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atropine + pralidoxime chloride (Duodote)

✓ Approved

Pfizer, Inc. · CHRM1 · Small Molecule

What is atropine + pralidoxime chloride?

atropine + pralidoxime chloride is a small molecule developed by Pfizer, Inc.. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesDuodote
CompanyPfizer, Inc.
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
Molecular TargetCHRM1, CHRM2, CHRM3, CHRM4
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Pfizer, Inc.

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

atropine + pralidoxime chloride acts on 4 molecular targets:

CHRM1cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 (M1, HM1)
CHRM2cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2 (HM2)
CHRM3cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 (HM3, PBS)
CHRM4cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4 (HM4, M4R)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

atropine + pralidoxime chloride is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Injury, poisoning and procedural complicationsChemical poisoning✓ Approved

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The development of novel rechargeable fluoride-ion batteries (FIBs) and chloride-ion batteries (CIBs) constitutes a major step forward in the field of anion-shuttle battery systems, and this work systematically explores the potential of monolayer GeX (X = Se/Te) as cathode materials for such systems. By employing first-principles calculations, we have assessed key electrochemical properties including thermodynamic stability, electronic structure, adsorption behavior, ion diffusion barriers, average open-circuit voltage (OCV), and theoretical specific capacity. Our findings reveal that both monolayer "armchair" structured GeSe and "zigzag" structured GeTe intrinsically adsorb fluoride and chloride ions, with charge transfer and electronic structure analyses indicating a strong interaction between the adsorbed F-/Cl- and the substrate. The relatively low diffusion barriers (0.11 eV for GeSe in FIBs and 0.38 eV for GeTe in CIBs) together with the high theoretical specific capacities (427.3 mA h g-1 for GeSe in FIBs and 490.8 mA h g-1 for GeTe in CIBs) suggest that monolayer GeSe is preferable as a cathode material for fluoride ion batteries, while GeTe is more favorable for chloride ion battery applications. Additionally, ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations confirm that the monolayer GeSe and GeTe maintain structural stability and ion adsorption capability at room temperature. These results underscore the significant potential of monolayer GeX for use as a high-performance electrode material in next-generation FIBs and CIBs, while also providing a verifiable research framework that can help steer the broader anion battery field from fragmented exploration toward more systematic and in-depth investigation of materials science and electrochemical mechanisms.

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Human norovirus is a major cause of foodborne illness worldwide, and the lack of a reliable cell culture system limits direct studies. Tulane virus has been used as a robust culturable human norovirus surrogate with similar capsid and genome structures; however, little is known about its particle size and zeta potential under varying ionic strengths and pH conditions, factors which are critical for understanding virus adsorption in food and environmental matrices and its fate when present in aggregated versus dispersed forms. This study investigated Tulane virus aggregation, zeta potential, and whether aggregation impacts virus thermal tolerance. Dynamic light scattering showed aggregation in 1 mM (pH 4.5) and 10 mM calcium chloride (pH 4.5-6.3), whereas 100 mM calcium chloride induced aggregation across a broader pH range (3.3-10), with all aggregation conditions occurring net surface charge approaches zero. Aggregation reduced countable infectious viral particles by ∼4 log10 PFU per ml, dependent upon aggregates size and number. Thermal tolerance of virus aggregates when held at 60 °C for 2 min was not significantly different from that of dispersed particles. These results indicate that the virus will readily aggregate under ionic conditions typical of food and environmental systems, providing important insights into the adsorption and stability of human norovirus surrogates.

