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ciprofloxacin (Aceoto / Cetraxal / Cetraxal Otico)

✓ Approved

Laboratorios SALVAT · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is ciprofloxacin?

ciprofloxacin is a small molecule developed by Laboratorios SALVAT. It is approved for therapeutic indications via others.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesAceoto, Cetraxal, Cetraxal Otico
CompanyLaboratorios SALVAT
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOthers
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Laboratorios SALVAT

Therapeutic Indications

ciprofloxacin is developed for 2 unique indications across 2 therapeutic areas.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Infections and infestationsOtitis externa✓ Approved
Ear and labyrinth disordersExternal ear inflammation✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedAMB Express2026-11-11

Antimicrobial effects of nifuratel against Staphylococcus epidermidis by targeting proton motive force.

She Pengfei P, Lin Kening K, Shu Dan D, Liu Yongjun Y et al.

The increasing antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus epidermidis, a leading opportunistic pathogen causing device‑related and nosocomial infections, underscores an urgent need for novel anti‑staphylococcal agents. Nifuratel, a nitrofuran derivative currently used for urogenital tract infections, represents a promising candidate for drug repurposing. In this study, nifuratel showed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.5 to 2 μg/mL against S. epidermidis, and at 1 μg/mL in Mueller‑Hinton broth reduced the growth turbidity of RP62A and ATCC 12228. At 2×MIC, nifuratel reduced viable counts of S. epidermidis to the detection limit within 12 h. No significant resistance was observed after 15 serial passages at subinhibitory concentrations, and the single‑step induction assay also indicated extremely low resistance potential by nifuratel. Nifuratel exhibited a post‑antibiotic effect similar to ciprofloxacin and showed synergistic or partially synergistic effects with oxacillin or gentamicin. Moreover, nifuratel significantly reduced the fluorescence of the proton motive force ‑related probes DiSC3(5) and BCECF‑AM. In vivo, nifuratel significantly reduced bacterial load and inflammatory exudate in abscesses and wounds. Pathological staining further confirmed reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and accelerated wound healing. Collectively, nifuratel exerts potent bactericidal activity against S. epidermidis by disrupting the transmembrane potential and transmembrane proton gradient of the proton motive force.

PMID 43009731
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PubMedAnalytical chemistry2026-11-11

Thin-Film Agarose Xerogel Membranes Enable Integrated Electromembrane Extraction and Electrocoagulation.

Wardani Niluh Indria NI, Alahmad Waleed W, Varanusupakul Puttaruksa P, Varanusupakul Pakorn P

Gel electromembrane extraction (G-EME) using agarose gel membranes is a green and effective approach for the selective transport of ionic analytes. However, its application is often limited by electroendosmotic flow (EEO) and the poor mechanical stability of agarose hydrogel membranes, particularly when combined with an organic solvent-based protein removal method for protein-rich samples. In this work, an electric-field-induced integration of selective ionic transport and protein electrocoagulation is introduced using a thin-film xerogel that combines electromembrane extraction and protein electrocoagulation into a single analytical step. Conversion of the hydrogel into a xerogel produces a mechanically robust, low-water-content membrane with reduced thickness, which suppresses EEO while still allowing efficient electromigration of charged analytes. The improved stability of the xerogel membrane permits operation at elevated electric fields sufficient to induce in situ protein electrocoagulation, thereby disrupting protein-drug binding and providing simultaneous matrix cleanup during extraction. The developed method offers a broad linear range (1-100 ng mL-1), acceptable precision (<11% (intra-day) and <12% (inter-day)), low limits of detection (0.3 ng mL-1), low limit of quantification (1 ng mL-1), extraction efficiency up to 88%, and enrichment factor up to 44. Norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin were extracted directly from milk samples and quantified by HPLC-UV with an accuracy of 78-110%. These results demonstrate that a thin-film agarose xerogel membrane provides a simple and effective platform for suppressing EEO and integrating extraction with electrocoagulation, enabling robust EME of antibiotics from protein-rich food matrices.

PMID 43010394
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PubMedOpen forum infectious diseases2026-11-11

Prevalence, Determinants and Outcomes of Intravenous-to-Oral Switch of Antibiotic Therapy in Hospitalized Adults With Bloodstream Infection: Secondary Analysis of a Multicenter Cohort.

