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tramadol (Qdolo)

✓ Approved

Athena Bioscience, LLC · Small Molecule · Small Molecule

What is tramadol?

tramadol is a small molecule developed by Athena Bioscience, LLC. It is approved for therapeutic indications via oral (po).

Drug Profile

Brand NamesQdolo
CompanyAthena Bioscience, LLC
Drug ClassSmall Molecule
RouteOral (PO)
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Athena Bioscience, LLC

Therapeutic Indications

tramadol is developed for 1 unique indication across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Gastrointestinal disordersAbdominal pain✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedBMC anesthesiology2026-11-11

Comparison of modified thoracoabdominal nerve block via perichondrial approach with serratus intercostal plane block and rectus sheath block combination in laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized controlled trial.

Bebek Meryem Ecem ME, Yağan Özgür Ö, Doğan Güvenç G, Kayır Selçuk S et al.

Patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) may experience severe postoperative pain. Peripheral nerve blocks, as a component of multimodal analgesia, are now widely employed in postoperative pain management. This study investigated the effects of modified thoracoabdominal nerve block (M-TAPA) compared with the combination of rectus sheath block (RSB) and serratus intercostal plane block (SIPB) on postoperative NRS scores, tramadol consumption, and dermatomal spread. This randomized, assessor-blinded trial enrolled 72 patients scheduled for LC. One group received bilateral M-TAPA (Group 1, n = 35), while the other received a combination of bilateral RSB and right-sided SIPB (Group 2, n = 37). All peripheral nerve blocks were performed following surgery and prior to emergence from general anesthesia, using 0.25% bupivacaine; RSB was administered as 10 mL per side, M-TAPA as 20 mL per side, and SIPB as 20 mL on the right side. The primary outcome was postoperative tramadol consumption within the first 24 h; NRS scores, rescue analgesia requirement, and dermatomal spread were secondary outcomes. Static NRS (Numeric Rating Scale) scores measured at 0, 1, and 6 h differed significantly between groups (mean difference [Group 2 - Group 1] 1.27 [95% CI 0.54-2.00], 0.69 [0.14-1.24], and 0.56 [0.12-1.00], respectively). Dynamic NRS scores assessed at 0, 12, and 18 h were also found to be statistically significant between groups (mean difference 1.06 [95% CI 0.25-1.87], 0.45 [0.05-0.85], and 0.52 [0.05-0.99], respectively). Total tramadol consumption over the first 24 h, the primary outcome, did not differ significantly between groups (92.6 ± 26.3 mg vs. 103.9 ± 39.3 mg; mean difference 11.3 mg, 95% CI - 4.4 to 26.9; p = 0.108); however, tramadol consumption between 12 and 24 h was significantly higher in Group 2 compared to Group 1 (24.0 ± 11.7 mg vs. 31.7 ± 17.3 mg; mean difference 7.6 mg, 95% CI 0.7 to 14.6; p = 0.030). The number of patients requiring rescue analgesia was also significantly greater in Group 2 than in Group 1 (absolute risk reduction 24.4%, 95% CI 2.5% to 46.3%; p = 0.034). Both M-TAPA and the combination of RSB with SIPB provided effective postoperative analgesia following LC. Under the conditions of this trial, M-TAPA was associated with lower NRS scores and lower opioid requirements than the combination of bilateral RSB and unilateral SIPB. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06241794, registered on January 28, 2024.

PMID 43009777
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PubMedBMC anesthesiology2026-11-10

Comparison of ultrasound-guided modified thoracoabdominal nerve block through perichondrial approach (M-TAPA) and lateral transversus abdominis plane block on postoperative pain and quality of recovery after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: a prospective observational comparative study.

Sarıdede İnan İ, Demiroluk Öznur Ö, Yükselen Doğa Meriç DM, Ağca Birol B et al.

