Drug Database
EQ

equine antithymocyte globulin (Thymogam)

✓ Approved

Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited · Polyclonal Antibodies · Polyclonal Antibodies

What is equine antithymocyte globulin?

equine antithymocyte globulin is a polyclonal antibodies developed by Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intravenous (iv).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesThymogam
CompanyBharat Serums and Vaccines Limited
Drug ClassPolyclonal Antibodies, Antibody
RouteInjectable (Others), Intravenous (IV)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Bharat Serums and Vaccines Limited

Therapeutic Indications

equine antithymocyte globulin is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Blood and lymphatic system disordersAplastic anaemia✓ Approved
Immune system disordersSolid organ transplant rejection✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedPediatric investigation2026-07-25

Long-term outcomes of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with antithymocyte globulin-based myeloablative conditioning in pediatric refractory or relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Jia Chenguang C, Zheng Jie J, Yuan Meng M, He Hongbo H et al.

The prognosis of pediatric refractory/relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma (R/R NHL) remains poor, with limited evidence guiding optimal treatment. Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) is a promising strategy for this high-risk population. However, the optimal conditioning regimen and long-term outcomes of haplo-HSCT have not been fully elucidated. To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of antithymocyte globulin (ATG)-based myeloablative haplo-HSCT in pediatric patients with R/R NHL. Pediatric patients with R/R NHL who underwent ATG-based myeloablative haplo-HSCT at Beijing Children's Hospital between March 2015 and December 2021 were retrospectively enrolled. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. A total of 29 pediatric R/R NHL patients were enrolled, including 21 with lymphoblastic lymphoma and 8 with mature T-cell and natural killer-cell lymphoma. The 5-year OS, PFS, cumulative incidence of relapse, and non-relapse mortality were 79.3%, 72.4%, 10.0%, and 17.0%, respectively. At a median follow-up of 5.5 years, the cumulative incidences of Grade III-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and chronic GVHD were 13.8% (4/29) and 44.8% (13/29; predominantly mild), respectively. Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) developed in 12 patients and was associated with significantly inferior prognosis (P = 0.001). ATG-based myeloablative haplo-HSCT is a safe and effective treatment for pediatric R/R NHL, offering a viable alternative for patients lacking matched donors or requiring urgent intervention. Early detection and timely treatment of TMA may reduce mortality and improve survival outcomes.

PMID 42499777
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PubMedClinical and translational science2026-07-25

Population Pharmacokinetics of Rituximab in Treatment-Naïve Chinese Patients With Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma During Induction Therapy: Clinical Implications.

Zhou Wan-Yi WY, Ling Jing J, Guan Meng-Meng MM, Qu Ying Y et al.

This study aimed to establish and validate a population pharmacokinetic model for rituximab during induction therapy in treatment-naive patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, identify covariates affecting key pharmacokinetic parameters, and predict exposure. This retrospective study included newly diagnosed patients receiving rituximab-containing induction regimens. Blood samples were collected before the next dose and after completion of the current dose across different chemotherapy cycles during the induction therapy; plasma concentrations were measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay. A nonlinear mixed-effects model was developed and externally validated. Individual parameters were obtained using empirical Bayesian methods, and first-cycle trough concentrations were predicted. For model building, 45 patients and 115 samples were included; external validation used 12 patients and 28 samples. Rituximab pharmacokinetics were described by a two-compartment model. Representative estimates were: clearance 0.0181 L/h, central volume 8.12 L, intercompartmental clearance 0.0213 L/h, peripheral volume 29.2 L. Albumin-globulin ratio was the final covariate and significantly affected clearance. Validation indicated good stability and predictive performance. Predicted first-cycle trough concentrations were below the reference efficacy threshold, and lower troughs were associated with smaller albumin-globulin ratios. This model quantified the effect of albumin-globulin ratio on clearance and suggests a risk of insufficient rituximab exposure during induction therapy, supporting future individualized dosing and therapeutic drug monitoring.

PMID 42499290
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PubMedOpen forum infectious diseases2026-07-25

Efficacy of Immunoglobulin Therapy for Secondary Prevention of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Gutowska Klaudia K, Kucińska-Chahwan Anna A, Bednarek Marta M, Jelitto Anna A et al.

Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) is the leading infectious cause of long-term neuro-sensory impairment. Aim of meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of antenatal immunoglobulin therapy-particularly cytomegalovirus-specific hyperimmune globulin (HIG)-in preventing vertical transmission and congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV) in pregnancies complicated by primary maternal CMV infection. A search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis Online, Wiley Online Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar identified randomized controlled trials, prospective or retrospective cohort studies including pregnant women with serologically confirmed primary CMV infection. Eligible interventions included antenatal CMV-specific or nonspecific immunoglobulins (vs placebo, usual care, historical controls, or no treatment), although all included studies evaluated CMV-specific HIG. Controlled studies showed no significant reduction in transmission (RR 0.73, 95% CI .54-1.00; P = .051) with moderate heterogeneity. The pooled transmission rate after HIG was 27.2%, with substantial heterogeneity. Current evidence does not support routine antenatal immunoglobulin to prevent cCMV.

