Drug Database
IN

inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (eTIV_f / Evagrip / Fluvirin)

✓ Approved

Novartis AG · Vaccine · Vaccine

What is inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine?

inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine is a vaccine developed by Novartis AG. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intradermal injection or intramuscular (im) injection or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NameseTIV_f, Evagrip, Fluvirin
CompanyNovartis AG
Drug ClassVaccine, Large Molecules
RouteInjectable (Others), Intradermal Injection, Intramuscular (IM) Injection, Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Novartis AG

Related Research Articles

PubMedNPJ vaccines2026-11-11

A structure-guided trivalent subunit vaccine confers maternal protection to neonatal piglets against PEDV and PDCoV.

Liu Jia J, Chen Longping L, Li Dan D, Wang Zhuo Z et al.

Antigenic divergence among porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) genotypes and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) limits the cross-protection provided by current commercial vaccines. Here, employing a structure-guided antigen design strategy, we developed a trivalent subunit vaccine concurrently targeting PEDV G2a, PEDV G2b, and PDCoV. The vaccine antigen set comprises optimized spike ectodomain antigens, featuring stabilizing mutations, a heptad repeat 2 (HR2) deletion, a fused neutralizing epitope, and a flagellin adjuvant fused to the N-terminus. Formulated with MF59+CpG adjuvants, this trivalent vaccine elicited robust PEDV- and PDCoV-specific neutralizing antibody responses and Th1/Th2-associated cellular immune responses characterized by IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4 production in mice. Immunization of pregnant sows with 300 μg dose induced high-titer IgG, IgA, and colostral secretory IgA (SIgA) against all three target viruses. Although neutralizing antibody titers were comparable between the 100 μg and 300 μg dose groups, the 300 μg group showed higher and more persistent levels of colostral binding IgG and SIgA. Following maternal immunization, piglets that acquired maternal antibodies through colostrum exhibited reduced clinical diarrhea, lower fecal viral RNA shedding, and less severe intestinal lesions after challenge with PEDV G2a, PEDV G2b, or PDCoV. These findings support this structure-guided trivalent subunit vaccine as a promising candidate for maternal immunization against co-circulating porcine enteric coronaviruses.

PMID 43009510
Read full article →
PubMedFrontiers in immunology2026-11-11

Infectious and inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes A/ARG/2001 and O1 Campos/Bra/58 differentially affect bovine afferent lymph dendritic cells.

Quattrocchi Valeria V, Soria Ivana I, Langellotti Cecilia Ana CA, Gammella Mariela M et al.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are central to the initiation of adaptive immune responses by bridging innate and adaptive immunity through antigen presentation to naïve T cells. Current vaccines against Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) rely on inactivated virus, although infectious and inactivated forms of FMDV can differentially modulate immune function. While these effects have been studied in murine DCs, their impact on bovine dendritic cells remains poorly understood. This study evaluated how antigen form and serotype affect bovine afferent lymph dendritic cells (ALDCs). ALDCs collected from bovine lymph, a physiologically relevant migrating DC population, were exposed to infectious or inactivated FMDV serotypes A/ARG/2001 (A2001) and O1 Campos/Bra/58 (O1C), both included in the commercial vaccine used in Argentina. The expression of MHC class II and the co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86, apoptosis, IL-12 production, and lymphocyte proliferation in co-culture assays were evaluated. Viral progeny production and expression of the non-structural protein 3ABC were also assessed. Infectious A2001 downregulated MHC class II, CD40, and CD86 expression and increased apoptosis, whereas infectious O1C selectively downregulated MHC class II without affecting ALDC viability. In contrast, inactivated viruses from both serotypes upregulated CD40 and CD86 expression, induced IL-12 production, and promoted lymphocyte proliferation in co-culture assays. No infectious progeny was detected in lymph cells following exposure to infectious virus, although expression of the non-structural protein 3ABC was observed in ALDCs exposed to infectious A2001. These findings provide insight into how antigen form and serotype modulate dendritic cell function in cattle, contributing to a better understanding of the immunological basis for FMDV vaccination strategies in livestock.