The modified thoracoabdominal nerve block through perichondrial approach (M-TAPA) and the lateral transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block are both used within multimodal analgesia after abdominal surgery, but comparative data in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair are limited, particularly with regard to patient-reported recovery. We compared the effects of these two blocks on postoperative pain and quality of recovery. This prospective observational comparative study included 63 adults (American Society of Anesthesiologists [ASA] I-III) undergoing elective unilateral laparoscopic total extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair under general anesthesia. At the end of surgery, patients were allocated to receive either an M-TAPA block (n = 32) or a lateral TAP block (n = 31) within a multimodal analgesia regimen; both blocks are used routinely for postoperative analgesia in our department, and the block given to each patient was chosen by the attending anesthesiologist as part of routine clinical care, without a predefined selection rule and independently of patient characteristics; no randomization was performed. Both blocks were performed bilaterally with 20 mL of 0.25% bupivacaine per side under ultrasound guidance. The co-primary outcomes were the resting Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) pain score at 24 h - the time point on which the sample size calculation was based - and quality of recovery assessed with the Quality of Recovery-15 (QoR-15) score at baseline, 24 h, and postoperative day 15. Resting NRS at earlier time points (PACU arrival and 15 and 30 min) and at 2, 4, 6, and 12 h, movement NRS at all time points, 24-h tramadol consumption, rescue medication use, and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) were secondary, exploratory outcomes. Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. Neither co-primary outcome differed significantly between groups: resting NRS at 24 h (median 0 [0-1] in both groups; p = 0.566) and QoR-15 scores at any time point (all p > 0.05), which returned to baseline by day 15. In secondary, exploratory analyses, resting NRS at 15 and 30 min in the PACU was significantly lower in the lateral TAP group (p = 0.010 and p = 0.013, respectively); NRS did not differ between groups at any other secondary time point. Cumulative 24-h tramadol consumption did not differ significantly between groups (median 50 mg [30-90] in the TAP group vs 107.5 mg [30-147.5] in the M-TAPA group; p = 0.090). PONV incidence and rescue medication use did not differ. No block-related complications occurred. On the prespecified co-primary outcomes, ultrasound-guided lateral TAP and M-TAPA blocks provided comparable postoperative analgesia at 24 h and comparable quality of recovery. In secondary, exploratory analyses, the lateral TAP block produced lower NRS scores during the early PACU period, possibly because its injection site lies closer to the surgical area; this finding should be regarded as hypothesis-generating and requires confirmation in adequately powered trials. Both techniques can be considered safe alternatives within a multimodal analgesia regimen. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06753240; retrospectively registered on 22 December 2024, after completion of patient enrollment.

PMID 43004166
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PubMedJournal of orthopaedic case reports2026-11-08

Optimizing Post-operative Analgesia for Early Rehabilitation after Orthopedic Knee Surgery: A Randomized Comparison of Adductor Canal, Infiltration between the Popliteal Artery and Capsule of the Posterior Knee and Genicular Nerve Blocks.

Rath Abhilash A, Himabindu Mannasamudram M, Painkra Anjali A, Kakodia Pradyumna Singh PS et al.

