Drug Database
IN

insulin (Univia / rh Insulin / Insulin R)

✓ Approved

Bayer AG · INSR · Recombinant Proteins

What is insulin?

insulin is a recombinant proteins developed by Bayer AG. It is approved for therapeutic indications via injectable (others) or intravenous (iv) or subcutaneous injection.

Drug Profile

Brand NamesUnivia, rh Insulin, Insulin R
CompanyBayer AG
Drug ClassRecombinant Proteins, Polypeptide
Molecular TargetINSR
RouteInjectable (Others), Intravenous (IV), Subcutaneous Injection
StatusApproved
Sources: ClinicalTrials.gov, Bayer AG

Mechanism of Action

Molecular Targets

insulin acts on 1 molecular target:

INSRinsulin receptor (CD220, HHF5)
Want deeper analysis?Noah AI can explain complex mechanisms and compare to similar drugs.

Therapeutic Indications

insulin is developed for 2 unique indications across 1 therapeutic area.

Therapeutic AreaConditionPhase
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 1 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved
Metabolism and nutrition disordersType 2 diabetes mellitus✓ Approved

Related Research Articles

PubMedJournal of biophotonics2026-09-19

Enhancement of Harvested Islet Functionality Through Photostimulation.

Fowlds Kelli K, Darden Carly M CM, Lawrence Michael C MC, Cho Michael M

Allogeneic islet transplantation is a promising treatment for Type I diabetes, but its success is limited by islet loss during isolation, purification, and engraftment, resulting in variable long-term insulin independence. Our previous studies demonstrated that photobiomodulation (PBM) significantly enhances insulin and glucagon secretion in pancreatic cells, likely through modulation of ATP production and calcium signaling pathways involved in hormone release. Building on these mechanistic findings, we investigated whether PBM could similarly improve the functionality of whole islets before transplantation. Mouse islets were isolated by pancreatectomy, cultured ex vivo, and treated daily with PBM for 7 days. Fluorescence imaging and functional assays were used to assess insulin expression and secretion. PBM significantly enhanced insulin secretion, with an approximately twofold increase observed after 3 days of treatment. These findings support PBM as a promising, noninvasive approach for improving islet function before transplantation.

PMID 42760903
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PubMedJournal of ovarian research2026-09-19

Hypothalamic Epac2/AKT/GnRH signalling is associated with metformin-responsive neuroendocrine improvement in a PCOS model.

Guo Na N, Li Hongyun H, He Jinhong J, Zhou Huanhuan H et al.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine-metabolic disorder characterised by hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis dysfunction and pathological gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) hypersecretion. While metformin demonstrates therapeutic efficacy in PCOS, its potential neuroendocrine mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of hypothalamic signalling in metformin-responsive neuroendocrine regulation in PCOS. Letrozole-induced PCOS rat models were treated with metformin to assess reproductive and metabolic outcomes. Data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics of hypothalamic tissue was performed to identify dysregulated pathways, followed by network analysis to explore candidate regulatory nodes. Mechanistic investigations were conducted in glucosamine-induced insulin-resistant GT1-7 GnRH neurons using pharmacological modulation and siRNA knockdown. In vivo functional relevance was examined using AAV-mediated Epac2 knockdown in the mouse arcuate nucleus. Metformin improved metabolic and reproductive abnormalities in PCOS rats, including insulin resistance, GnRH/LH hypersecretion, estrous cyclicity disruption, and ovarian morphological alterations. Hypothalamic proteomic and network analyses suggested that metformin-responsive changes were associated with insulin and cAMP-related signalling pathways. In GT1-7 neurons, metformin increased Epac2 expression, restored AKT signalling, and reduced GnRH overproduction under insulin-resistant conditions. Hypothalamic Epac2 knockdown reduced AKT signalling and was associated with systemic insulin resistance, increased GnRH/LH secretion, and preliminary supportive ovarian morphological observations, consistent with a functional contribution of Epac2 to reproductive-metabolic regulation. These findings support the involvement of hypothalamic Epac2/AKT/GnRH signalling in metformin-responsive neuroendocrine regulation in PCOS. Further studies are required to determine the relative contributions of central and peripheral mechanisms.