PMID 43011353
Read full article →
PubMedFrontiers in public health2026-11-11

Study on the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 infection and immune responses following the third booster dose of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine in hematologic disease patients.

Zhang Haiying H, Wang Xin X, Zhang Runling R, Liu Feng F et al.

Patients with hematologic diseases may have impaired immunity owing to their underlying diseases and immunosuppressive treatments. Evidence on documented SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR outcomes and responses to inactivated COVID-19 vaccines remains limited. This retrospective study analyzed three independently identified populations: 20,813 individuals tested by SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR, 2,438 tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, and 1,946 adults tested after two or three vaccine doses. Intervals to documented RT-PCR negativity were analyzed only among positive individuals with subsequent negative results. Vaccination analyses were adjusted for age, sex, testing interval, and disease group. Monthly comparisons were cross-sectional. Serial antibody measurements were analyzed separately. Recorded RT-PCR positivity was lower among tested individuals with hematologic diseases (4.77% vs. 10.74%; p < 0.001). Among 64/64 positive individuals with and 381/2,091 without hematologic diseases who had documented subsequent negative results, median intervals to negativity were 5.05 versus 3.99 days (difference, 1.06 days; 95% CI, 0.73-2.21; p < 0.001). Within the hematologic disease group, longer intervals were observed after prior immunosuppressive treatment (5.99 vs. 3.97 days); haploidentical allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) recipients had the longest descriptive median interval (6.97 days). In the separate IgG-testing population, positivity did not differ significantly (86.00% vs. 90.16%; p = 0.174). Three versus two doses were associated with higher neutralizing antibody (NAb) positivity (94.1% vs. 77.3%; adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 1.281; 95% CI, 1.232-1.332) and IgG positivity (97.2% vs. 83.4%; aPR, 1.229; 95% CI, 1.189-1.271). Among 20 paired participants, 19 had higher NAb levels after the third dose. Among three-dose recipients, NAb positivity was 25/32 (78.13%) with hematologic diseases, 36/42 (85.71%) with solid tumors, and 743/780 (95.26%) without documented hematologic disease or solid tumors (overall p < 0.001). Among RT-PCR-positive individuals with documented subsequent negativity, intervals were modestly longer with hematologic diseases. Within this group, median intervals were longer after immunosuppressive treatment, and longest among haploidentical allo-HSCT recipients. Differential availability of negative results warrants caution. Three inactivated vaccine doses were associated with higher NAb and IgG positivity overall. Among three-dose recipients, NAb positivity was lower with hematologic diseases than without documented hematologic disease or solid tumors.

PMID 43011357
Read full article →
PubMedClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2026-11-11

People With Influenza Requiring ICU Admission During the 2025-2026 Season, Marked by the Emergence of Influenza A(H3N2) Subclade K: A French Prospective Nationwide Cohort Study.

de Prost Nicolas N, Bay Pierre P, Le Goff Marie M, Préau Sébastien S et al.

Intense influenza activity has been reported alongside the emergence of influenza A(H3N2) subclade K. While epidemiological studies have reported heterogeneous findings regarding public health impact, data remain lacking on its impact on clinical phenotype of people requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Prospective, multicenter, observational SEVARVIR cohort study including people admitted in 42 French ICUs with laboratory-confirmed influenza infection during the 2024-2025 and 2025-2026 seasons. Primary end point was day-28 mortality. Seven hundred twenty-six people were admitted for influenza in 2024-2025 (n = 360) and 2025-2026 (n = 366). In 2025-2026, influenza subtype was available for 265 people; 49% (n = 129) had A(H1N1)pdm09 and 51% (n = 136) had A(H3N2) subtype infection. Among the 40 people with A(H3N2) infection for whom whole-genome sequencing was available, 33 (82.5%) belonged to subclade K. In multivariable Cox analysis of the 2025-2026 season, age (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR = 1.04 [1.01;1.09]; P = .015), Clinical Frailty Scale (aHR = 1.59 [1.28;1.98]; P < .001), and sequential organ failure assessment score (aHR = 1.15 [1.05;1.26]; P = .003) were associated with an increased risk of death. In the 2024-2025/2025-2026 seasons or 2025-2026 season alone, influenza subtype was not associated with a significant risk of day-28 mortality. Phylogenetic analyses from our ICU cohort together with 600 contextual sequences from community-acquired influenza cases collected during the period showed no clustering according to severity. There was no evidence of an increased risk of death among critically ill people with influenza during the 2025-2026 season, despite the emergence of influenza A(H3N2) subclade K. NCT05162508.

