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hydroxyprogesterone caproate (Makena SQ / 17P / Makena)

✓ Approved

Lumara Health · PGR

What is hydroxyprogesterone caproate?

hydroxyprogesterone caproate is a therapeutic agent developed by Lumara Health. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intramuscular (im) injection or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesMakena SQ, 17P, Makena
CompanyLumara Health
Molecular TargetPGR
RouteInjectable (Others), Intramuscular (IM) Injection, Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Lumara Health

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

hydroxyprogesterone caproate acts on 1 molecular target:

PGRprogesterone receptor (NR3C3, PR)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

hydroxyprogesterone caproate is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditionsPremature labour✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedTranslational andrology and urology2026-11-08

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia combined with a huge adrenal myelolipoma of the unilateral adrenal gland in a 51-year-old female: a case report.

Wang Wenda W, Jin Shipeng S, Zhang Yushi Y, Lian Penghu P

To report a rare case of classic simple-virilizing congenital adrenal hyperplasia (SV-CAH) caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) complicated with a huge unilateral adrenal myelolipoma, and summarize its clinical features, laboratory findings, imaging manifestations, treatment and relevant literature. The clinical data of a 51-year-old female patient with SV-CAH combined with giant left adrenal myelolipoma were retrospectively analyzed, including medical history, physical examination, endocrine laboratory tests, imaging features, surgical treatment and postoperative follow-up results. The patient presented with short stature since childhood, clitoromegaly and primary amenorrhea without salt-wasting manifestations. Peripheral blood karyotype was 46,XX. Endocrine assays showed markedly elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, and adrenal androgens. Contrast-enhanced computerized tomography (CT) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) revealed a large fat-predominant mixed-density mass in the left adrenal gland, compressing the left kidney and surrounding organs. The patient received hydrocortisone replacement therapy and underwent open resection of the left adrenal mass. Pathological examination confirmed adrenal myelolipoma. Post-operative hormone replacement was continued, and partial improvement of steroid hormone levels was observed. Three-month telephone follow-up showed relief of abdominal distension. Long-term excessive ACTH stimulation in untreated CAH patients promotes the formation of adrenal myelolipoma. Large-size myelolipoma may produce compression symptoms and bleeding risk, which requires surgical intervention. Early diagnosis of CAH and standardized glucocorticoid replacement can mitigate persistent ACTH over-stimulation and reduce the risk of severe adrenal hyperplasia and subsequent large adrenal tumors.

PMID 42997272
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PubMedReproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E2026-11-05

Female infertility in nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia: beyond hyperandrogenism.

Wang Shimin S, Li Xinhong X, Zhang Ningxin N, Zhang Xiuping X et al.

Nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCCAH) is a common autosomal recessive endocrinopathy, primarily caused by partial 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A2) deficiency, and represents a significant but often underrecognized cause of female infertility. Clinically, affected women frequently present with hyperandrogenism, menstrual irregularities, and ovulatory dysfunction, which can lead to misdiagnosis as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Traditionally, reproductive failure in NCCAH has been attributed solely to androgen excess disrupting folliculogenesis. However, recent evidence reveals a multifactorial pathophysiology. Beyond hyperandrogenism, premature follicular-phase progesterone elevation, disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis, impaired endometrial receptivity, and increased risk of early pregnancy loss collectively contribute to infertility. Accurate diagnosis requires a structured approach, including basal and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-stimulated 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) measurement, comprehensive endocrine profiling, and genetic testing. Therefore, fertility optimization should extend beyond isolated androgen suppression. This review critically summarizes current knowledge of NCCAH-related infertility mechanisms and proposes an integrated, multidisciplinary management strategy-encompassing targeted targeted glucocorticoid (GC) therapy, ovulation induction, assisted reproductive technology (ART), careful obstetric monitoring, and genetic counseling-to improve fertility and pregnancy outcomes in this patient population.

PMID 42983558
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PubMedEnvironmental science & technology2026-11-03

Prototyping Chain-Elongation-Mediated Dehalogenation for Groundwater Bioremediation.

McLaughlin Caleb M CM, Robles Aide A, Silverman Maxwell I MI, Gaura Alex A et al.

Chlorinated ethenes are widespread groundwater contaminants. Microbial reductive dehalogenation can detoxify chlorinated ethenes but requires sustained H2 delivery to organohalide-respiring bacteria. In enrichment cultures, microbial chain elongation was shown to reliably provide H2 for dehalogenation from the conversion of ethanol and acetate to butyrate and caproate and subsequent fermentation of these carboxylates. Supported by robust laboratory testing, here, we document the first field-scale application of chain elongation-mediated dehalogenation in chlorinated ethene-contaminated groundwater. Native groundwater communities produced mainly propionate from ethanol and acetate in microcosms and the field, whereas bioaugmentation with a chain-elongating enrichment culture redirected microbial metabolism toward butyrate production and supported dehalogenation to ethene. Dehalogenation was favored at a lower organic carbon loading (900 mg C L-1 either as ethanol + acetate, butyrate, or caproate). Chain elongation was more strongly stimulated at higher ethanol to acetate molar ratios and organic carbon loadings (3500 mg C L-1). Bioaugmentation with chain-elongating bacteria in groundwater produced detectable butyrate concentrations, increased the molar ratio of ethene and ethane from 0.20 to 0.51 during monitoring, and did not stimulate methanogenesis. This study positions chain elongation-mediated dehalogenation as an effective strategy for groundwater bioremediation of chlorinated ethenes.

