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YE

yellow fever vaccine (Arilvax)

✓ Approved

Novartis AG · Vaccine · Vaccine

What is yellow fever vaccine?

yellow fever vaccine is a vaccine developed by Novartis AG. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesArilvax
CompanyNovartis AG
Drug ClassVaccine, Large Molecules
RouteInjectable (Others), Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Novartis AG

Therapeutic Indications

yellow fever vaccine is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Infections and infestationsYellow fever✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedEmerging microbes & infections2026-05-24

Cross-border importation-initiated limited local transmission of dengue virus serotype 4 genotype I in the China, Myanmar, and Laos border region, 2024.

Zhou Yang Y, Li Man M, Liu Libo L, Wang Peigang P et al.

AbstractDengue virus serotype 4 (DENV-4) has rarely been reported in the China-Myanmar-Laos (CML) border region since 2013, where serotypes 1, 2, and 3 have predominated. In 2024, after a nine-year absence of DENV-4 in this region, 17 DENV-4 cases were identified from 2,417 dengue patients through the surveillance network in Jinghong City, China. Over half of the patients presented with dengue fever with warning signs, accompanied by hepatic dysfunction and coagulopathy. Nine complete envelope gene sequences were obtained, and phylogenetic analysis classified the strains into DENV-4 genotype I lineages I_A.3 and I_A.3.2. Integration of epidemiological and phylogenetic data demonstrated that importation of I_A.3.2 from Myanmar initiated limited local transmission in China, whereas I_A.3 importation occurred later and was not associated with local spread. The 2024 I_A.3.2 strains formed a distinct subcluster characterized by the I351 V substitution in envelope protein domain III. Multiple nonsynonymous mutations were identified across the envelope protein, several of which differed from current tetravalent vaccine reference strains, highlighting potential implications for vaccine efficacy. This study documents the importation-initiated limited local transmission of DENV-4 genotype I in the CML border region in 2024 and reveals the accumulation of critical envelope protein mutations. The findings fill important gaps in understanding DENV-4 evolution in this region and underscore the urgency of sustained genomic surveillance in high-risk border areas to inform regional dengue prevention and control strategies.

PMID 42175801
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PubMedApplied microbiology and biotechnology2026-05-24

A comparative analysis of monascin and ankaflavin biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus and its albino variant.

Lin Tzu-Hsing TH, Cheng Yi-Hao YH, Lin Chih-Hui CH

Red mold rice (RMR), a functional food ingredient, is produced via Monascus spp. fermentation, a process that yields a diverse range of bioactive compounds, most notably the Monascus yellow pigments monascin and ankaflavin. This study provides the first report of spontaneous albinism in Monascus species. Although the specific mechanisms and conditions triggering the transition to albino strains remain to be definitively elucidated, our analyses reveal that the albino strain of Monascus purpureus exhibits a faster growth rate and significantly lower yellow pigment production compared to the wild-type strain. This suggests that the emergence of albino strains poses a considerable risk to the stability of industrial M. purpureus cultures. Furthermore, comparative analysis of gene expression associated with monascin and ankaflavin biosynthesis between M. purpureus wild-type and albino strains under various culture conditions indicates that the malate-citrate shuttle, specifically the mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier (DIC), may play a critical role in yellow pigment biosynthesis. The comparative analysis also revealed significant correlations among glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), DIC, mrpigH expression, and overall yellow pigment production, suggesting a potential metabolic approach for enhancing M. purpureus pigment biosynthesis. Ultimately, given the profound differences in pigment yield and fermentation characteristics, these findings demonstrate that the occurrence of spontaneous albinism represents not only a critical, previously overlooked risk factor for industrial M. purpureus production, but also a possible approach for elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of M. purpureus secondary metabolism. KEY POINTS: • This study provides the first report of spontaneous albinism in Monascus species. • Expression of GAPDH, DIC, and mrpigH, as well as MS/AK production were significantly correlated. • Albino strain represents an overlooked risk factor for industrial M. purpureus production.