Nikolai Lea A LA, Gladstone Beryl P BP, Walker Sarah V SV, Vehreschild Jörg J JJ et al.

Intravenous-to-oral switch (IVOS) is considered safe in selected patients with bloodstream infection (BSI) and provides operational advantages. Still, it is underused in many clinical settings. We evaluated IVOS patterns, associated factors, and clinical outcomes in patients with BSI. Secondary data were analyzed from 2 prospective, multicenter cohort studies recruiting patients with BSI. IVOS was assessed on day 3 and 7 after positive blood culture. Eligibility for IVOS was based on infectious focus, clinical safe-switch criteria, and antimicrobial susceptibility. Risk factors for non-IVOS were studied using multivariable logistic regression. Among 3824 patients, 2770 were included in the secondary analysis, and 742 (19.4%) were eligible and evaluable for IVOS. By day 7, 240 patients (32.3%) underwent IVOS. Switch occurred on the day of discharge in 107 patients (44.6%), and 1 day before discharge in 46 (19.2%). The most commonly used oral agents were ciprofloxacin (75 patients [31.3%]), sultamicillin (56 [23.3%]), and cefuroxime axetil (27 [11.3%]). Barriers to IVOS on multivariable analysis included diabetes (odds ratio, 0.57 [95% confidence interval, .38-.88]; P = .01), chronic kidney disease (0.64 [.41-.99]; P = .048), Pitt bacteremia score ≥2 on day 3 (0.43 [.19-.97]; P = .04), and septic shock before day 7 (0.31 [.11-.87]; P = .03), while urogenital focus (2.22 [1.50-3.28]; P < .001) and 2 study centers were positively associated with IVOS. IVOS was associated with shorter length of stay (7 vs 12 days; P < .001) and a lower 28-day mortality rate. In clinically stable patients with BSI, IVOS was infrequently implemented. Barriers to IVOS should be addressed as part of antimicrobial stewardship programs.

PMID 43011710
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PubMedJournal of clinical microbiology2026-11-11

Evaluating facility-level variability in urinary antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in long-term care homes in Ontario, Canada.

Wong Michelle K MK, Daneman Nick N, Langford Bradley J BJ, Leung Valerie V et al.

Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in long-term care homes is limited by its reliance on organism-specific summaries, most commonly Escherichia coli, which may not reflect the broader microbiological landscape in these settings. We evaluated how E. coli-based urinary susceptibility compared with weighted-incidence syndromic combination antibiograms (WISCA), a composite measure incorporating multiple pathogens, across 627 Ontario long-term care homes in 2023. Facility-level antimicrobial susceptibilities to eight antibiotics were estimated using 23,750 urinary isolates, with missing data addressed through imputation, and estimates stabilized using random-intercept logistic regression models. E. coli accounted for a mean of 50.6% (standard deviation = 1.9) of urinary isolates, with the remaining 49.5% mainly comprising Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.6% [0.8]), Proteus mirabilis (11.9% [1.2]), Enterococcus faecalis (6.6% [2.1]), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.1% [0.1]). Organism-specific susceptibility varied substantially across antibiotics, particularly for ciprofloxacin susceptibility in P. mirabilis (78.7% [13.1]) and E. faecalis (48.9% [11.5]), and nitrofurantoin susceptibility in K. pneumoniae (48.5% [9.0]). Compared with E. coli-based estimates, WISCA susceptibilities were lower for seven of eight antibiotics, most notably for nitrofurantoin (WISCA: 70.6% vs E. coli: 96.8%). These findings suggest that reliance on E. coli alone may not fully capture facility-level urinary susceptibility patterns, as variation in pathogen distribution and organism-specific antibiotic susceptibilities across homes can produce substantially different susceptibility estimates. WISCA provides a more representative and stable measure by incorporating pathogen diversity and weighting organism prevalence. Integrating this into antimicrobial resistance surveillance for long-term care homes may improve the detection of emerging resistance trends and better inform antimicrobial stewardship strategies by identifying variable organism-antibiotic combinations.IMPORTANCEAntimicrobial resistance is a growing concern in long-term care homes, where infections are common, and antibiotics are frequently used. Surveillance in these settings often relies on Escherichia coli to estimate how well antibiotics will work, but this approach may not capture the range of urinary pathogens encountered in these settings, differences in resistance between organisms, or how these differences can vary across long-term care homes. In this study, E. coli represented only about half of the urinary infections, while other organisms including Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis demonstrated differing susceptibility levels across antibiotics. These findings support the value of organism-inclusive surveillance, such as weighted-incidence syndromic combination antibiograms, to provide a more comprehensive picture of resistance and better inform antimicrobial stewardship strategies in long-term care homes.