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Recycling end-of-life (EoL) NdFeB magnets is critical for securing supply of rare-earth element neodymium in the low-carbon transition. We develop a molten salt electrolysis recycling approach using EoL NdFeB magnet anodes and a consumable solid magnesium cathode, operating at 548-650 °C and 0.75-3 A·cm-2 cathodic current density. Selective neodymium dissolution and in situ formation of a liquid Mg- (12.0-15.1 mol%) Nd alloy with average current efficiency of 98.4% are achieved. With high recycling efficiency and continuous operation, this approach overcomes neodymium collection and scalability barriers of conventional chloride electrolysis. Life-cycle assessment shows that the proposed process lowers climate change impacts to 17.36-18.18 kg CO2 eq. kg⁻¹ Nd, approximately 15% of that of primary production. Techno-economic analysis shows that neodymium metal production costs fall to 90.0 USD kg⁻¹ Nd at the 3000 A scale scenario, which is approximately one-third lower than the sales price of Nd metal. Such approach demonstrates significant potential for industrial-scale application and facilitates the integration of neodymium recycling into circular economy strategies.

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Developing polymer gels that integrate high strength, stiffness, and toughness for impact protection remains challenging. Here, we present a synergistic molecular-structural design strategy to fabricate ultra-robust eutectogels by copolymerizing N-benzylacrylamide (BA) and acrylic acid (AA) in a deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and glycerol (Gly). The contrasting solvent affinities of the two comonomers drive the spontaneous formation of a bicontinuous network, where the PBA-rich phase dissipates energy through hydrogen-bonded hydrophobic domains and the PAA-rich phase enables stress transfer and stretchability. The resulting gel achieves a fracture strength of 17.0 MPa, a modulus of 313.7 MPa, and a fracture toughness of 112.8 kJ m-2. Furthermore, the dynamic network imparts reliable self-recovery, self-healing, solvent-mediated reprocessability, and thermally promoted adhesion. The impact-protection performance is validated by falling-ball tests (yielding a 60% reduction in peak impact force) and the effective protection of fragile items. This molecular and structural engineering strategy is demonstrated to be generalizable to other miscible vinyl monomers and solvent systems, offering a promising solution to design robust polymer gels for next-generation soft protective materials.

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Yi Wenjing W, Liu Tingjie T, Chen Jing J, Tan Fang F

Corneal suture removal, particularly microsurgery requiring complete immobility, demands adequate anesthetic depth while ensuring rapid recovery. Emergence agitation (EA) is a common postoperative complication in children and may compromise recovery quality. This study aimed to compare the incidence of emergence agitation between esketamine-based and sevoflurane-based anesthesia in children undergoing corneal suture removal. In this prospective randomized controlled trial, 116 children scheduled for elective ophthalmologic suture removal were enrolled. Patients were subsequently randomly assigned to receive either esketamine (group E, n = 58) or sevoflurane (group S, n = 58). In both groups, propofol 1.5 mg/kg was administered as pre-anesthetic sedation to facilitate parental separation. Atropine 0.01 mg/kg was administered to prevent excessive salivation, followed by intravenous dexmedetomidine 1 µg/kg as baseline sedation. In group E, anesthesia was induced with esketamine 0.25 mg/kg at induction, with an additional 0.25 mg/kg before eye speculum placement, and maintained with 10 mg propofol every 5 min when surgery exceeded 5 min after intubation. In group S, anesthesia was induced with 4% sevoflurane and maintained with 2-4% sevoflurane. The primary outcome was the rate of EA. Secondary outcomes included hypertension, tachycardia, bradycardia, desaturation, respiratory depression, intraocular pressure, extubation time, and post-anesthesia care unit discharge time. The incidence of EA was significantly lower in group E than in group S (6.9% vs 27.6%, RR: 0.25; 95% CI, (0.09 to 0.70); P = 0.003). Group E also showed a lower incidence of respiratory depression (3.4% vs 43.1%, P = 0.001) and a shorter time to discharge from the post-anesthesia care unit (19.50 [8] vs17.00 [5] min, P = 0.02). However, group E was associated with a markedly higher incidence of hypertension (22.4% vs 0.0%, P = 0.001) and a higher intraocular pressure compared with group S (16.00 [6] vs 13.00 [5] mmHg, P = 0.003). Compared with sevoflurane-based anesthesia, esketamine-based anesthesia reduced the incidence of emergence agitation in pediatric patients receiving dexmedetomidine, but hypertension and elevated intraocular pressure were more frequently observed.

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