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atropine + pralidoxime chloride (Duodote)

✓ Approved

Pfizer, Inc. · CHRM1 · Small Molecule

What is atropine + pralidoxime chloride?

atropine + pralidoxime chloride is a small molecule developed by Pfizer, Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesDuodote
CompanyPfizer, Inc.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetCHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Pfizer, Inc.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

atropine + pralidoxime chloride acts on 4 molecular targets:

CHRM1cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 (M1, HM1)
CHRM2cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2 (HM2)
CHRM3cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (HM3, PBS)
CHRM4cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4 (HM4, M4R)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

atropine + pralidoxime chloride is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Injury, poisoning and procedural complicationsChemical poisoning✓ Approved

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An oncostatin M receptor and chloride intracellular channel 1 crosstalk drives key oncogenic pathways in glioblastoma.

Mansourabadi Amir Hossein AH, Qu Dianbo D, Cianci Francesca F, Snider Jamie J et al.

Oncostatin M receptor (OSMR) plays diverse roles in several human malignancies, including brain, breast, and pancreatic cancer. In glioblastoma (GB), OSMR orchestrates a feedforward signaling mechanism with the truncated active mutant of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the EGFRvIII, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) to drive GB progression. Beyond EGFRvIII, OSMR promotes brain tumor stem cell (BTSC) respiration and therapy resistance. The molecular mechanisms underlying OSMR's multifaceted roles remain largely unclear. Here, we systematically mapped the OSMR interactome using Mammalian Membrane Two-Hybrid High-Throughput Screening (MaMTH-HTS). We identified OSMR-specific and OSMR/EGFRvIII-specific high-confidence candidate binding proteins, highlighting OSMR context-dependent functions. Among a subset of common interactors, we uncovered chloride intracellular channel 1 (CLIC1) as a critical regulator of OSMR-STAT3 signaling and the OSMR/EGFRvIII complex. CLIC1 physically associates with OSMR and EGFRvIII and facilitates EGFRvIII packaging into extracellular vesicles (EVs). Genetic deletion of CLIC1 disrupts the OSMR/EGFRvIII interaction, impairs STAT3 activation, reduces EGFRvIII EV content, and slows GB progression. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and a monoclonal antibody that selectively targets transmembrane CLIC1 (tmCLIC1omab), we establish a distinct pharmacologically and biophysically tmCLIC1-mediated current in GB indispensable for sustaining EGFRvIII/STAT3 signaling. Importantly, we show that OSMR is required for maintaining CLIC1-mediated ionic balance at the plasma membrane (PM). Our study uncovers a bidirectional crosstalk between OSMR and tmCLIC1 in GB, essential for fueling its malignant growth.

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PubMedJournal of colloid and interface science2026-05-24

Impact of sodium and calcium chloride uptake on the interfacial behavior of ice: Premelting, structure, and dynamics.

Baran Łukasz Ł, MacDowell Luis G LG

Seawater ice and frozen aqueous solutions in contact with air exhibit a thin quasi-brine surface layer intruding between ice and vapor. This layer hosts important atmospheric chemical reactions such as photolysis and halogen activation, and is often used as a template for the synthesis of two dimensional materials. However, a detailed characterization of surface properties lacks completely, while the relation of the surface adsorbed film with the bulk aqueous solution is poorly understood. Using thermodynamic arguments we show how it is possible to characterize the surface layers by comparison to the three phase ice-brine-air bulk phase diagram, despite the difficulty to control or monitor all the relevant thermodynamic fields of the two component system. Simulations: We performed computer simulations of surface briny layers of sodium and calcium chloride adsorbed on ice. Using suitable order parameters and a rigorous geometrical dividing surface, we are able to characterize the layer's thermodynamic state, measure its properties and relate them to the corresponding properties of the bulk solution. Our results confirm that undersaturated briny surface layers can form down to the eutectic point, with a maximum concentration that is bound by the liquidus line of the ice-brine phase diagram. Such layers are distinct from finite size realizations of three phase coexistence, and can be regarded as genuine surface states, but their salt content can increase the premelting layer thickness by a factor of two or more. Owing to this significant thickness, these layers can be related to bulk electrolyte solutions of similar concentration, both as regards the structural organization of ions and the dynamical properties of the quasi-liquid film.

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Mapping Hofmeister Cation and Anion Effects on Seeded and Unseeded Aggregation of TDP-43 and Amyloid-β in Micelle-Assisted Seed Amplification.

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Seed-amplification assays (SAA) amplify trace protein aggregates and are being developed for early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. We previously demonstrated that the addition of Brij-58 micelles markedly increases the sensitivity of TDP-43 and Aβ SAA by 100-1000-fold, and established micelle-assisted SAA (mSAA). Here we map Hofmeister cation and anion effects on the aggregation of TDP-43(267-414) and Aβ(M1-42) in mSAA using 15 salts. For TDP-43, kosmotropic anions promoted aggregation whereas chaotropic anions inhibited it; cation trends were weaker and substrate-dependent. By contrast, all salts accelerated Aβ aggregation, with Mg2+ and Ca2+ producing the largest effects. In most cases, seeded and unseeded kinetics shifted in parallel; notably, low guanidinium chloride (110-220 mM) preferentially suppressed seed-independent TDP-43 aggregation, thereby improving seed discrimination. These ion-specific behaviors can be interpreted within a protein-decorated micelle working model in which Aβ aggregation is governed primarily by electrostatic screening, whereas TDP-43 aggregation reflects specific-ion-mediated dehydration of micelles and protein surfaces.