PMID 43012519
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PubMedInternational journal of microbiology2026-11-10

When the Medium Skews the Message: Commercial Mueller-Hinton Agar Media and Their Effect on Antibiogram Results of Imipenem, Ciprofloxacin, and Gentamicin Against Standard and Clinical Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Abdollahi Amir Reza AR, Mousavi Ghahfarrokhi Seyed Sadeq SS, Aghajafari Fatemeh F, Jafari-Nodoushan Hossein H et al.

Accurate antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is essential for guiding effective therapy and monitoring antibiotic resistance, particularly for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen noted for its intrinsic and adaptive resistance mechanisms. Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) is the standard medium for AST; however, variations in its composition among commercial brands can significantly affect test outcomes. This study evaluated the influence of five different commercial MHAs (HiMedia, Merck, Condalab, Quelab, and Sigma) on the antibiogram results of imipenem, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin against both standard (P. aeruginosa ATCC 15442) and 50 clinical isolates. Three inoculation methods, swab, pour plate, and double-layer, were compared with identify the most reproducible approach. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to quantify divalent cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, Fe2+) in each medium, and microscopic examination assessed gel microstructure. The double-layer method demonstrated the lowest coefficient of variation, indicating superior reproducibility compared with the swab and pour plate techniques. Significant differences were observed among media in inhibition zone diameters, with Quelab and Condalab producing consistently smaller zones (p < 0.05). Cation analysis revealed wide variability, with calcium and magnesium levels differing up to fourfold across brands and being associated with differences in antibiotic activity, particularly for gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. Microscopic evaluation revealed minor gel-structure variations without measurable impact on antibiotic diffusion. Susceptibility profiles also differed among MHA brands. These findings highlight the potential importance of medium composition, particularly cation concentration, in the variability of AST results. Standardization and rigorous quality control of commercial MHAs are essential to ensure reliable, reproducible, and clinically meaningful susceptibility testing.

PMID 43005870
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PubMedRSC advances2026-11-10

Phytomechanochemical engineering of Bi/MgO interfaces for enhanced solar hydrogen production and multicomponent antibiotic degradation.

Ullah Ihsan I, Kiran Muqaddas M, Nazir Minhas M, Alsabban Merfat M et al.

The development of multifunctional photocatalysts that produce renewable hydrogen (H2) while removing persistent pharmaceutical pollutants offers a promising solution for sustainable energy and water remediation. Herein, we report the first green phytomechanochemical strategy for synthesizing Bi-loaded MgO (Bi x @MgO; x = 0.2, 0.5, or 0.7 wt% MgO) photocatalysts using clove (Syzygium aromaticum) extract as a natural reducing/stabilizing agent combined with solvent-free mechanochemical engineering. Unlike traditional chemical methods for preparing Bi-modified MgO, the current method combines phytochemical processes of Bi3+ reduction and a mechanochemical process for dispersing Bi onto MgO, forming the Bi/MgO interface without post-synthesis annealing. Bi addition leads to modification of both optical and electronic properties of MgO with a simultaneous increase of defect-mediated charge transfer. Bi0.7@MgO showed a decreased band gap of 2.78 eV and more efficient charge separation than that of pure MgO. Under optimal conditions Bi0.7@MgO exhibited a hydrogen production rate of 33.44 mmol g-1 h-1 when illuminated with solar light. The same photocatalyst also removed 98-99% of amoxicillin, cefixime, azithromycin, and ciprofloxacin under simulated solar light irradiation while maintaining high recyclability over six consecutive cycles.

PMID 43005778
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