Orthopedic knee surgery, including anterior cruciate ligament tear repair, patellar fracture fixation, and surgery for knee osteoarthritis, is often followed by moderate to severe pain that delays early mobilization, quadriceps activation, and physiotherapy. Motor-sparing, opioid-sparing analgesia is therefore preferred. Ultrasound-guided adductor canal block (ACB), infiltration between the popliteal artery and capsule of the posterior knee (IPACK) block, and genicular nerve block (GNB) are three such options, but direct comparisons in orthopedic knee surgery are limited. To compare the post-operative analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided ACB, IPACK block, and GNB in patients undergoing knee surgeries under subarachnoid block. This prospective, randomized, single-blind comparative study was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesiology, N.S.C.B. Medical College and Hospital, Jabalpur, over 18 months after institutional ethics committee approval (IEC/2023/7335-1). Ninety-nine ASA physical status I-II patients aged 18-60 years scheduled for elective knee surgery were randomized equally into three groups (n = 33 each). Group A received ultrasound-guided ACB, Group I received ultrasound-guided IPACK block, and Group G received ultrasound-guided GNB. Each block was performed with 20 mL of 0.375% ropivacaine, followed by standardized spinal anesthesia. Post-operative pain was assessed using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) over 24 h. Time to rescue intravenous paracetamol, tramadol requirement, and block-related complications were recorded. Baseline demographic characteristics were comparable among groups. Group G had lower mean VAS scores at most post-operative time points, including 16, 20 and 24 h. The time to first rescue paracetamol was longest in Group G (5.87 ± 0.43 h), followed by Group A (5.62 ± 0.48 h) and Group I (5.42 ± 0.49 h). The second paracetamol dose was also delayed the longest in Group G (11.79 ± 0.83 h). Tramadol was required in 6.06% of patients in Group G, compared with 21.21% in Group A and 30.30% in Group I. In patients undergoing orthopedic knee surgery, all three ultrasound-guided motor-sparing blocks provided clinically useful post-operative analgesia. GNB was associated with lower pain scores at most intervals, delayed rescue analgesic requirement, and reduced tramadol use compared with ACB and IPACK block, making it a promising option to support early rehabilitation. Larger adequately powered trials with procedure-specific subgroup analysis and functional outcomes, such as quadriceps strength and range of motion, are warranted.

PMID 42997111
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PubMedLa Revue du praticien2026-11-05

[Opioid Misuse and New Prescribing Guidelines].

Batisse Anne A, Thevenin Aude A, Desplanque Mazarine M

In France, although there is no opioid crisis comparable to that in North America, several signs of drug dependence and misuse have been identified, particularly for tramadol and medications containing codeine. The French drug surveillance system, known as "addictovigilance," plays a central role in the early detection of these signs and in guiding the regulatory measures implemented by the National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety (ANSM). This article presents the main available data on the problematic use of prescription opioids in France, recent changes in prescribing guidelines, and strategies aimed at promoting safer use of these treatments while ensuring they remain accessible to patients who need them. The main challenges involve recognizing drug dependence as a side effect like any other-one that must be assessed, screened for, and treated. The widespread distribution of naloxone, patients' active involvement in managing their treatment, and the destigmatization of patients with drug dependence are essential prerequisites.

PMID 42984001
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PubMedCurrent neuropharmacology2026-11-05

Personalized Postoperative Pain Management and Therapies Based on Pharmacogenomics.

Lewandrowski Kai-Uwe KU, Blum Kenneth K, Sharafshah Alireza A, Lorio Morgan P MP et al.

Postoperative pain management must account for differences in drug metabolism, pain phenotype, prior opioid exposure, psychosocial vulnerability, and cognitive function. This narrative review proposes a staged precision-medicine framework separating clinically actionable pharmacogenomics from heterogeneous risk modifiers and investigational adjuncts. The strongest actionable guidance concerns CYP2D6-guided codeine and tramadol prescribing. Other genetic markers require interpretation alongside procedure-specific pain, comorbidities, medication exposure, and patient preferences rather than use as deterministic prescribing rules. Dopamine-related pathways provide a mechanistic link between pain, reward, motivation, and attention. Parkinson disease illustrates dopamine-pain interactions but is not a direct model of postoperative pain. Reward Deficiency Syndrome, the Genetic Addiction Risk Severity/Score, and the Reward Deficiency Syndrome Questionnaire-29 are considered exploratory constructs rather than validated tools for postoperative prescribing. The Continuous Visual Attention Test may offer objective neurocognitive monitoring through reaction time, response variability, and error measures. These measures are not pain-specific and require interpretation in the context of anesthesia, opioids, sedatives, sleep disruption, mood, delirium, baseline cognition, and pain intensity. Prospective studies should determine whether integrating clinical assessment, established pharmacogenomic guidance, and investigational behavioral and neurocognitive measures improves pain outcomes, opioid requirements, adherence, functional recovery, and safety. The framework defines research priorities and implementation endpoints while preserving multimodal analgesia, opioid stewardship, and clinical judgment as the foundation of care.

