.

Raeisi-Dehkordi Hamidreza H, Amiri Mojgan M, Thorand Barbara B, Peters Annette A et al.

Sex differences in cardiovascular disease are well established, but the role of androgens and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) remains unclear. We investigated whether these hormones and SHBG mediate sex differences in the risk of stroke and myocardial infarction (MI). Observational data from the German population-based KORA (Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg) F4 study (n=1970; mean age, 54 years; 58% men) were used as baseline examination. Incident stroke and incident MI cases were identified through regular follow-ups until the end of 2016. Multivariable linear and Cox regression models were used to explore associations. Mediation analyses were performed to assess direct effects, indirect effects, and the mediating role of androgens (total testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate) and SHBG in the association between sex (women versus men) and risk of stroke/MI. During a median follow-up of 8.6 years, 71 stroke and 63 MI events occurred. An inconsistent mediatory role was observed for total testosterone and dihydrotestosterone on the association between sex and risk of stroke. The direct effects were 0.42 (95% CI, 0.18-0.86) and 0.40 (95% CI, 0.17-0.82) and indirect effects were 2.48 (95% CI, 1.27-6.17) and 2.90 (95% CI, 1.67-6.35) for total testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, respectively. No mediating role was observed for other androgens or SHBG in relation to stroke, and neither androgens nor SHBG mediated the risk of MI. Our findings suggest that both total testosterone and dihydrotestosterone may have dimorphic mediating role with stroke risk, and that these associations may vary between men and women.

PMID 42757908
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PubMedArchives animal breeding2026-09-18

Metabolic, adipokine (irisin, spexin, visfatin), and ER stress (GRP78) responses in multiparous Brown Swiss cows: a multivariate approach across physiological stages and body condition scores.

Kotan Gökşad Cemil GC, Aydemir Şeyma Ş, Bayraktar Bülent B

This study investigated the responses of novel adipokines (irisin, spexin, visfatin), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress marker (GRP78), and traditional metabolic parameters (non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), urea, albumin, globulin, total cholesterol) in 360 healthy Brown Swiss dairy cattle. The animals were categorized into 18 subgroups based on pregnancy stages (early, mid, dry), lactation stages (early, mid, late), and body condition scores (BCSs). Serum analyses were performed using ELISA and spectrophotometric methods. Interactions between physiological stages and BCS were highly significant for all measured parameters ( p < 0.001 ). Results showed that mean serum levels of spexin (ranging from 14.02 to 36.04 pg mL-1) and irisin increased as pregnancy and lactation progressed. Visfatin levels exhibited a significant increase specifically during the gestation period, peaking during the dry period (24.09 ng mL-1), and maintained a significant increasing trend as lactation progressed toward the late stage (Tables 2, 4). Conversely, GRP78 (peaking at 0.46 ng mL-1), NEFA (peaking at 0.52 mmol L-1), and urea levels peaked during the dry period and early lactation, subsequently decreasing as metabolic stability was achieved. Notably, during the dry period, stress markers rose despite declining albumin and globulin levels ( p < 0.05 ). These data indicate that the dry period and early lactation are the most critical phases for metabolic and cellular stress, characterized by lower spexin and elevated GRP78 and NEFA concentrations. The later rise in irisin and visfatin, while BHBA remained within physiological limits, confirms successful metabolic adaptation ( p < 0.001 ). In conclusion, the integrated evaluation of these novel biomarkers is anticipated to provide significant contributions to protective strategies and metabolic management in dairy cattle.

PMID 42756917
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PubMedEquine veterinary journal2026-09-18

Warmed intravenous fluid administration attenuated a reduction in body temperature in anaesthetised horses.

Starr Miranda P MP, Frampton Alycia A, Mika Allison A, Hopster Klaus K et al.

Peri-anaesthetic hypothermia is a well-documented complication of general anaesthesia and is associated with prolonged recovery, impaired wound healing, and delayed coagulation. Fluid warmers can be used to mitigate heat loss, but there is little evidence supporting their effectiveness in equine anaesthesia. To determine whether administration of warmed intravenous fluids attenuates heat loss during general anaesthesia in horses. Prospective, randomised, crossover in vivo experiment. Six healthy adult horses were anaesthetised twice and administered intravenous fluids with the HOTLINE® Blood and Fluid Warmer either activated or inactivated. Body temperature was recorded at four anatomic sites (rectum, nasopharynx, pulmonary artery, and urinary bladder), and fluid temperature was measured in the fluid bag, proximal to the warmer, and distal to the warmer. Linear mixed-effects models evaluated the effects of warmer status, time, measurement site, and ambient temperature, including relevant interactions, with random intercepts for horse. Overall body temperature differed statistically but not clinically meaningfully between warmer conditions; however, warmed fluid administration significantly reduced the rate of temperature decline (time × warmer interaction, β = 0.0038°C/min, SE = 0.001, p < 0.0001). Fluid temperature distal to the warmer increased substantially with warmer activation (warmer × distal interaction, β = 6.86°C, SE = 0.17, p < 0.0001). Ambient temperature strongly influenced body temperature (χ2 = 437.83, p < 0.001) and fluid temperature (χ2 = 634.2, p < 0.0001). Small sample size; environmental variability; no surgical procedure. Although warmed intravenous fluids did not increase body temperature, they attenuated intra-anaesthetic heat loss. The HOTLINE® Blood and Fluid Warmer increased delivered fluid temperature and provided a modest but measurable protective effect against hypothermia. These findings are the first to demonstrate that warmed fluid administration can slow heat loss in horses under general anaesthesia.

PMID 42757548
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