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Multifaceted gold vanoparticles by bark extract of Sweetinia mahagoni and their potential antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer and antiviral applications.

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The current study of the biosynthesized Sm-AuNPs reveals a SPR peak at 554 nm indicating reduction of gold chloride to gold nanoparticles (Sm-AuNPs). Fourier Infrared Spectroscopy revealed that different bioactive compounds of bark extract were involved in reduction and stabilization of Sm-AuNPs. Transmission Electron Microscopy and EDX analysis of Sm-AuNPs reveals that the nanoparticles spherical in shape. The Sm-AuNPs are poly-dispersed in nature, with a poly-disperse index about 0.310 and high negative zeta potential value of -62.5 mV. The Sm-AuNPs reveals excellent antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer activities and anti-viral properties. The results revealed that the Sm-AuNPs have an excellent antibacterial activity when compared with standard antibiotics while they also reveal a significant antioxidant activity. The anticancer studies on SKOV ovarian cancer cell line by Sm-AuNPs was carried by MTT assay, reveals that IC50 value was 64.19 µg/ml and the apoptotic cells were detected by Dual fluorescence assay. Apart from the above studies, the antiviral efficacy of Sm-AuNPs on New Castle Disease (NDV) was carried out in embryonated chicken eggs, reveals that the Sm-AuNPs have very good and considerable antiviral properties. The green synthesized Sm-AuNPs can useful as future therapeutic agents to control cancer and NDV effectively.

PMID 42177186
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PubMedScientific reports2026-05-24

Synergistic enhancement of recycled aggregate concrete using cement slurry-treated aggregates and graphite nano/micro platelets.

Suparp Suniti S, Chatveera Burachat B, Saingam Panumas P, Fahad Muhammad M et al.

The use of recycled coarse aggregates (RCA) in concrete is an effective strategy for reducing construction and demolition waste; however, their inferior quality often leads to reduced mechanical and durability performance. This study investigates the synergistic effects of cement slurry-treated RCA and graphite nano/micro platelets (GNMPs) on the fresh, mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties of concrete. RCA replacement levels of 0%, 30%, 60%, and 100% were combined with GNMP dosages of 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% by weight of cement. Results indicate that untreated 100% RCA reduced compressive strength and increased water absorption by more than 25-30% compared to natural aggregate concrete, whereas cement slurry treatment significantly improved aggregate quality and partially restored performance. The incorporation of GNMPs led to compressive strength increases of up to ~ 20-25%, along with corresponding improvements in split tensile and flexural strengths. Durability performance was also enhanced, with reductions in water absorption (~ 15-20%), sorptivity (~ 15-20%), and chloride ion permeability (shift from "low" to "very low" category). Freeze-thaw resistance improved significantly, with mass loss reduced by up to ~ 30-40% in GNMP-modified mixes. Mixes containing 30% RCA and 0.5% GNMPs exhibited the most balanced performance, achieving strength and durability comparable to or exceeding conventional concrete, while maintaining reduced permeability and refined microstructure. Microstructural analysis confirmed improved matrix densification and interfacial transition zone (ITZ) characteristics due to the combined action of slurry-treated RCA and GNMPs. The findings demonstrate that the synergistic use of treated RCA and GNMPs provides an effective pathway for producing high-performance and sustainable concrete suitable for structural applications.

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PubMedWater research2026-05-24

Interfacial flow-kinetics coupling enables nanofiltration with decoupled antibiotic rejection and salt permeation in high-salinity wastewater.

Liu Mengzhao M, Chi Hong H, Kang Mengyao M, Niu Liwei L et al.

Efficient separation of antibiotics from high-salinity water matrices, such as fermentation broths and pharmaceutical wastewater, remains a critical challenge for both resource recovery and environmental risk mitigation. Conventional nanofiltration (NF) membranes often suffer from an intrinsic trade-off between antibiotic rejection and salt permeability, leading to excessive salt retention and limited applicability under high-ionic-strength conditions. Herein, we report a dynamically regulated NF membrane fabricated via kinetically controlled interfacial polymerization to decouple antibiotic retention from salt exclusion. By introducing 1,3,5-triaminotoluene (TAT) as a kinetic regulator into a conventional piperazine/trimesoyl chloride system, the packing density of the polyamide network is precisely tuned, enabling a "loose yet robust" selective layer that simultaneously maintains near-complete antibiotic rejection and facilitates rapid salt permeation. The incorporation of TAT induces pronounced interfacial tension gradients, triggering Marangoni convection that drives interfacial instabilities and gives rise to a distinctive crater-like surface morphology. This flow-induced structural evolution enlarges the effective filtration area and concurrently tailors the polyamide microstructure, producing a free-volume-enriched selective layer with a balanced crosslinking density. As a result, the optimized membrane exhibits high water permeance (22.0 L·m⁻²·h⁻¹·bar⁻¹), near-complete rejection of antibiotic molecules, and markedly suppressed NaCl rejection, yielding an exceptional antibiotic/salt separation factor of 96.1. The membrane further demonstrates robust and generalizable separation multiple antibiotics, excellent antifouling behavior, and stable long-term performance under high-salinity conditions representative of industrial fermentation wastewater. This study highlights an interfacial flow-kinetics coupling paradigm and provides a scalable strategy for efficient antibiotic desalination and sustainable resource recovery.

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