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inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (eTIV_f / Evagrip / Fluvirin)

✓ Approved

Novartis AG · Vaccine · Vaccine

What is inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine?

inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine is a vaccine developed by Novartis AG. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intradermal injection or intramuscular (im) injection or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NameseTIV_f, Evagrip, Fluvirin
CompanyNovartis AG
Drug ClassVaccine, Large Molecules
RouteInjectable (Others), Intradermal Injection, Intramuscular (IM) Injection, Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Novartis AG

Related Research Articles

PubMedVaccine2026-05-24

Nationwide survey for household preparedness and vaccination acceptance during a novel influenza pandemic scenario in Japan, 2025.

Okubo Yusuke Y, Honjyo Risa R, Uda Kazuhiro K, Miyairi Isao I

Pandemics and associated mitigation measures can disrupt children's daily lives and shift substantial burden to households. However, families' actionable preparedness for future pandemics remains insufficiently understood, including caregiving capacity and vaccination acceptance. We conducted an anonymous nationwide online cross-sectional survey in November 2025 among Japanese parents residing with at least one child aged 0-18 years (N = 4961). Respondents were presented with standardized hypothetical influenza pandemic scenarios and asked to report anticipated impacts of school/childcare closures and willingness to receive a novel influenza pandemic vaccine with profiles varying in effectiveness, out-of-pocket cost, and type. We used latent profile analyses to classify households' preparedness and examined factors associated with vaccination acceptance using generalized estimation equations. In the school/childcare closure scenario, 43.6% reported being able to maintain children's learning activities, 40.5% physical activity, 41.9% emotional support, and 52.9% restrict non-essential outings. Latent profile analysis identified three preparedness profiles (high 36.1%, moderate 47.2%, low 16.7%), with a monotonic gradient across the four items. Low preparedness was more common among households with younger children, lower income, and among dual full-time working parents. Out-of-pocket cost (4000 JPY) was inversely associated with willingness to vaccinate (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.75-0.79), whereas recent influenza vaccination history was positively associated with willingness (RR 1.58, 95% CI 1.51-1.66). Household pandemic preparedness appears to be constrained by time and financial constraints, leading to systematic gaps. Policymakers should prioritize reducing financial barriers and reinforcing importance of seasonal influenza vaccination to reduce annual morbidity and mortality and prepare for future pandemics.

PMID 42176440
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PubMedJournal of fish diseases2026-05-24

Vaccination Reduces Shedding of Salmonid Alphavirus Subtype 3, but Bacterial Co-Infection Influences the Effect.

Grove Søren S, Morton H Craig HC, Kannimuthu Dhamotharan D, Roh HyeongJin H et al.

Waterborne horizontal transmission of viral diseases in fish relies on the release of infectious virus particles (termed shedding) into the aquatic environment. Both the rate and duration of shedding are critical for efficient viral spread, making interventions that reduce shedding valuable for disease control. While vaccines primarily aim to protect individuals from infection and severe disease, they should ideally also limit pathogen transmission by reducing shedding. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of two commercial vaccines-Clynav (DNA vaccine) and AlphaJect Micro 1-PD (inactivated whole-virus vaccine) to reduce Salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 (SAV3) shedding following experimental infection of Atlantic salmon post-smolts. In individually housed fish, AlphaJect Micro 1-PD significantly reduced the proportion of SAV3-shedding fish, duration of shedding, and cumulative shedding, while Clynav significantly reduced shedding duration and the proportion of shedding fish. In cohort tanks (each containing 60 fish), all of which had concurrent inadvertent Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi co-infection, AlphaJect Micro 1-PD significantly reduced the cumulative shedding but increased the duration of shedding. In comparison, Clynav vaccination reduced both cumulative shedding and shedding duration, though not significantly. These results demonstrate the potential of vaccines to limit SAV3 transmission, while also highlighting how co-infections likely influence vaccine efficacy.

PMID 42175913
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PubMedVeterinary research communications2026-05-24

Genetic evolution analysis and clinical antibody tracking analysis of two PEDV strains in China.

Jiang Lei L, Wang Lei L, Zhao Ying Y, Fan Jinghui J et al.

To investigate the current epidemic status of dominant Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) strains and the genetic evolution characteristics of their S proteins in China, as well as to explore strategies for enabling suckling piglets in PED-affected farms to acquire effective maternal antibody protection, this study conducted S gene sequencing on PEDV isolates collected from two epidemic cases, followed by phylogenetic analysis and homology-based three-dimensional modeling. Meanwhile, the titers of IgA and IgG in the PEDV-specific immune response were tracked and analyzed by employing different immunization regimens. The results showed that phylogenetic analysis allowed the identification of distinct variations in the major antigenic epitope CO-26 K equivalent (COE) region and the predicted N-glycosylation sites of the S protein. Additionally, the differences in the spatial conformation of the COE region might also account for the inadequate protection of pig herds against G2c strain infection conferred by commercial vaccines that do not contain the G2c strain. Furthermore, feedback immunization combined with inactivated tissue vaccine-based sow booster immunization during gestation could induce high levels of PEDV-specific IgA antibodies, and continuous gestation-stage booster immunization with inactivated tissue vaccines was crucial for maintaining such high antibody titers. Collectively, the findings of this study provide a reference for the establishment of high-level PED maternal antibody protection in pig herds.