PMID 42975449
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PubMedNutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD2026-11-02

Plasma short-chain fatty acids and risk of cardiovascular events and recurrent stroke after ischemic stroke.

Chen Hongyu H, You Shoujiang S, Zhang Leping L, Bu Xiaoqing X et al.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) serve as important mediators linking the gut microbiome to ischemic stroke and are associated with poststroke recovery and neuronal plasticity. However, population-based prognostic evidence for circulating SCFAs after ischemic stroke is scarce. We aimed to evaluate the relationships between multiple SCFAs and cardiovascular events in patients with ischemic stroke. We conducted a nested case-control study within the China Antihypertensive Trial in Acute Ischemic Stroke with 328 cardiovascular events and 328 controls, matched for age, sex and treatment group. The primary outcome was cardiovascular events after ischemic stroke. Nine plasma SCFAs were determined by ultra-high-performance LC-MS/MS. Logistic regression models were applied to incremental predictive value of SCFAs were evaluated. We identified 6 SCFAs (acetate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, caproate, isocaproate and 3-hydroxyisovalerate) that were inversely associated with cardiovascular events, with multivariable-adjusted ORs per 1 log-SD increment ranging from 0.31 to 0.53 (all P values < 0.05). Acetate, caproate and 3-hydroxyisovalerate were also associated with recurrent stroke, with the multivariable-adjusted ORs ranging from 0.30 to 0.37. The SCFAs score constructed by 6 identified SCFAs was associated with both cardiovascular events and recurrent stroke, ORs (95% CIs) for the highest versus lowest tertile were 0.49 (0.32-0.77) and 0.49 (0.30-0.80), respectively. Furthermore, the SCFAs score offered substantially predictive capability for cardiovascular events and recurrent stroke, beyond traditional risk factors and clinical features. Higher SCFAs were associated with lower risks of cardiovascular events and recurrent stroke after ischemic stroke, and provided incremental value for risk discrimination and reclassification after ischemic stroke.

PMID 42971909
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PubMedBioresource technology2026-10-31

Bridging CO2 electroreduction and microbial chain elongation toward C4-C6 carboxylic acids using formate and ethanol.

Tang Jiping J, Sun Bingjie B, Wang Yan Y, Chen Huilin H et al.

High-value conversion of CO2 through staged electrochemical-biological processes remains challenging because direct electrochemical synthesis of long-chain products involves complex reaction pathways and competing reactions. Microbial chain elongation provides an alternative route for upgrading low-carbon intermediates, but suitable bridging substrates are needed to connect upstream CO2 conversion with downstream microbial metabolism. Here, we developed a staged electrochemical-biological platform using formate and ethanol as bridging substrates. A Cu-Ag gas-diffusion electrode integrated with a solid-state electrolyte reactor enabled electrolyte-free co-production of formate and ethanol from CO2. At 300 mA cm-2, the Faradaic efficiencies of formate and ethanol remained above 23 % and 17 %, respectively, over 30 h. A synthetic electrolyte-free formate-ethanol mixture was then used as a defined co-substrate for microbial upgrading. Compared with acetate-ethanol, formate-ethanol was associated with greater butyrate accumulation but lower caproate formation. Microbial community and metagenomic analyses revealed distinct community compositions and genetic potentials related to co-substrate conversion and chain-elongation functions. This study provides evidence that formate-derived carbon is incorporated during microbial chain elongation, linking CO2 electroreduction with C4-C6 carboxylic acid production and offering a potential framework for coupling electrochemical carbon conversion with microbial product upgrading.

PMID 42966544
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PubMedCureus2026-10-29

Complex 45,X/46,XY Isochromosome Yp Mosaicism Presenting With Atypical Genitalia and an Incidental CYP21A2 Mutation: A Case Report.

Alqanea Fatima K FK, Almusalam Maryam M MM, Amer Rehab R, Boustros Lara L et al.

Differences of sex development (DSD) encompass a heterogeneous group of congenital conditions characterized by atypical development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex. Mosaicism involving 45,X/46,XY cell lines is a rare cytogenetic variant that presents with a broad phenotypic spectrum ranging from complete male or female phenotypes to mixed gonadal dysgenesis and atypical genitalia. We report a neonate, the product of a twin pregnancy, born at 36 weeks of gestation who presented at birth with atypical genitalia, including a phallus with ventral chordee, penoscrotal hypospadias, and an asymmetric, nonpalpable right gonad. Initial imaging demonstrated bilateral intra-abdominal/inguinal gonads alongside persistent, hypoplastic Müllerian structures (uterus, cervix, and upper vagina). Cytogenetic evaluation revealed a complex four-cell-line mosaicism: 46,XY, monosomy X, isochromosome Yp, and 47,XY,i(Y)(p10). Whole-exome sequencing confirmed the DSD diagnosis and additionally identified a coincidental heterozygous carrier status for two pathogenic alleles localized in cis with a normal CYP21A2 gene copy. Biochemical evaluation, including 17-hydroxyprogesterone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, and serum electrolytes, showed no evidence of active congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation testing demonstrated a robust testosterone response, supporting preserved Leydig cell function. Following a comprehensive multidisciplinary assessment and counseling with the family, an individualized plan for sex of rearing and long-term clinical follow-up was established. This case highlights the importance of distinguishing disease-causing enzymatic defects from incidental carrier states when evaluating complex DSD. Integrating cytogenetic findings with biochemical and functional endocrine assessment can help clarify the underlying diagnosis and gonadal function, thereby providing individualized multidisciplinary care, including appropriate surveillance and consideration of future surgical and gonadal management.

PMID 42953635
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