PMID 43012657
Read full article →
PubMedJournal of sleep research2026-11-11

2010 and 2013 Incidence Peaks in Narcolepsy and Idiopathic Hypersomnia Linked to Type A H1N1 and Type B Victoria Influenza Strains.

Zhang Zhongxing Z, Gool Jari K JK, Sirotkin Pavel P, Dauvilliers Yves Y et al.

Increased narcolepsy type-1 (NT1) incidence rates were reported globally in 2010, linked to the H1N1 2009-2010 influenza pandemic and Pandemrix vaccination. A child-specific NT1 peak was observed in Europe in 2013, further raising questions about the relationship between NT1 and influenza infections. This study analysed annual European incidence patterns of central disorders of hypersomnolence (CDH) in relation to influenza severity. All NT1 (N = 981) and a combined group of narcolepsy type-2 (NT2) and idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) (N = 545) cases from eight European centers were studied from 1995 to 2019. Linear mixed models and Spearman correlations were applied to investigate the relationships between CDH incidence and the severity of preceding influenza seasons, including H1N1, H3N2, and for the Netherlands, influenza Type B Victoria and Yamagata. Peaks in NT1 incidence were present in 2010 and 2013, while a 2010 child-specific peak was identified in NT2 and IH. Both groups showed a significantly positive correlation with H1N1 influenza severity and a negative correlation with H3N2. NT1 was also significantly associated with influenza Type B Victoria in the Netherlands, particularly in children. These findings suggest that, beyond H1N1, influenza Type B Victoria may be a novel trigger for NT1. Similar to NT1, the 2010 children peak in NT2 and IH may indicate possible immune-related pathophysiologies linked to the 2009-2010 H1N1 pandemic. Further immunological studies are warranted to unravel the complexities of these relationships and their implications for CDH.

PMID 43012367
Read full article →
PubMedMedComm2026-11-11

Therapeutic and Prophylactic Agents for Viral Diseases: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects.

Khan Sawar S, Nisar Ayesha A, Li Xiaoxu X, Yu Hao H et al.

Viral diseases remain a major global health challenge despite substantial advances in vaccination, antiviral therapeutics, and public-health interventions. However, current antiviral strategies are still constrained by important gaps, including rapid viral evolution, limited broad-spectrum efficacy, immune escape, antiviral resistance, incomplete durability of protection, and inequitable global access to prevention and treatment. This review provides a comprehensive and integrated overview of contemporary antiviral prevention and therapeutic strategies, spanning vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, direct-acting antivirals, host-targeted therapies, immunomodulators, RNA-based therapeutics, gene-editing technologies, and cellular immunotherapies. We discuss the mechanistic foundations, clinical applications, pharmacologic considerations, and translational challenges associated with each modality across major human viral pathogens, including HIV, HBV, HCV, influenza, SARS-CoV-2, RSV, Ebola virus, arboviruses, and herpesviruses. Particular emphasis is placed on emerging innovations such as long-acting prophylaxis, Fc-engineered monoclonal antibodies, nanoparticle and mucosal vaccine platforms, CRISPR-based antiviral systems, and broadly protective host-directed approaches designed to overcome resistance and enhance pandemic preparedness. In addition, we highlight the growing importance of real-time genomic surveillance and equitable global deployment strategies in shaping future antiviral responses, collectively underscoring that the next generation of antiviral medicine will depend on the convergence of universal immunization strategies, durable therapeutics, precision immune modulation, and rapidly deployable platform technologies capable of addressing both endemic and emerging viral threats.

PMID 43011527
Read full article →

+9996 more articles available with a free account

Sign up free to view all articles →

Ask about inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine