Drug Database
AT

atropine + pralidoxime chloride (Duodote)

✓ Approved

Pfizer, Inc. · CHRM1 · Small Molecule

What is atropine + pralidoxime chloride?

atropine + pralidoxime chloride is a small molecule developed by Pfizer, Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesDuodote
CompanyPfizer, Inc.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetCHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Pfizer, Inc.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

atropine + pralidoxime chloride acts on 4 molecular targets:

CHRM1cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 (M1, HM1)
CHRM2cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2 (HM2)
CHRM3cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (HM3, PBS)
CHRM4cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4 (HM4, M4R)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

atropine + pralidoxime chloride is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Injury, poisoning and procedural complicationsChemical poisoning✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedAquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)2026-07-25

α-Ketoglutarate attenuates ammonium chloride-induced ferroptosis by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) hepatocytes.

Zhang Yuling Y, Jiang Chengchen C, Li Dapeng D, Tang Rong R

Ammonia nitrogen is a common pollutant in aquaculture water, which can induce oxidative stress and inhibit growth in fish. α-ketoglutarate (AKG) has been proven to play an important role in alleviating oxidative stress and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. To investigate the regulatory mechanism of α-ketoglutarate in ammonium chloride-induced hepatocyte ferroptosis, flow cytometry and Western blotting were performed with grass carp hepatocytes as the experimental model. The results showed that ammonium chloride exposure could significantly reduce the viability of grass carp L8824 hepatocytes, significantly increase the expression levels of lipid reactive oxygen species (LipROS) and ACSL4 protein, and simultaneously cause damage to the morphological structure and physiological function of mitochondria, thereby inducing lipid peroxidation. In addition, ammonium chloride could also disrupt the cellular iron ion transport system, leading to abnormal accumulation of intracellular iron ions and ultimately inducing hepatocyte ferroptosis. After AKG intervention, hepatocyte viability was significantly improved, the expression levels of LipROS was significantly decreased, and lipid peroxidation damage was effectively alleviated. Meanwhile, mitochondrial homeostasis was maintained but the expression levels of ferroptosis-related genes did not show a significant changes. In summary, AKG may alleviate ammonium chloride stress-mediated ferroptosis in grass carp L8824 hepatocytes by scavenging intracellular reactive oxygen species and repairing mitochondrial function. The results of this study provide a new idea for ammonia nitrogen pollution control and healthy fish culture in aquaculture.

PMID 42497826
Read full article →
PubMedFrontiers in medicine2026-07-25

Low serum chloride concentration and the in-hospital mortality of patients with acute decompensated heart failure: a meta-analysis.

Wang Jiaqin J, Li Xianrong X

Hypochloremia is increasingly recognized as a marker of neurohormonal activation and adverse prognosis in acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). However, the magnitude and consistency of its association with short-term mortality remain uncertain. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the relationship between admission serum chloride levels and in-hospital mortality among patients hospitalized with ADHF. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched for cohort studies reporting the association between admission serum chloride levels and in-hospital mortality in ADHF. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model accounting for the possible influence of heterogeneity. Seven studies comprising eight independent cohorts and 17,239 ADHF patients were included. Overall, 2,422 (14.0%) had admission hypochloremia, and 1,242 (7.2%) died during hospitalization. Hypochloremia was associated with significantly higher in-hospital mortality (RR: 2.24, 95% CI: 1.60-3.13, p < 0.001; I 2 = 69%). Subgroup analyses according to study design, mean ages of the patients, or the proportions of men did not significantly affect the results (p for subgroup difference all > 0.05). A stronger association was observed when chloride was measured at admission (RR: 2.62) compared with within 24 hours (RR: 1.46, p for subgroup difference < 0.001). Associations were similar across chloride cutoffs (<98, <96, <95 mmol/L) and analytic strategies (univariate vs. multivariate, p for subgroup difference all > 0.05). Admission hypochloremia is associated with higher in-hospital mortality in patients with ADHF. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier registration number CRD420251275904.

PMID 42500517
Read full article →
PubMedEFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority2026-07-25

Safety of a feed additive consisting of potassium ferrocyanide for all animal species (K+S Kali GmbH).

EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP), Villa Roberto Edoardo RE, Azimonti Giovanna G, Bonos Eleftherios E et al.

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety of a feed additive consisting of potassium ferrocyanide for all animal species. In a previous assessment the FEEDAP Panel concluded that, in the absence of a margin of safety, the use of potassium chloride supplemented with the additive at the proposed conditions of use (150 mg ferrocyanide anion (from potassium ferrocyanide)/kg KCl) was not considered to be safe for chickens for fattening, laying hens, turkeys, piglets, veal calf, cattle for fattening, dairy cows, horses, rabbits and cats. Furthermore, the available data did not allow the FEEDAP Panel to conclude on the safety of the additive for the soil and the marine environment. In the present assessment the applicant proposes to modify the conditions of use of the additive for all species, setting them at 60 mg ferrocyanide anion/kg KCl and submitted additional information in support of the safety for the target species and the environment. Based on the new information provided the FEEDAP Panel concludes that the supplementation of potassium chloride with 60 mg ferrocyanide anion (from potassium ferrocyanide)/kg KCl is safe for all animal species and the environment.