PMID 42983932
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PubMedZhongguo gu shang = China journal of orthopaedics and traumatology2026-11-05

[Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation combined with fascia iliaca compartment block for preoperative analgesia in elderly patients with intertrochanteric femoral fractures].

Zhao Jinwei J, Zhou Xin X, Gao Guangling G, Han Zhiyuan Z et al.

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS) combined with fascia iliaca compartment block (FICB) for preoperative analgesia in elderly patients with intertrochanteric femoral fractures. A total of 90 elderly patients with intertrochanteric femoral fractures admitted and treated between January 2024 and April 2025 were enrolled in this study. The cohort consisted of 55 males and 35 females, aged from 65 to 85 years with a mean of (70.83±5.50) years. Patients were randomly allocated into three groups using a random number table:the conventional group, the block group, and the combination group. The conventional group comprised 28 patients (19 males, 9 females), with a mean age of (71.64±5.66) years, who received conventional analgesic treatment after admission. The block group included 29 patients (16 males, 13 females), with a mean age of (73.03±4.64) years, who received FICB for analgesia within 1 hour of admission. The combination group consisted of 28 patients (17 males, 11 females), with a mean age of (71.75±4.95) years, who received TEAS combined with FICB for analgesia within 1 hour of admission. The numeric rating scale (NRS) scores for pain at rest and during movement were recorded at admission and at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-admission. Additionally, the total consumption of injectable tramadol hydrochloride within 48 hours post-admission and the incidence of adverse reactions, including nausea and vomiting, were documented for all three groups. At 6 and 12 hours post-admission, the resting NRS scores in the block group (1.86±0.74) and (2.24±0.51) respectively and the combination group (2.04±0.69) and (2.18±0.55) respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the conventional group (5.11±0.83) and(4.79±0.69)respectively(all P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in resting NRS scores between the block group and the combination group(P>0.05). At 24 and 48 hours post-admission, the combination group showed the lowest resting NRS scores(2.79±0.50) and (2.68±0.55), followed by the block group (3.31±0.47) and (3.10±0.56), with the conventional group having the highest scores (4.64±0.68) and (4.68±0.72). The differences among the three groups were statistically significant(all P<0.05). Regarding the NRS scores during movement at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-admission, the conventional group scored (5.71±0.90), (5.61±0.79), (4.54±0.64), and (4.85±0.89), respectively;the block group scored(2.69±0.76), (3.17±0.60), (3.97±0.78), and(4.82±0.80), respectively;and the combination group scored(2.89±0.83), (2.89±0.57), (3.39±0.50), and (3.82±0.72), respectively. At 6 and 12 hours post-admission, the movement NRS scores in both the block and combination groups were significantly lower than those in the conventional group (all P<0.05), with no significant difference observed between the block and combination groups(P>0.05). At 24 hours, the combination group showed the lowest movement NRS scores, followed by the block group, and the conventional group showed the highest (P<0.05). At 48 hours, the combination group showed significantly lower movement NRS scores compared to both the block and conventional groups (P<0.05), whereas no significant difference was found between the conventional and block groups (P>0.05). At 48 hours post-admission, the incidence of nausea was significantly lower in the combination group (1 patient) compared to the block group (4 patients) and the conventional group (7 patients)(P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the incidence of vomiting among the three groups (P>0.05). Within 48 hours post-admission, the total tramadol consumption was significantly lower in the combination group (94.65±39.30) mg than in the block group (124.14±25.43) mg and the conventional group (183.93±33.48) mg (P<0.05). TEAS combined with FICB is highly effective for preoperative analgesia in elderly patients with intertrochanteric femoral fractures. This combined approach significantly alleviates pain both at rest and during movement, while reducing the consumption of analgesic medications and the incidence of complications.

PMID 42988394
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