PMID 42176143
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PubMedFish & shellfish immunology2026-05-24

Preparation and application of IgM monoclonal antibodies in half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis).

Qiu Jiamin J, Zhang Jialin J, Qian Xiaorui X, Wu Jiong J et al.

In this study, the native IgM of half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis), an economically important marine flatfish, were purified, and used as the immunogen for preparation of monoclonal antibody (mAb). Based on the mAbs, double-antibody sandwich ELISA was constructed for the detection of IgM in C. semilaevis serum and capture ELISA were established for vaccine efficacy evaluation. Results showed that two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specifically targeting IgM of half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) were successfully obtained (designated as 3A12 and 5F39). The mAbs exhibited high specificity to native C. semilaevis IgM, without cross-reactivity with IgM from other teleost species. Furthermore, a double-antibody sandwich ELISA was further established for the detection of serum IgM in C. semilaevis with the mAbs pair, which showed a linear detection range of 0.156-10 μg/mL for purified IgM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.313 μg/mL. Using the developed sandwich ELISA, it was found that the IgM level in large-sized fish was significantly higher than that in small-sized fish, and immunostimulants could remarkably enhance the IgM level in fish. Moreover, the specific IgM antibody levels in the serum of C. semilaevis after immunization with inactivated Vibrio vulnificus were analyzed by capture ELISA using mAb 5F39 as the detection antibody, a time-dependent variation trend was found in the specific IgM antibody titer among the immunized group. In conclusion, the mAbs targeting C. semilaevis IgM could specifically and efficiently recognize the native IgM protein, and served as a reliable tool for the detection of serum IgM, providing essential technical support for immune status assessment and vaccine development in C. semilaevis aquaculture.

PMID 42176789
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PubMedNature communications2026-05-24

Dairy cows infected with influenza A(H5N1) reveals low infectious dose and transmission barriers.

Lee Carolyn C, Tarbuck Natalie N NN, Cochran Hannah J HJ, Foreman Bryant M BM et al.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus exhibits a strong tropism for the bovine mammary gland, challenging our understanding of influenza A virus host range and tissue specificity. We performed experimental studies with an influenza A(H5N1) B3.13 genotype virus in female lactating dairy cattle to define the infectious dose, routes of exposure, and factors linked to morbidity and mortality. Here, we demonstrate that intramammary inoculation with as few as 10 TCID50 establishes a robust infection and shedding of high-titer virus in milk. Despite this low infectious dose, H5N1 does not readily transmit via contaminated milking equipment and close contact with infected animals. High-dose intramammary exposure results in severe disease and mortality, while respiratory and oral exposures are less likely to establish productive infection and associated morbidity. This study challenges current hypotheses of H5N1 transmission on dairy farms, raising important questions about potential agent, host, or environmental cofactors contributing to viral spread.

PMID 42177170
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PubMedVaccine2026-05-24

Consultation report - gonococcal immunoassays and standards for vaccine development.

MacLennan C A CA, Davis P P, Gottlieb S L SL, Seib K L KL et al.

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection with adverse outcomes for sexual, reproductive and neonatal health. Additionally, the bacterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, has demonstrated increasing resistance against multiple classes of antimicrobials, making combatting gonorrhoea a priority for the World Health Organization. An effective vaccine would have substantial global public health benefit and a major impact on the silent pandemic of antimicrobial resistance. Several candidate gonococcal vaccines, representing a number of vaccine platforms, are in pre-clinical development. In addition, a number of clinical studies are underway to assess the efficacy of the meningococcal group B vaccine, 4CMenB, against gonorrhoea. A major challenge in comparing gonococcal vaccine candidates and vaccine-induced immune responses is the lack of standardised and harmonised immunoassays. At present, immunogenicity of the different vaccine formulations is measured through assays which have been developed independently in different laboratories. As the development of candidate gonococcal vaccines moves into clinical trials, improved harmonisation in the measurement of immunogenicity is key for comparing vaccine responses across trials. This requires international standards, including an international serum standard for gonococcal immunoassays, and a panel of standard target strains, which are currently lacking. A further complication is the lack of knowledge about immune correlates of protection against gonorrhoea, and, therefore, the most appropriate assays to use to assess the immune response to a candidate vaccine. As further data are gathered from clinical studies exploring protection against gonorrhoea provided by 4CMenB, it may be possible to discern correlates of protection, but this also requires standardised assays. A workshop was held at Keble College, Oxford, United Kingdom in April 2024, with participation from vaccine developers, regulators and assay standardisation specialists. Its goal was to advance discussions on gonococcal immunoassay standardisation priorities, including generation of a gonococcal international reference serum. The meeting discussion, outcomes and recommendations are outlined in this report.

PMID 42176439
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