PMID 42760541
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PubMedThe AAPS journal2026-09-19

Investigating the Role of Phenolic Acid Coformers in Enhancing the Physicochemical Properties of Enzalutamide Coamorphous Systems.

Balaga Venkata Krishna Rao VKR, Chatziadi Argyro A, Ridvan Luděk L, Šoóš Miroslav M

Coamorphous systems are gaining interest as an effective formulation strategy to improve the solubility and dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs. This study investigates the role of phenolic acids as coformers in enhancing the physicochemical properties of enzalutamide (ENZ), a poorly soluble anticancer drug. Five phenolic acids-p-coumaric acid (CMA), ferulic acid (FRA), cinnamic acid (CNA), vanillic acid (VNA), and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA)-were selected based on their glass-forming ability and potential for molecular interactions. Coamorphous systems were prepared and characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC), attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy. All coformers successfully induced amorphization, evidenced by halo patterns in PXRD and single glass transition temperatures in mDSC. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed the absence of strong intermolecular bonding, indicating homogeneous mixing. The coamorphous systems exhibited improved solubility across physiological pH conditions and maintained supersaturation for at least four hours under non-sink dissolution testing. These results highlight the potential of phenolic acids as coformers in developing stable, high-performing coamorphous drug systems to enhance the bioavailability of poorly soluble APIs like enzalutamide.

PMID 42760494
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PubMedActa veterinaria Scandinavica2026-09-19

Treatment, monitoring, and euthanasia in canine diabetes mellitus - a questionnaire-based survey among veterinarians in Norway.

Nerhagen Sivert S, Eriksen Esben Østergaard EØ, Amundstad Jo J, Anfinsen Kristin Paaske KP

Canine diabetes mellitus (DM) is a relatively common endocrinopathy, and it requires dedication and commitment from an owner to care for a diabetic pet. This study aimed to describe treatment and monitoring habits, perceived owner and veterinary concerns when treating and monitoring a diabetic dog, as well as triggers for and risk of euthanasia in diabetic dogs among Norwegian veterinarians. A questionnaire was designed and made available online. A total of 125 veterinarians completed the survey. According to the data collected, the cumulative incidence risk for treatment initiation was 71.6% (95% CI 63.2, 80.6), suggesting that the respondents started most of the diabetic dogs seen in their practice on treatment. The majority of the respondents reported that all female entire diabetic dogs were neutered near the time of diagnosis. Main veterinary treatment concerns identified were difficulties in achieving rapid and adequate control. Main respondent-perceived owner concerns were cost and injecting their diabetic dog. About 60% of respondents had never used a continuous glucose monitor. Of respondents having used such monitors, half had experienced owners changing the insulin dose themselves, without consulting a veterinarian. Nearly one third of the veterinarians recalled that issues related to monitoring contributed directly to euthanasia of a diabetic dog in their care. The estimated one month and one year cumulative risk of euthanasia in dogs started on insulin therapy found in our study were 11.5% (95% CI 8.3, 14.6) and 26.9% (95% CI 22.0, 31.8), respectively. In our study population, respondents working in large cities were more likely to report a high probability of starting treatment than respondents in small cities and rural areas. Respondents in small cities and rural areas were also more likely to report medium and high risk of euthanasia compared to respondents in large cities, respectively. Veterinary-perceived owner triggers for euthanasia were dogs' quality of life, monitoring, and owners' lifestyle changes. For the respondents themselves, comorbidities were the leading factor reported for recommending euthanasia. This questionnaire-based study describes perceived treatment concerns, and reasons for and estimates of euthanasia risk in dogs with DM, based on the experiences of veterinary practitioners working in Norway. The results highlight important aspects of the treatment and monitoring of dogs with DM, as well as triggers for euthanasia. Further investigations into the aspects identified could be useful to improve the overall care for diabetic dogs.