PMID 42175998
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PubMedVaccine2026-05-24

Consultation report - gonococcal immunoassays and standards for vaccine development.

MacLennan C A CA, Davis P P, Gottlieb S L SL, Seib K L KL et al.

Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection with adverse outcomes for sexual, reproductive and neonatal health. Additionally, the bacterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, has demonstrated increasing resistance against multiple classes of antimicrobials, making combatting gonorrhoea a priority for the World Health Organization. An effective vaccine would have substantial global public health benefit and a major impact on the silent pandemic of antimicrobial resistance. Several candidate gonococcal vaccines, representing a number of vaccine platforms, are in pre-clinical development. In addition, a number of clinical studies are underway to assess the efficacy of the meningococcal group B vaccine, 4CMenB, against gonorrhoea. A major challenge in comparing gonococcal vaccine candidates and vaccine-induced immune responses is the lack of standardised and harmonised immunoassays. At present, immunogenicity of the different vaccine formulations is measured through assays which have been developed independently in different laboratories. As the development of candidate gonococcal vaccines moves into clinical trials, improved harmonisation in the measurement of immunogenicity is key for comparing vaccine responses across trials. This requires international standards, including an international serum standard for gonococcal immunoassays, and a panel of standard target strains, which are currently lacking. A further complication is the lack of knowledge about immune correlates of protection against gonorrhoea, and, therefore, the most appropriate assays to use to assess the immune response to a candidate vaccine. As further data are gathered from clinical studies exploring protection against gonorrhoea provided by 4CMenB, it may be possible to discern correlates of protection, but this also requires standardised assays. A workshop was held at Keble College, Oxford, United Kingdom in April 2024, with participation from vaccine developers, regulators and assay standardisation specialists. Its goal was to advance discussions on gonococcal immunoassay standardisation priorities, including generation of a gonococcal international reference serum. The meeting discussion, outcomes and recommendations are outlined in this report.

PMID 42176439
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PubMedFish & shellfish immunology2026-05-24

Evaluation of the Immunological Efficacy of EsxA Subunit Vaccine and DNA Vaccine against Streptococcus iniae in golden pompano (Trachinotus anak).

Huang Zhiyuan Z, Sun Heng H, Wang Haoyu H, Jia Xinlei X et al.

Streptococcus iniae represents an important bacterial agent responsible for streptococcosis in marine fish, leading to substantial economic impacts in aquaculture worldwide. The development of effective vaccines is therefore a critical priority. EsxA, a conserved early-secreted and homolog of antigenic target six (ESAT-6), is involved in bacterial virulence and mediates interactions between the pathogen and its host via the type VII secretion system. In this work, EsxA was examined as a prospective vaccine antigen in golden pompano (Trachinotus anak) using both subunit and DNA vaccination strategies. Recombinant EsxA protein was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and administered intraperitoneally as a subunit vaccine, either alone or formulated with the oil-based adjuvant Montanide ISA 763A. Concurrently, a DNA vaccine was developed by cloning the complete esxA gene into the pVAX1 vector. Vaccinated fish were subjected to challenge with S. iniae at 8 weeks post-immunization to evaluate protective efficacy and assess the host's innate and adaptive immune responses. A high level of protection against S. iniae challenge was achieved with the EsxA-based subunit vaccine, particularly when formulated with adjuvant ISA 763A, whereas the DNA vaccine elicited moderate yet statistically significant protection. Immunological profiling revealed robust antigen-specific IgM production following subunit vaccination, while DNA vaccination significantly upregulated transcription of key immune-related genes associated with antigen presentation and cellular immunity, including MHC class I and CD8α. Furthermore, nonspecific immune parameters, including catalase, lysozyme, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase activity and superoxide dismutase, were significantly elevated following vaccination, indicating potent activation of innate immune defense. Collectively, EsxA is a promising vaccine candidate against S. iniae in T. anak, and different vaccine platforms elicit distinct immune response profiles that may inform future vaccine optimization in marine aquaculture.