PMID 42499335
Read full article →
PubMedInternational journal of dental hygiene2026-07-25

Comparative Evaluation of Chlorhexidine, Citric Acid, and Sodium Chloride Solutions for Toothbrush Decontamination: A Pilot Exploratory Interventional Study.

Kaukab Azra A, Shukla Khushi K, Vishwanath Aishwarya A, Srivatsa Devalla Ananth DA et al.

To compare the effectiveness of three commonly used solutions for toothbrush decontamination, namely, 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), 20% citric acid (CA), and 3.5% sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions. Fifty-one study participants were given toothbrushes and instructed to brush twice daily. The participants were randomly divided into three experimental groups based on the solution used for decontamination-0.12% CHX (Group A), 20% CA (Group B), and 3.5% NaCl (Group C). After 3 months, the toothbrush heads were collected from the participants and the pretest colony-forming units (CFU) counts were determined. They were then immersed in the respective solutions for 7 h, after which the CFU counts were again determined. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the differences in the pretest and posttest CFU counts. A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the mean percentage reduction in CFU counts for samples in the three groups, followed by Dunn-Bonferroni's post hoc test for intergroup comparisons. There was a statistically significant reduction in CFUs in all three groups tested. CA solution (20% concentration) was comparable to the gold standard CHX when it came to CFU reduction (p ≤ 0.05). Both solutions showed a 99.9% reduction in the colony-forming unit count, whereas 3.5% NaCl solution only showed a 12.2% reduction. 0.12% CHX and 20% CA solution showed the maximum percentage reduction in CFUs. CA demonstrated potential as an effective toothbrush decontaminant due to its lower cost and safer profile. Clinical trial registry, India: CTRI/2020/11/028920.

PMID 42499011
Read full article →
PubMedMedical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research2026-07-25

Anisodus tanguticus in Cancer Research: A Review of Traditional Use, Phytochemistry, Extraction Methods, and Preclinical Antitumor Evidence.

Gao Lanyang L, Zhan Chengguo C, Chen Yuji Y, Yu Jiajun J et al.

Anisodus tanguticus (Maxim.) Pascher has been documented in Tibetan ethnomedicine. Traditional records indicate that A. tanguticus has traditionally been used to relieve pain, treat parasitic infections, and heal skin wounds caused by viral infections. A. tanguticus is rich in tropane alkaloids, including anisodamine, scopolamine, and atropine, which are pharmacologically active constituents with well-known parasympatholytic effects. These alkaloids have shown promise in controlling cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, with preclinical studies indicating antitumor activity against liver, breast, and colorectal cancers. The extraction of A. tanguticus traditionally involves methods such as juice pressing or boiling; however, modern techniques like ultrasonic, reflux, and supercritical fluid extraction have enhanced alkaloid yield and quality. While the pharmacological properties of A. tanguticus suggest that some constituents of A. tanguticus may have preclinical antitumor relevance, most studies remain preclinical, and clinical data is limited. This review highlights the need for further pharmacological, toxicological, and translational studies. Current evidence suggests that A. tanguticus and several of its constituents exhibit preclinical antitumor activity; however, their clinical relevance remains uncertain, and further pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical validation is required. This narrative review summarizes the traditional use, phytochemical composition, extraction methods, antitumor-related findings, and proposed mechanisms of A. tanguticus, while highlighting the need for further pharmacological, toxicological, and translational studies.

PMID 42499161
Read full article →
PubMedBiomedical chromatography : BMC2026-07-25

Saliva, Sweat, and Exhaled Breath as Alternative Specimens for Exercise Chemistry: Analytical Advantages, Limitations, and Comparative Progress.

Pang Jiale J

This critical narrative review evaluates saliva, sweat, and exhaled breath as noninvasive interface matrices for exercise chemistry rather than as general substitutes for blood or urine. It synthesizes peer-reviewed evidence on exercise-related sampling biology, analytical platforms, quantitative performance, validation limits, and translational readiness; because protocols and platforms remain heterogeneous, the evidence is interpreted qualitatively rather than pooled meta-analytically. Saliva is strongest for repeated neuroendocrine, autonomic, immune, oxidative, and short-latency metabolite measurements, but its interpretation depends on flow rate, timing, oral contamination, and normalization. Sweat is most mature for sweat rate and sodium/chloride loss monitoring and is uniquely compatible with wearable platforms, whereas sweat lactate, glucose, cortisol, and cytokines require stronger physiological validation before they can be treated as systemic markers. Exhaled breath offers second-scale access to volatile metabolism, substrate use, and airway responses, but breathomics remains instrumentally demanding and vulnerable to ventilation, diet, humidity, and ambient-air confounding. The review concludes that useful applications should match each analyte and platform to a defined exercise question, a matrix-specific validation model, and a practical decision context.

PMID 42499291
Read full article →

+9996 more articles available with a free account

Sign up free to view all articles →

Ask about atropine + pralidoxime chloride