PMID 42760569
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PubMedFrontiers in plant science2026-09-19

Comprehensive evaluation of agronomic, processing, nutritional and functional properties of 22 main-cultivated adzuki bean varieties in China and identification of elite varieties for different applications.

Zhang Lei L, Shi Zhaojin Z, Yin Congpei C, Jia Fan F et al.

Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) is an important medicinal and edible legume with high nutritional and functional value. However, a systematic multi-dimensional quality evaluation system for mainstream varieties remains insufficient, restricting targeted breeding and industrial diversified utilization of adzuki bean. This study comprehensively assessed the agronomic, nutritional, processing and functional traits of 22 dominant Chinese adzuki bean varieties to screen promising candidate germplasms for specific applications. Multiple indices covering agronomic traits, mineral nutrition, seed color, processing quality and antioxidant capacity were determined, and 18 core indices were analyzed via principal component analysis (PCA). Results revealed abundant phenotypic variation across all traits, with pods per plant, isoflavone monomers and soluble sugar showing the most pronounced phenotypic variation. PCA ranked Baihong 2, Jihong 8 and Jihong 13 as the top three varieties under the tested conditions, and identified special-purpose cultivars including high-yield Jihong 9218, isoflavone-rich Baohong 8824 and antioxidant-rich Kenjianhong. This study established a multidimensional quality evaluation framework, providing scientific reference for promising cultivar screening, targeted breeding and sustainable industrial development of adzuki bean.

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PubMedSports medicine - open2026-09-19

Effects of Strength Training on Cognitive Function, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 in Highly-Trained Young Female Soccer Players.

Bousselmi Mariem M, Zouhal Hassane H, Darragi Manel M, Karamti Houssem M HM et al.

Female soccer continues to gain global popularity. Selected components of physical fitness (e.g., muscle power, change-of-direction [CoD] speed) and cognitive function (e.g., attentional demand, training-induced) play an important role in soccer performance and should, therefore, be systematically developed. In this study, we examined the effects of 12 weeks of strength training (ST) on selected measures of physical fitness, soccer performance, cognitive function, and selected markers of neuroplasticity in young female soccer players. Twenty-two highly-trained female soccer players with Tier 3 training and performance caliber aged 14.9±0.8 years were randomly assigned to a strength training group (SG: n = 11) or an active control group (CG: n = 11). During the training period, SG performed two weekly upper and lower body ST sessions (3 sets, 12 repetitions per set) at an intensity of 60-80% of the one-repetition-maximum (1-RM) and three soccer-specific training sessions (tactical-technical drills). Players from CG continued their regular soccer-specific training routine consisting of five weekly sessions. Training volumes were similar between groups. Pre- and post-training tests were conducted for the assessment of body composition (e.g., body mass, skinfold site measurements), muscle strength (1-RM bench press/Lat pull-down/leg press),the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test (LSPT), cognitive function (Stroop test), and selected markers of blood neurotrophins, such as basal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) serum concentrations. The following findings from post hoc analyses are based on significant (p <.05) group-by-time interactions. Post hoc analyses revealed ST-related increases in muscle strength for 1-RM bench press (p <0.001; ηp2=0.41), lat pull-down (p <0.001; ηp2=0.43), and leg press (p <0.001; ηp2=0.36) and improvements in soccer-specific performance for the LSPT in the SG (p =0.007; ηp2=0.22). Post hoc tests indicated improved cognitive function (Stroop test) in the SG (p <0.001; ηp2=0.56) but not in the CG. There were no significant group-by-time interactions for neuroplasticity markers, such as BDNF and IGF-1 basal serum concentrations (p>0.05; ηp2=0.00-0.04). A 12-week in-season ST program with two weekly sessions improved measures of physical fitness, soccer-specific performance, and cognitive function but not biomarkers of neuroplasticity in young highly-trained female soccer players. Accordingly, we recommend ST should be implemented to improve physical fitness and cognitive function of young female soccer athletes.

PMID 42760434
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