PMID 42500122
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PubMedWorld journal of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery2026-07-25

Sex Hormones and the Risk of Nasal Polyps: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.

Zhu Ying Y, Zhou Jia-Yao JY, Zhang Shi-Yao SY, Tang Ru R et al.

The pathophysiological roles of sex hormones in airway inflammation have drawn much attention recently. We aimed to explore the causal effect of sex hormones on chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and nasal polyps (NP) via a Mendelian randomization (MR) study. Genetic traits for serum bioavailable testosterone (BioT), total testosterone (ToT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and estradiol were extracted from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) containing 425,097 European individuals from the UK Biobank, while outcome data were obtained from the FinnGen data set. Two-sample MR analysis was performed to assess the association of sex hormones and NP or CRS with the inverse variance weighted method as the main analysis, together with sensitivity analyses. Genetically predicted BioT levels showed a possible inverse association with both NP (OR = 0.669, p = 0.009) and CRS (OR = 0.792, p = 0.014) in the overall population, though these associations were marginally above the traditional significance threshold after multiple testing correction (FDR = 0.054). Sex-stratified analyses revealed potentially stronger protective associations in females, with higher BioT associated with lower odds of NP. No significant causal effects of estradiol or SHBG on NP or CRS were identified in the available GWAS data. Our MR analyses suggest a possible inverse relationship between genetically predicted serum BioT levels and the risk of both CRS and NP, with potentially stronger effects in females. Further observational and experimental studies are necessary to validate these genetic associations and explore the potential immunomodulatory mechanisms by which testosterone may influence sinonasal inflammation.

PMID 42500089
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PubMedReproductive toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.)2026-07-25

Association of exposure to household pesticides with concentration of serum sex steroid hormones in general U.S. population: A cross-sectional study.

Zheng Yun Y, Wang Shizhi S, Liu Haohan H, Lu Yiran Y et al.

Studies have indicated that exposure to household pesticides is prevalent among the population. Nevertheless, the relationship and contributing factors linking urinary metabolites of household pesticides to circulating levels of sex steroid hormones in human serum remain insufficiently explored. To examine the correlation between household pesticides metabolites and serum sex steroid hormones levels. This study utilized data from 3,884 participants obtained through the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2013 and 2016. NHANES measured urinary metabolites of household pesticides and serum levels of sex steroid hormones. The study utilized weighted multiple linear regression modeling combined with restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis to investigate relationships and dose-response patterns between residential pesticide metabolites and serum sex steroid hormones across both genders. Additionally, the research examined potential modifying effects of obesity status on pesticide metabolite-sex hormone associations through interaction analysis. Following adjustment for potential confounders, concentrations of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY), para-nitrophenol (PNP), and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) demonstrated negative correlations with total serum testosterone (TT), estradiol concentrations(E2), and free androgen index (FAI) across all three statistical models (Ps < 0.05), while positive relationships emerged with sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). We found the similar results among male participants. However, the negative correlation was not found between TCPY, PNP, 3-PBA and SHBG among female participants RCS modeling revealed complex nonlinear interactions between DCBA and serum sex steroid hormone levels. Analysis stratified by body mass index showed that TCPY, PNP and 3-PBA exhibited similar negative correlations with TT, E2 and FAI in the non-obese participants. The study reveals that the metabolites from household pesticides exhibited negative correlations with serum sex steroid hormone levels across both genders. Associations were more consistent for non-obese populations.

PMID 42497948
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PubMedThe Journal of nutrition2026-07-25

Biological mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular effects of branched-chain amino acids: A proteome-wide Mendelian Randomization Study.

Zhang Junmeng J, van Dam Rob M RM, Zhao Jie V JV

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are associated with higher IHD risk, but the underlying biological pathways remain unclear. This study aims to explore these pathways using two-step proteome-wide Mendelian randomization. We examined the associations between genetic proxies for BCAAs and 2,922 proteins in the UK Biobank Pharma Proteomics Project (UKB-PPP), supplemented by a meta-analysis with data from deCODE to identify proteins associated with BCAAs. Then we tested their effects on IHD risk using CARDIoGRAMplusC4D (122,733 cases, 424,528 controls) and replicated in FinnGen (31,640 cases, 187,152 controls). We conducted sensitivity analyses using genetic instruments from deCODE. Proteins associated with IHD risk and, in a consistent direction, with genetically predicted BCAAs were considered potential mediators. Genetic proxies for BCAAs were associated with 40 proteins. Among these, six proteins showed consistent evidence of mediation, including complement component 1s (C1S), coagulation factor II (F2), granulin (GRN), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and V-set and transmembrane domain-containing Protein 2 Like (VSTM2L). These proteins are involved in inflammation, coagulation, lipid metabolism and cellular stress response. All associations were robust across different analytical methods and replicated in independent datasets. Mediation analysis showed that these proteins accounted for 6.5% to 32.1% of the association between BCAAs and IHD risk. This study identified six proteins that potentially link BCAAs to IHD, implicating pathways related to inflammation, coagulation, lipid metabolism, and cellular stress responses. These findings provide novel mechanistic insights into the BCAA-IHD relationship and highlight potential protein targets for future prevention and intervention strategies.

PMID 42498029
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