PMID 42176785
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PubMedCommunications medicine2026-05-24

Aminoglycosides induce immune activation but is insufficient for systemic viral control: a double-blind randomized-controlled clinical trial.

Sivanandam Punitha P, Syenina Ayesa A, Chan Yvonne Fz YF, Ng Dorothy Hl DH et al.

Mucosally-applied aminoglycosides have demonstrated host-directed antiviral activity in preclinical models through induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, it remains unknown if systemically administered aminoglycosides elicit comparable effects in humans. We conducted a single-centre randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Singapore in 32 healthy adults who were randomized 1:1 using sequentially sealed envelopes, to receive single-dose intravenous gentamicin 5 mg/kg or placebo. Participants were subsequently challenged with live-attenuated yellow fever 17D (YF17D) virus and followed for 30 days. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants with detectable YF17D RNAemia. Secondary outcomes included RNAemia levels, symptom rates, neutralizing antibody titers, and innate immune transcriptomic changes. We found no significant differences between the gentamicin and placebo groups in detectable RNAemia (62.5% [n = 10/16] vs. 68.8% [n = 11/16], p > 0.99), mean RNAemia levels (3.93 log10 area under the curve [AUC] vs. 3.51 log10 AUC, p = 0.81), symptom rates (56% [n = 9/16] vs. 25% [n = 4/16], p = 0.15) or antibody titers (mean log10 PRNT50 titer: 3.89 vs. 3.71, p = 0.37). However, transcriptomic profiling demonstrated upregulation of ISGs RSAD2 and OASL and the transcription factor IRF3 in gentamicin-treated individuals, with concomitantly higher protein expression of chemokines CCL2, CXCL12 and IL-27. This study represents, to our knowledge, the first in humans to evaluate the host-directed antiviral effects of systemic aminoglycosides. Our findings suggest that, whilst modest and insufficient to control systemic viral infection, the immunomodulatory effects of aminoglycosides warrant continued exploration as a potential preventive strategy against mucosal viral infections.

PMID 42177367
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PubMedVaccine2026-05-24

Evaluation of EcoCRM, virus-like particles, and mRNA as vaccine platforms against Borrelia burgdorferi.

Rocuskie-Marker Carleena M CM, Huckaby Annalisa B AB, Conaway Olivia M OM, Pyles Gage M GM et al.

Lyme disease (LD) is the most prevalent vector-borne disease in the United States, impacting ∼476,000 individuals annually with increasing incidence. Prevention relies on personal protective measures such as insecticides and tick checks, underscoring the need for new preventatives such as vaccines. In this work, the importance of vaccine platform in LD vaccine development efforts was evaluated using non-lipidated OspA as model antigen. Recombinant OspA conjugated to CRM197 (EcoCRM OspA), a virus-like particle vaccine utilizing SpyTag and SpyCatcher (OspA-SpyVLP), and an mRNA-based vaccine construct (OspA mRNA) were evaluated and compared in C3H mice using the needle injection challenge model. To determine immunogenicity, anti-OspA and anti-B. burgdorferi antibodies were quantified via ELISA and further assessed by measuring IgG subclass, antibody avidity, and presence of antibody secreting cells. All vaccine formulations were immunogenic and led to the release of similar levels of antigen-specific IgG in serum during the duration of the experiment. However, there were significant differences around two week post-boost in the presence of antibody secreting cells, ratio of IgG1/IgG2 subclasses, and antibody avidity between platforms. Protection was measured using PCR and darkfield microscopy to determine organ positivity post-challenge. Vaccination with recombinant non-lipidated OspA and OspA-SpyVLP significantly reduced the number of positive organs compared to the PBS challenged control group. Lastly, in vitro borreliacidal activity was quantified via darkfield microscopy and the highest borreliacidal activity was observed using OspA-SpyVLP sera, with titers 16-fold higher than recombinant OspA. Altogether, these data indicated that selection of vaccine platform/formulation influenced the immunogenicity and efficacy of OspA-based LD vaccines and should be considered during development.

PMID 42176436
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